Bec阅读听力要点.doc

阅读失误分析及提高阅读速度的方法
分辨干扰项与正确答案的方法
1．选择项大多分为四种类型：
⑴最佳答案
⑵接近答案
⑶明显与原意不符
⑷与答案相悖

2．常见的接近答案的干扰项往往具有以下特点：
⑴笼统化、极端化、绝对化；以点带全、不留余地；一概而论，超出原意。
遇到以下字词要格外小心：
All, every, everyone, only, always, absolutely, entirely, completely, under all circumstances, at all times,…
Never, none, no, under no conditions,…
例1：原文：… In a recent study, 87% of the respondents reported losing weight when they counted calories.
试题：Which of the statements is true？
A. This study proves that the only way to successfully lose weight is by counting calories.
B. This study suggests that one very successful way to lose weight is to count calories.

⑵有关主旨的题目，其错误选项的要害往往在于涵盖面偏宽或偏窄。例：
原文每一段的首句：
① Using the internal supply of resources as a source of labor has certain advantages over the external supply…
② However, one must be aware of certain disadvantages associated with drawing on an internal supply of resources…
③ One way in which companies bring about a change in culture is by tapping the external supply of labor…
试题：What is the best title for the passage?
A. Labor Market& Unemployment 过于宽泛
B. Candidates & Selectors 过于狭窄
C. Internal & External Supply of Labor 正确
D. Recruitment & Corporate Culture 过于宽泛

⑶干扰项阐述的可能是在现实中被认可的事实或观点，甚至恰好是你本人赞同的观点。但是，它不是文章作者的立场，或与文中给出的信息相矛盾。这时一定要把握好一个原则：只有原文是唯一依据。
例：原文：The film’s protagonists live in Paris, a small town in Texas.（同位语进一步解释说明）
试题：Which statement is true according to the passage?
A. Paris is the capital of France.
B. Paris is a small Texan town.

3. 应把握的原则
答题时要学会捕捉同义词，并注意辨识选项中加以改写的文字。要注意限定词，必要时还要衡量一下信息量的多少，即给定的范围有多大。
例：There are few places in the world today that have not been spoiled by industrial development and pollution. The air we breathe is more often than not（时常，多半） polluted by the smoke from factory chimneys and the exhaust fumes of motor vehicles, while chemical waste poisons our rivers, lakes and seas. And by covering more and more of the earth’s surface with buildings and roads, we are erecting huge barriers of concrete between ourselves and nature. It would appear that we are purposely cutting ourselves off from nature and destroying wildlife as we do so.
Question 1: The passage states that _____________________ (针对原文第一句)
A. Industrial development and pollution have spoiled most parts of the world.
B. Industrial development has only spoiled some parts of the world.
C. Industrial development and pollution have not spoiled many parts of the world.
D. Industrial development and pollution has not spoiled nature at all.
（Few表示否定，“基本上没有”，后面有not，双重否定等于肯定：绝大部分地方都已经被破坏。）
Question 2: The passage suggests that ___________________ (针对原文第二句)
A. Factory chimneys are poisoning the air we breathe.（不完整，还有the exhaust fumes of motor vehicles）
B. Factories are poisoning the water of our rivers, lakes and seas.(不是factories，是chemical waste)
C. Factories and cars are the main causes of our air pollution. 正确
D. Factory smoke causes more air pollution than exhaust fumes.（原句中两者不存在比较）
Question 3: According to the passage, ________________(针对原文最后一句)
A. We are definitely destroying wildlife by isolating ourselves from nature.
B. We are intentionally destroying wildlife and isolating ourselves from nature.
C. We have completely destroyed both nature and wildlife.
D. We are accidentally destroying both nature and wildlife.
（原句可改为：We are purposely cutting ourselves off from nature and thus destroying wildlife.
=We are destroying wildlife by purposely cutting ourselves off from nature.）

