人类大迁徙.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,人类大迁徙,周丽莎 应苗苗,陆梦瑶 王瑶,Great migrations of human beings,Population migration in the world,The development and change of population is restricted by the social and economic development.As the development of the worlds population,the international population migration also reflects the changes of the global political economy.,人口的发展变化是受社会经济发展制约的，作为世界人口发展的一方面，国际人口迁移也反映着全球政治经济的变化。,20,世纪以前，人类的经济发展主要依靠劳动力数量的增长，与此相适应，国际人口迁移的目的地主要是尚待开发的“处女地”。例如，,15,世纪发现新大陆后，先是西班牙、葡萄牙，接着是荷兰，而后是英国、法国开始了开拓美洲的殖民政策，他们带来了两类移民：一类移民来自欧洲，他们迁移到新大陆的目的是掠夺金银财宝、发财致富；另一类移民来自非洲，他们是这些殖民者贩运到美洲的奴隶。再例如，,19,世纪到,20,世纪上半叶的一次世界大战前这段时间，欧洲各国在自身人口增长的压力和北美急需劳动力的拉力共同作用下，形成了涌向美国的移民潮。两次世界大战阻滞了正常的国际人口迁移，然而战争一结束，国际人口迁移又进入了一个新的历史时期，出现了一些新特点。首先，政治性的国际迁移急剧增加。战后欧洲重新划定国家边界，使东欧各国都因国界变动而有人口互相迁入迁出；印度和巴基斯坦两个国家分治。形成亚洲人口最大的一次国际迁移：在取得独立的非洲国家，原来的殖民者被迫谴返人口回国。,其次，国际迁移的流向发生了很大变化。美洲对劳动力的需求减少，大批欧洲人从殖民地返回故里，欧洲战后较快的经济发展和减轻了的人口压力使人口迁出也日益减少，造成该地区由人口迁出变为人口迁入地区。第三，美国仍是主要的人口迁入地，但迁入人口来源结构发生变化。欧洲移民减少，拉丁美洲成为移入人口主要来源地，,70,年代后亚洲移民人数超过了欧洲。战后国际人口迁移一反历史上资本主义国家人口向落后的殖民地迁移的现象，变为大多是穷国向富国迁移，这对发达国家和发展中国家有着不同的影响。对于人口增长缓慢。人口老龄化严重的发达国家来说，迁入人口弥补了其劳动力的不足，具有专门技能的移民既带来了他国的科学知识和生产技术，又为迁入国节约了教育费用。对于人口增长率仍很高的发展中国家来说，人口的迁出虽然减轻了本国的人口压力，但由于这些人不是一般的劳动力，而是科技人员、专业人员，是人才，大笔培育费造就的高素质劳动力被外国利用，这无疑是发展中国家最大的损失。大工业的发展使经济增长不再主要依靠劳动密集型产业的扩张，科学技术成为了第一生产力，国际竞争在一定情况下就是人才的竞争。因此，如何制止由各种因素综合作用造成的发展中国家“人才外流”现象，是目前国际人口迁移研究的主要问题。,READING,近代社会以前的人口迁徙的影响因素,In the age of acquisition and hunting,with the progress of human civilization and the development of productive forces,the human beings from the early period of the tropical areas gradually to the temperate,cold temperate forest areas.,（在采集和狩猎时代,随着人类文明的进步和生产力的发展。人类从早期居住的热带地区逐步向温带、寒温带森林地区迁移。）,In ancient China,the population moved from the the Yellow River river basin to the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Basin.(,在我国古代,人口由黄河流域迁向长江流域和珠江流域。,),一、,The influence factors of population migration before modern society,近代社会的人口迁移的影响因素,二、,Influential factors of population migration in modern society,Europeans new world(America,Oceania)the beginning of the:19 century,the average annual 20-30 million Europeans moved to America and Oceania.19 in late 80s,the average annual relocation of the population increased to 60-700 thousand,even more than 1 million.,（欧洲人新大陆（美洲、大洋洲）：,19,世纪初,平均每年,20-30,万欧洲人迁往美洲和大洋洲,.19,世纪,80,年代后期,平均每年外迁人口增加到,6070,万,甚至是超多,100,万。）,African America:Portugal,Spain,Holland,British colonialists from sixteenth Century to the end of eighteenth Century were sold for more than 300 years the slaves from Africa to America,the total number of slaves in Oceania reached 20 million people.,（非洲人美洲：葡萄牙、西班牙荷兰、英国等殖民主义者从,16,世纪起到,18,世纪末进行了长达,300,多年的奴隶贩卖,从非洲运往美洲、大洋洲的奴隶总数达,2000,万人左右。）,Chinese Southeast Asia and North America:mainly for the large number of workers to China Nanyang(Malaysia,Philippines,Thailand,etc.)in addition,at the same time,Japan and India also have small scale population migration to Latin America and Southeast Asia.,（中国人东南亚和北美洲：主要表现为中国劳工大批迁往南洋（马来,菲律宾,泰国等）此外,于此同时,日本印度也有小规模的人口向拉丁美洲和东南亚迁移。）