非谓语知识树.doc

非谓语系列（一）
在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词也是动词的一种，他们有着动词的其他特点，可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。

非谓语动词有三大基本形式：
动词不定时：to be/do（表示将来的动作，动作的趋向）
动名词/动词现在分词：being/doing（表示主动，进行）
动词过去分词：been/done（表示被动，完成）
所能充当的成分
主语
表语
宾语
宾语补足语
定语
状语
V-ing形式
现在分词

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△
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动名词
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△

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不定式（to do）
△
△
△
△
△
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过去分词(done)

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非谓语
形式
构成
时态
语态
复合结构
否定式
主动
被动
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
for sb. to do sth.
或
of sb. to do sth.
在“to”前加not
或never
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成
进行式
to have been doing
/
动名词/现在分词
一般式
doing
being done
sb.或sb’s doing
作主语要用
sb’s doing
在前加not
特别注意复合结构的否定式：
sb’s not doing
sb’s not having done
完成式
having done
having been done
过去分词
done

在前加not

非谓语动词考点
辨别谓语动词和非谓语动词
1: Blood if you can and many lives will be saved.
A: Giving B: Give C: Given D:To give
2:The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and
less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A: being weighed B: weighs C: weighed D: weighing

非谓语动词作主语和表语（不定式和动名词）
一、 不定式作主语和表语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式；动名词作主语和表语表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。
如：◎ ________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (全国卷)
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
如：◎ —What do you think made Mary so upset? — ________ her new bike. (上海卷) A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
◎ The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ________ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
◎ Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ________. (上海卷)
A. he’d like to collect coins as well
B. he feels like collecting coins, too
C. to collect coins is also his hobby
D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure
（注意：一句话中同时出现非谓语动词作主语和表语，非谓语形式要一致）

非谓语动词作表语
现在分词作表语
现在分词作表语，用来说明主语的性质和特征，相当于形容词，其主语通常是物。一般跟在连系动词be，get，be，come，look，sound，feel，keep，remain，grow，seem，appear等后面。
The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来很有趣。
The news was disappointing．这个消息令人失望。
【点津】动名词也可以作表语，此时主语和表语是对等关系，可以互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows．（=Cleaning the windows is your task．）你的任务是擦窗户。
过去分词作表语
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，既表示被动，又表示完成。
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。
 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。
2. 有些动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成。
He is retired. 他已退休。
The audience are seated. 观众们已经就坐了。
I am fully dressed up.我已经穿好衣服了。
I got distracted by the noise. 因为噪音，我分心了。
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。
The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我妹妹打碎的。（是被动语态，表示动作）
The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。（过去分词作表语）
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用 -ing 形式来修饰物。
The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。
不定式作表语
1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
My suggestion is to start work at once.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
As we joined the big crowd, I got ________ from my friends.
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
________ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

非谓语动词作宾语
动名词可作动词和介词的宾语
动词不定式一般作动词的宾语，疑问词＋to do可作介词的宾语。
They preferred walking to school to cycling.
They preferred to stay at home rather than go out in such hot weather.
Our English teacher often gives us some advice on how to learn English.
I really don't know what to do.
注意一下动词后接不同非谓语形式表达的意思：
remember to do remember doing
forget to do forget doing
regret to do regret doing

stop to do stop doing
go on to do go on doing

mean to do mean doing
try to do try doing
can't help doing can't help (to) do
can't help but do
consider...to be consider doing

want doing/to be done want to do
need doing/to be done need to do
require doing/to be done require to do

1: I like reading books of this kind, but I don’t like to read that book.
2: She prefer walking to cycling.
3: I prefer to stay at home today.

非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1． 过去分词作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。
I’ll have my house painted tomorrow.
When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
练习：
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ________ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

2.以下感官使役动词后加宾补要加省略to的不定式，但是此类动词如为被动语态要还原to。
五看：look at,see, watch, observe, notice +sb do
三使：have,let,make +sb do
二听：hear,listen to +sb do
一感觉：feel +sb do
半帮：help +sb (to) do
如：I made him do such terrible thing.
He was made to do such terrible thing by me.
非谓语动词作宾语补足语中，主句谓语动词如为see, hear, notice，feel,observe,等感官动词表示听到、看到、注意到某人做某事时，三种非谓语动词表示的概念不一样。
动词+宾语+doing
When I came in, I saw her dancing happily.
动词+宾语+do
I saw him go to the cinema.
动词+宾语+done
We heard the song sung by her next door.
动词+宾语+being done
We heard the song being sung next door.
真题
1. Listen！Do you hear someone ________ for help?
A．calling    B．call C．to call    D．called
2． Alexander tried to get his work ________in the medical circles.
A．to recognize   B．recognizing C．recognize    D．recognized
3． It’s wonderful to hike with Dad and I have felt ________with him.
A．to protected   B．protected C．protecting     D．to be protected

使役动词后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示“使、让、叫”之意。
1． have sth. done＝get sth. done
I’ll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.
Mr Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.
2. have/get sb. /sth. doing
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
We can't have the machine working for that long hours.
3. have sb. do sth.
I'll have my assistant make a draft of the proposal.
4. have sth to do/to be done
They still have lots of tasks to accomplish before the deadline.
Mr Jay has some laundry to be done immediately.
真题
1． I have a lot of readings ________before the end of this term.
A．completing    B．to complete C．completed    D．being completed
2．With the world changing fast，we have something new ________ with all by ourselves every day.
A．deal       B．dealt C．to deal      D．dealing
3． Every year，Tom remembers to have some flowers ________to her mother on her birthday.
A．send      B．sent C．sending     D．being sent

非谓语动词作定语
现在分词作定语
单个的现在分词充当前置定语，分词短语充当后置定语。但是，完成式的现在分词不能用作定语。
The swimming boy is my elder brother．正在游泳的男孩是我的哥哥。
Tell the boys playing over there not to make any noise．告诉那边正在玩的男孩们不要制造噪。
The meeting last week is very important.（hold）
Tell the children there not to make so much noise.（play）
They lived in a room the south.（face）
I hate to see letters in pencil.（write）

I'm afraid we'll have to work extra hours, for there are still some problems .
A. remaining to settle B. Remaining to be settled
C. Remaining to talk about D. to remain to discuss.

过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。
(1)The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。
3. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
4. The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ________ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

不定式结构作定语
1．不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：
It’s time to go to bed.
He is not a man to bow before difficulties.
Have you anything to declare?
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.
I want to get something to read during the vocation.
2．能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
I don’t wish to quarrel with you.
→I have no wish to quarrel with you.
They will attempt to cross the river tonight.
→ They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.
She promised not to do that again.
→ She made a promise not to do that again.
3．某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
He was obviously anxious to go.
→ His anxiety to go was obvious.
4．不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：
He has a large family to support (= that he must support).
注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：
She has a lot of things to attend to.
The nurse has five children to look after.
Let’s first find a room to put the things in.
5．有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如：
Here’s a book for you to read.
He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.
1. Would you like something ______?
　　A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks
2. I have a lot of homework ______.
　　A. do B. doing C. did D. to do
3. He is not an easy man ______.
A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with
1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.
　　A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered
2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired.
　　A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel
3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______.
　　A. not wake up him B. not to wake up him C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up
4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon.
A. do B. doing C. to do D. did
5. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one first is the library.
A.repaired B.being repaired C. Repairing D.to be repaired