4. 失误分析
由于不尊重原文说造成的失误包括以下两种情况：
⑴ 忽略限定词语，如some 等显示数量多少的字词；混淆了“部分成立(some)”和“完全成立(all)”之间的区别。
如：It can be inferred from the text that if optimism were adopted, ____________________
A. no serious problem would arise in society
B. anything could be done with ease
C. some social problems could more possibly be solved
D. people would succeed in getting over all the obstacles
(如果考生稍加留意，就会发现四个选项中分别用了no，anything，some，all这四个词，其中no，anything，all都是很极端的措辞，只有some能够贴近现实，是比较客观的定位。因此，C更有可能是正确答案。)
⑵无根据地引申，实际上论据不足，但因添加了个人主观意愿，使得自己感觉结论很肯定。
例：… If shortcuts are taken, then some of the recent scientific achievements trumpeted in the official press may never make it to market. But no matter how strict lab tests are, other problems lie in wait….
Question: As implied in the context, the shortcuts that might be taken include ___________.
A. publicizing recent achievements in the official press
B. the protection of innovators with their products
C. the violation of intellectual-property rights
D. making lab tests as strict as possible
（shortcuts在此处是带有否定意味的词，因此只要把握具有否定意义的选项，就能找到答案的线索。四个选项中有三个是正面的说法，只有C是例外。按说答案已经很明显，但如果你的思路仅仅停留在个人武断的想法，认为shortcuts等同于汉语中的“捷径”，而“捷径”通常又是可取的，那就会适得其反。）

二、怎样提高阅读速度？
l 信号词辨认法
分类：
① 暗示同类性质的词
表并列：one, another, still another, yet another; for one thing, for another; on one hand, on the other hand
表递进：Besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more, not only…but also
表比较：Similarly, like, the same as, in common, in like manner, to be parallel in, at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile, show a degree of similarity, it is the same case with me.
意义：下文是对前文阐述的信息进一步补充说明，一般不会有新的内容或不会出现新的观点，不用放慢阅读速度。
例：The demand for energy has expanded so rapidly that our ability to meet our own needs has been outstripped. In addition, recent realization of the health hazards inherent in the air pollution created by burning coal has resulted in greater demand for clearer-burning oil. And so, we have turned to foreign sources to supply that oil.
（第一句的意思是：对能源的需求已迅速扩大，我们已无法满足自己的需求。信号词in addition和and so后面的内容是对前者的补充，没有新内容，阅读时不必减速。）
② 表示举例关系
For example, for instance, take sth. as an example, take sth. for example, to illustrate, a case in point
意义：下文是对前面所述观点的举例说明，是对相关信息的进一步阐述。
例：The atomic number states the number of protons (therefore, electrons) in an atom of that element. For example, the atomic number of Carbon is 6; this means that there are six positively charged protons in the nucleus, and six negatively charged electrons whirling around.
翻译：原子数表示该元素的原子中的质子数（因此也是电子数）。例如，碳的原子数是6，这就是说，原子核中有6个带正电荷的质子和6个围绕其旋转的带负电荷的电子。信号词for example后面的内容是对前者的举例说明。

③表示转折意义的词
But, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, though/yet, although, instead, still, anyway, while, whereas, in spite of, on the other hand, even if/though, in any case, anyhow, otherwise
意义：这些信号词告诉我们，下面有新的内容和观点，需要我们特别注意。此时阅读速度需要减慢。
例：Some people believe that a child’s organs of speech are more flexible than an adult’s. This explanation, however, does not really hold water. Children do not learn sounds correctly at once, but make countless mistakes. Their flexibility of the tongue and lips is acquired later, and with more difficulty.
翻译：有人认为儿童的发音器官比成人灵活，然而这种解释确实没有任何依据。因为儿童学会正确发音并不是一蹴而就的，而是会犯无数错误。他们的舌头和嘴唇的灵活性，是后来才获得的，并非轻而易举的事情。
（信号词however预示作者并不同意前文所述观点，他要强调的重点在后面。）

④表示先后顺序的词
Well，I know you like to use“ first, second, third and last” to illustrate things in order, so what other expressions, esp. phrases that you can think of to replace “first”?
First：to begin with, to start with, in the first place, above all, first and foremost, at first, first of all, at the very beginning, firstly, first and foremost
Second: then, secondly, next, meanwhile, at the same time, in the meantime, afterwards, what’s more, moreover…
Last: in the end, at last, last but not the least, eventually, finally, ultimately
意义：表示事情的先后顺序，使文章层次分明
例：How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well? The real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself, partly in the behavior of the people around him. In the first place, the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favorable of all, namely the first years of life. Then the child has, as it were, private lessons all the year round, while an adult language student has each week a limited number of hours which he generally shares with others. Finally, though a child’s “teachers” may not have been trained in language teaching, their relations with him are always close and personal.
(这是一段论述为什么儿童能在较短时间内把母语学得很好的短文。作者通过。。。三个信号词把其中的原因及句子之间的逻辑关系交代得清清楚楚。)

