七年级英语暑假专题：名词湘教版.doc

初一英语暑假专题：名词湘教版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：暑假专题：名词二. 重、难点内容：名词的用法三. 具体内容：名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以用下图表示：名词专有名词不可数名词普通名词物质名词抽象名词集体名词可数名词个体名词 1 名词复数的规则变化 情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 -s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等结尾加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y 为i再加es读 /z/baby-babies 2 其它名词复数的规则变化 1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2）以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： A. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianosradio-radios zoo-zoos； B. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes C. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。 3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： A. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；B. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；C. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 3 名词复数的不规则变化 1） child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：A. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。B. news 为不可数名词。C. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。D. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜），trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。4 不可数名词量的表示 1）物质名词A. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较：Cake is a kind of fooD.蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数）These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）B. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：This factory produces steel.（不可数）We need various steels.（可数）C. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：Our country is famous for teA. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表示一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。5. 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。例如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如： men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些由s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：goods train 货车 arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划6 不同国籍人的单复数 国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes7 名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加“s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1） 单数名词词尾加“s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“s”，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“”，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。3） 凡不能加“s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示“共有”。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or twos absence【典型例题】1. My house is within _ from the railway station. A. a stones throw （投距，射程）B. a throw of a stone C. stones throw D. the stones throw2. My mother cut the cloth with _ scissors.A. a B. two C. a couple of D. a pair of3. This room is _. A. the editors-in-chiefs office B. the editor-in-chiefs officeC. the editor-in-chief（主管人员） office D. the editors-in-chief office4. My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at _.A. a teacher college B. a teachers collegeC. a teachers college D. a college of a teachers5. Our teacher gave me _.A. an advice B. the advice C. many advice D. much adviceKeys: 1-5 A D B C D 【模拟试题】（答题时间：40分钟）1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. A. little wage B. few wage C. wage D. wages2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.A. an ash B. the ash C. ash D. ashes3.The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.A. many preparations B. much preparation C. preparations D. preparation4. Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities.A. oil B. an oil C. oils D. the oil5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many6. The large houses are being painted, but _.A. of great expense B. at a great expense C. in a lot of expenses D. by high expense7. The room was small and contained far too _.A. much new furniture B. much new furnituresC. many new furniture D. many new furnitures8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.A. rooms number B. room number C. rooms numbers D. room numbers9. Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. A. a great manymany B. mucha great deal C. a great deal ofmuch D. manya great many10. She didnt know _ he had been given.A. how many information B. how many informationsC. the number of information D. how much information11. He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.A. comrade-in-arms B. comrades-in-armC. comrades-in-arms D. comrade-in-arm12. All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.A. women doctors B. woman doctorsC. women doctor D. woman doctor13. After ten years, all these youngsters became_.A. growns-ups B. growns-upC. grown-up D. grown-ups14. The police investigated those _ about the accident.A. stander-by B. standers-byC. stander-bys D. standers-bys15. The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp.A. prisoner-of-wars B. prisoners-of-warC. prisoners-of-wars D. prisoner-of-war16. The manager was greatly appreciated that _ made by Linda lately.A. new reel B. news reel C. new-reels D. news reels17. Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. A. elder sister B. elder sisters C. elder sisters D. elder sisters dress18. All the people at the conference are _. A. mathematic teachers B. mathematics teacherC. mathematics teachers D. mathematics teachers19. Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance.A. some property B. propertiesC. some properties D. property20. Physics _ with matter and motion.A. deal B. deals C. dealing D. are21. He has written several books, but his last works _ well known among his friends.A. have B. have been C. is D. are 22. After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.A. father-in-laws B. fathers-in-lawC. father-in-law D. fathers-in-laws23. He told me _ would come to his birthday party.A. many Jack friends B. many Jacks friendC. Jacks many friends D. many friends of Jacks24. I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.A. barber B. barbers C. barbers D. barbers25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.A. Peter and Helens B. Peter and HelenC. Peter and Helens D. Peters and Helens26._ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the suns energy.A. The earths surface B. The surface of earthC. The surface earth D. The earth surface27. Numerous materials are available to _.A. today of designers B. todays of designersC. todays designers D. today designers28. Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _?A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brothers D. my brothers friend29._ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.A. This Johns old friend B. Thats Johns old friendC. This old friend of John D. This old friend of Johns30._ is too much for a little boy to carry.A. A bikes weight B. The weight of a bikeC. The weights of a bike D. Biles weight31. Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday.A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of32. When they got to the lecture-room, there were _ left.A. only few seats B. a very few seats C. only a few seats D. so a few seats33._ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.A. A little mail B. A piece of mail C. A mail D. A small mail34.The Department purchased _ to improve the working conditions there.A. a new equipment B. new equipments C. a new piece of equipment D. new pieces of equipments35.The boy tried hard but there has been _ in his work.A. little improvement B. many improvementsC. a little improvement D. few improvements36. Todays modern TV cameras require _ light as compared with the earlier models.A. only a few B. only few C. only a little D. only little37. No country can afford to neglect _.A. an education B. educations C. education D. the education38. Please write the answers to the questions at the end of _.A. eighth chapter B. chapter eight C. eight chapter D. chapter the eight39._ is only surpassed by that of monkeys and apes. A. The intelligent dog C. The intelligence of dogsB. The dogs whose intelligence D. The dogs being intelligent40. All _ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.A. business student B. businesss students C. business students D. businesss student41. _ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself. A. Three minutes call C. A three-minutes callB. Three-minute call D. A three-minute call42. The _ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.A. publics chief concern B. chief public concernC. public chief concern D. chief concern of publics43. _ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroaD.A. Chinese were B. The Chinese was C. Chinese was D. The Chinese were44. _ can get a better view of the game than the participants.A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons C. Lookers-ons45. A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who _ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.A. were B. have been C. was D. has been46.Our livestock _ not as numerous as they used to be.A. is B. are C. be D. been47. One of the most surprising things is that _ may come from petroleum.A. much of tomorrow food B. many of tomorrows foodC. much of the food of tomorrow D. much of tomorrows food48. Scott is an orphan but he received _.A. very good education B. a very good educationC. very good educations D. many good educations49. After several days hardworking, we have made _ on the design.A. much improvement B. many improvementC. several improvements D. some improvement50. The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a _ yesterday.A. shoes shop B. shoe shop C. shoess shop D. shoes51. Eggs, though nourishing, have _ of fat content.A. large number B. a large number C. a high amount D. the high amount52. He has done some _ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.A. research B. a research C. researches D. the researches53. Recently, he has lost all his _.A. wage and saving at card B. wages and saving at cardC. wages and savings at card D. wages and savings at cards54. The countrys wealth comes chiefly from its many _.A. herd of cattle B. herd of cattles C. herds of cattle D. herds of cattles55. In Britain the _ are all painted reD.A. letter boxes B. letters box C. letters boxes D. letterss box56. Ten years had passe D. I found she had _.A. a little white hair B. a few white hairC. some white hair D. much white hair57. All his _ far from satisfactionA. conduct is B. conduct are C. conducts is D. conducts will be58. Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, _ was done.A. a few damages B. few damages C. little damage D. a little damage59. He was _ what to do.A. at his wit end B. at his wits end C. at his wits end D. at his witss end60. Would you like to have a cup of tea and _ with me?A. two toasts B. two pieces of toast C. two piece of toasts D. tow pieces of toasts【试题答案】1D15B29D43D57A2D16B30B44B58C3C17B31C45A59D4C18C32C46B60B5A19C33B47D6C20B34C48B7A21C35A49C8D