,三、,Factors affecting the migration of the population in modern society,现代社会人口的迁徙的影响因素,After World War II,it is mainly the migration of rural areas to the city that is the movement of urbanization,which is mainly due to economic reasons,social and political reasons.,(,二战后,主要是农村向城市的迁移即城市化运动；由生存条件差的地方向生存条件好的地方迁移,.,主要以经济性的原因为主,社会性、政治性原因为辅）,The three tide of emigration in Chinese modern history,之闯关东,Refers specifically refers to Jilin,Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces.Because the northeast is located in the east of Shanhaiguan,the name of the old Shandong.Chinese,densely populated,frequent disasters;Kanto is vast,with much land and few people,said:the natural history of Italy three,Yue Yue said salt mine,shortage,close geopolitical popularity.contact history,is a common farmer northeast into the mainstream.Northeast in Shandong,Hebei,refugees,Henan,Shanxi,Shaanxi and more human.In the period of the Republic of China,northeast high tide.192719281929 for three consecutive years of more than one million.,关,指山海关,.,具体指吉林、辽宁、黑龙江三省,.,因东三省位于山海关以东,故得名,.,旧中国,山东人口稠密,灾害频发；关东则地广人稀,沃野千里,史书说：“有自然之大利三,曰荒,曰矿,曰盐,.”,历史上两地有紧密地缘人缘联系,一是逃荒农民闯关东成为主流,.“,闯关东”的流民,以山东、河北、河南、山西、陕西人为多,.,进入民国时期,“,闯关东”浪潮居高不下,.1927,、,1928,、,1929,连续三年超过百万,.,Chuang guan dong,The three tide of emigration in Chinese modern history,之走西口,Brother you go west,my little sister was really difficult to stay.This is the first sad desolation of Shanxi folk song Zou Xikou,long known.West refers to the Hebei west of Zhangjiakou pass along the Great Wall(generally refers to Shahukou,Hu Ming said killed mouth,Zhangjiakou is the East).Because of population the original area is numerous,and often suffer from famine,so that refugees through West,the Great Wall,you can reach the Mongolia grassland and the area for livelihood.Zou Xikou refugees from North China and Shanxi to the people around the mainstream.go west refugee tide lasted for 300 years.,哥哥你走西口,小妹妹我实在难留,”,这首苍凉凄婉的山西民歌,走西口,久为人所熟知,.“,西口”指河北张家口以西的长城沿线关隘,(,一般指杀虎口,明时称杀胡口,张家口等则为东口,).,因为中原地区人口众多,而且经常闹灾荒,所以,流民走过西口,过长城,就可到达蒙古草原和河套一带谋求生计,.,走西口流民来自华北各地,而以山西人为主流,.“,走西口”流民潮持续了,300,年,.,Zou xi kou,The three tide of emigration in Chinese modern history,之下南洋,Nanyang including Singapore,Indonesia,Philippines,Malaysia,Thailand,Vietnam,Burma and other places.The refugees across the sea to Southeast Asia to make a living.Nanyang refugees from most provinces,but the Fujian,Guangdong accounted for an absolute majority.,南洋包括新加坡、印尼、菲律宾、马来西亚、泰国、越南、缅甸等地,.,指流民漂洋过海到东南亚谋生,.,下南洋的流民来自全国大部分省区,但福建、广东人占绝对多数,.,xia nan yang,闯关东、走西口、下南洋都是贫苦民众抗争命运、艰难创业生存的历史,都是一段段苦难与艰辛、血汗与泪水交织而成的回忆,.“,闯关东、走西口、下南洋”,堪称中国近代史上三次大的人类迁徙,其中“闯关东”历经的时间最长、经历的人数最多,.,据史料记载,至新中国成立之前,迫于生计的大批华北穷苦百姓,先后有,3000,多万人相继踏上关东大地,.,这种历史鲜见的移民现象被称为“闯关东”,是中国乃至世界移民史上最大的一次迁徙活动,.,Go to the northeast,go west,Nanyang are poor people to fight hard,entrepreneurial survival history,is a section of the suffering and hardships,and tears and sweat into memories.Go west,northeast,Southeast Asia,called Chinese modern history three big human migration,which northeast after most of the time,experience the largest number.According to historical records,prior to the new Chinese was established,a large number of poor people under the livelihood of North China,there have been about 30000000 people have set foot on the earth.The history of Kanto migration are known as the northeast,is a migratory activity and China the worlds largest in the history of immigration.,Tne meaning,Thanks for viewing.,byebye,