⑤ 表示因果关系的词
因：Because, for, for this reason, since, as, because of, owing to/due to/ thanks to;
果：Accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, so, in consequence, as a result, result in, lead to
意义：说明因果关系，注意是因还是果。
例1：Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking for, and can accept it if he wishes, although he may be thousands of miles away. Consequently, the market for anything is, potentially, the whole world.
大意：现代通讯手段非常迅捷，尽管买主有可能远在千里之外，也能得知卖主的要价，如果愿意，就可以买下。因此，从潜在意义上说，任何东西的市场，都是整个世界。

例2：The modern marketing concept subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product — or what the market for the product is —before production begins.
大意：现代营销主张这样的观念：从经济的角度来说，生产是否合算只能由消费情况来证明，换言之，只有能销售出去的产品才应该生产。正因为如此，早在生产活动开始之前，生产厂家就要考虑谁是产品的买主，或产品的市场在何处。

⑥表示概括关系的词
In short, in sum, in a word, in conclusion, in brief, all in all, generally speaking, to conclude，to sum up
意义：后面的内容是对前面所述的概括性总结，这对做有关作者的态度或观点的选择题至关重要。
例：A modern computer can think, remember, learn by experience and respond to stimuli（刺激物，单数stimulus）. Its thinking is still simple; it is not very creative; but it is evolving（进化） at a lightening pace（光速）. As the computer gets more and more complex, the line between human brain and the brain of a computer may become finally blurred（界限模糊不清）. In conclusion, according to current trends, in another two decades or so, computers will become an emergent （新兴的）form of life, competitive with man.

阅读理解常见题型及解题技巧
一．阅读理解试题的类型：
1．提问本篇文章的主题思想（即中心大意）
2．提问与本文主题大意有关的事实和细节
3．提问文章中没用文字直接表达却暗含着的观点及某段或整篇文章的含义等
4．提问文章中提到的某些观点及作者对这些观点的态度
5．提问文章中出现的一些词汇及短语的意思

二．阅读理解的提问方式：
第一种：主旨题
目的：找出文章的中心思想、段落大意。
命题规律
1）段首、段尾句常考
2）特殊标点符号，尤其段首的特殊符号的内容往往表达了作者的论点
3）语义转折处，尤其在段首的语义转折处常是考点
4）因果句常考
应试技巧：
1）答案很可能在首尾段
2）出现频率高的词可能是蕴涵中心思想的关键词
3）判断选项内容，片面、单一的内容应排除
4）主旨大意题干扰项特点
只是局部信息，或是一句没有展开的话，或是某一段的内容
概括范围太宽
无关信息
应对策略：略读，找主题句。
注意：演绎性文章的主题句多在段首，而归纳性文章的主题句则常在段尾。
例1：Researchers at Boston’s Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School recently described what may prove to be the first simple, reliable blood test to detect cancer long before it’s visible on an X ray or before any symptoms appear. Radiologist Eric T. Fossel and his colleagues employed a device relatively new to medical diagnosis—the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR), which classifies chemical molecules by their response to radio waves in magnetic field. In a person with cancer, NMR detects a characteristic abnormality in certain lipoprotein molecules.
Which of the following can serve as the appropriate title for the passage?
A. A New Medical Device
B. Blood Test for Cancer*
C. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer
D. The Enemy of Cancer
（这是一道文章主旨题，问的是四个选项中哪个可用作文章的最佳标题，这就要求我们首先要找出其主题句。是哪一句？）
主题句译文：
波士顿贝思以色列医院和哈佛医学院的研究人员最近描述了可能会被证明为首例简便可靠的检查癌症的血液检验方法，这种血液检验方法能够早在X光照射发现以前或出现任何病症以前检测到可能出现的癌症。

第二种：细节题（或关键信息题）
特征：常常涉及年代、地点、任务、数字及事实等
策略：查读
出题形式：没有固定的出题形式，提问的句式没有规则。
命题规律：
1）列举处指的是first…..,second,…..third…等并列关系词出现的部分。
2）举例和打比方的地方常考。
3）指示代词出现处常考
4）引用人物论断处常考
5）特殊标点符号后的内容常考，如破折号，括号，冒号，引号等
答题技巧：
1）针对例子、引言、特殊符号，要对号入座
2）针对某一段的内容提问
3）选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案，而同义词替换的一般是答案
4）选项中较具体和肤浅地表达了字面意思地一般不是答案，而概括性地、抽象、含义深刻的是答案项。
5）选项内容与其他三项有较大差别的，可能为答案
6）答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案
7）选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案
8）细节干扰项特点：
与原句内容相反
与原文内容一半相同一半不同
与原句内容相似但过于绝对化
原文没有提到

第三种：推断题
要求：弄懂文章的含义和作者所给的提示，明确作者的观点以及写作此文的目的
策略：细读法
命题规律：
1）综合性推论和判断题常会围绕文章出题，归纳篇首、篇尾及段落中的主题句
2）综合性推论和判断题还可围绕文章若干段落进行，要求推论和判断段落间的关系
3）对支持主题思想的细节部分进行判断推理
4）文章和段落的开头处，以及文章结尾总结处常被考
5）语义转折处常考
应试技巧：
1） 若要求对某段内容进行判断、推论，那么就只看题干要求做答的那一段
2）选项措辞过于绝对化的，一般不是答案项
3）合乎常理的选项一般是答案项，照抄原文和对文中做字面解释的则不是答案
4）弄清主题思想
5）逻辑推理题干扰项特点：
不是在文章事实基础上进行推理
推理过头，概括过度
例：Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
From the passage we can infer that ______________________________.
A. electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages*
B. it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
C. people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
D. events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
相关信息：
电信通讯的发展使得信息可通过电视、无线电、并且不久后可通过电子邮件传递，这些诸多的信息传递方式将会把大量的信息像连珠炮似的投向人们。
（它的言外之意是“电子邮件将在信息传输方面起主导作用”）

第四种：排除题
也称是非题，用于询问文中所述事实的真实性或非真实性。
与细节题的不同之处:
细节题的答案一般均包括在原文的内容中，与文章中所述事实有直接或间接的关系，而排除题的答案或是被排除在文章内容之外或是只有正确答案包括在文章内容之中。
解题策略：
或将与原文有关的三个选项排除，或把与原文无关的三个选项排除。可以先读问题及选择项，然后带着问题去读文章，并逐一排除错误选项，这样既可以提高阅读速度，又能保证答题的准确率。
例：Some people think that all the oxygen is taken out of the air in the lungs and that what we breathe out is pure carbon dioxide. But these ideas are not correct. Air is a mixture of gases that is mostly nitrogen. This gas is not used in the body. So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out. But while air is in the lungs, it is changed in three ways. First, about one-fifth of the oxygen in the air goes into the blood. Second, an almost equal amount of carbon dioxide comes out of the blood into the air. Last, moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air almost saturated.
The process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen are transferred depends on all of the following EXCEPT_________________.
A. the presence of nitrogen in the blood *
B. the flow of blood
C. the moisture in the air sac linings
D. the process of diffusion
(这是一道细节排除题，问的是二氧化碳和氧气转换过程不依赖于四项中的哪一个。A为血液中氮的出现，B为血液循环，C为气囊衬层里的水分，D为扩散过程。本段But后面的内容分别提到了BCD三项，只有A没提到。所以选A)

第五种：语义题
要求：推测某个词或短语在特定语言环境中的特定含义的能力。
策略：根据上下文来进行推测
注意：特定语言环境中词或短语的含义可能与其本意不同，或者在本意的基础上有较大的延伸。
命题规律：
1）含有指示代词的句中常有被考察词汇
2）具体环境中具有指代上下文语义功能的词汇
3）一词多义的常见词
4）对比处常考
5）复杂句常考
应试技巧：
1）看所考词汇与全篇文章主题的关系，关系相近符合主题的是答案
2）通过连接词关系判断被考词汇含义
And 表接近和递进
Or表示相反或进一步解释和说明
3）选项含义与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案
4）利用被考词的修饰、限定成分判断其含义
5）定冠词the+被考词汇，前句有解
6）选项内容全面、概括性强的一般是答案

1. 利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义
Example:
The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks. They go from island to island in these light marrow boats and collect turtles' eggs
(我们从上下文中可以得出以下信息："canoes"是一种渔夫用树木做的、来回于岛屿之间的、轻狭长的、类似于小船之类的东西。尽管我们可能还不能肯定它的确切解释，但这一生词已经不会影响我们的阅读和理解了。)
Example ：
Jogging has become very popular in some countries, It is believed to be a good exercise for old people .