投喂冰鱼和人工配合饲料的中华绒螯蟹肌肉风味品质比较.pdf

为推动人工配合饲料在蟹养殖业中的使用,以体质量为(5.330.79)g 的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)为研究对象,比较了投喂冰鱼(TFG)和人工配合饲料(FDG)的中华绒螯蟹肌肉风味品质差异,并采用配对比较试验对蟹肉进行感官评价。结果表明:与 TFG 组蟹相比,FDG 组蟹的腥味较少,且味道更加鲜美、气味浓郁宜人;两组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中 17 种游离氨基酸均无显著性差异(P0.05);两组蟹肌肉中的5-肌苷酸钠和5-鸟苷酸钠含量无显著性差异(P0.05),但 FDG 组蟹的5-腺苷酸钠(AMP)和鲜味当量(EUC)含量较 TFG 组显著升高(P0.05);FDG 组蟹的饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著降低(P0.05),高不饱和脂肪酸含量显著增加(P0.05);与 TFG 组蟹相比,FDG 组蟹肌肉中的醛含量显著升高(P0.05),而酮和含氮化合物的含量显著降低(P0.05)。从表 3 可见,两组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中的 5-肌苷酸钠和 5-鸟苷酸钠无显著性差异(P0.05),但 FDG 组蟹的 5-腺苷酸钠和鲜味当量均显著高于TFG 组(P0.05)。表 2 中华绒螯蟹肌肉中部分游离氨基酸含量Tab.2 Partial free amino acid content in Eriocheir sinensis musclemg/100 mg muscle氨基酸amino acid滋味taste冰鱼组TFG人工配合饲料组FDG天冬氨酸 Asp鲜味 umami(+)0.170.020.230.08谷氨酸 Glu鲜味 umami(+)0.340.050.300.05丝氨酸 Ser甜味 sweet(+)0.190.020.360.07组氨酸 His甜味 sweet(+)0.240.050.270.05甘氨酸 Gly甜味 sweet(+)4.770.094.310.46苏氨酸 Thr甜味 sweet(+)0.510.130.670.01丙氨酸 Ala甜味 sweet(+)3.860.063.510.20精氨酸 Arg甜味 sweet(+)4.290.314.650.33酪氨酸 Tyr苦味 bitter(-)0.110.020.120.03半胱氨酸 Cys苦味 bitter(-)0.620.040.640.03缬氨酸 Val苦味 bitter(-)0.270.010.330.03蛋氨酸 Met苦味 bitter(-)0.210.020.220.07苯丙氨酸 Phe苦味 bitter(-)0.270.020.280.04异亮氨酸 Ile苦味 bitter(-)0.090.010.110.02亮氨酸 Leu苦味 bitter(-)0.310.040.240.06赖氨酸 Lys苦味 bitter(-)0.250.020.240.05脯氨酸 Pro苦味 bitter(-)1.940.242.120.09总计 total18.420.2418.580.16 注:+,积极的滋味;-,消极的滋味。Note:+,positive taste;-,negative taste.表 3 中华绒螯蟹肌肉中的呈味核苷酸含量Tab.3 Flavor nucleotide content in Eriocheir sinensis muscle组别group5-鸟苷酸钠/(mg100 g-1)GMP5-肌苷酸钠/(mg100 g-1)IMP5-腺苷酸钠/(mg100 g-1)AMP鲜味当量/(g100 g-1)EUCTFG41.622.05394.9546.69 253.5661.282.230.11FDG36.981.65530.1962.55 617.84111.412.770.13 注:,TFG 与 FDG 组间有显著性差异(P0.05),下同。Note:,significant difference between TFG and FDG groups(P0.05),et sequentia.2.3 两种饲料投喂下中华绒螯蟹肌肉脂肪酸组成从表 4 可见:与 TFG 组相比,FDG 组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中有 8 种脂肪酸(C14:0、C15:0、C16:0、C17:0、C20:0、C20:1、C22:1和 C22:6)含量显著减少(P0.05),有 3 种脂肪酸(C18:2、C20:2和 C22:5)含量显著增加(P0.05);FDG 组中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于 TFG 组(P 0.05),但 多 不 饱 和 脂 肪 酸(PUFA)含量显著高于 TFG 组(P0.05)。表 4 中华绒螯蟹肌肉中部分脂肪酸含量Tab.4 Partial fatty acid content in Eriocheir sinensis mus-cle%脂肪酸fatty acid冰鱼trashfish人工配合饲料formulated diet 中华绒螯蟹肌肉 muscle of Chinese mitten crab冰鱼组TFG人工配合饲料组 FDGC12:00.110.040.060.010.050.01C14:05.601.451.170.120.540.07C15:00.730.160.380.020.260.01C16:024.8016.2416.740.2715.320.18C17:00.700.240.760.040.620.02C18:04.794.338.320.378.620.22C20:00.530.370.190.020.110.01C22:00.140.390.070.010.090.01C16:15.821.943.440.502.790.45C18:111.0822.5121.980.5022.500.36C20:13.390.721.930.170.820.05C22:14.790.450.700.090.170.01C18:2n-61.0340.106.801.0713.630.49C20:2n-60.160.091.420.032.020.10C18:3n-60.130.060.080.000.090.01C18:3n-30.464.910.580.180.990.10C20:3n-60.040.040.030.010.040.01C22:3n-60.140.050.890.080.700.07C20:4n-61.260.383.250.363.920.10C22:4n-60.480.080.210.030.240.01C20:5n-3(EPA)10.662.4114.330.5712.990.67C22:5n-31.010.300.440.040.530.01C22:6n-3(DHA)22.172.7516.240.7012.960.70饱和脂肪酸 SFA43.2225.1527.690.3325.610.07单不饱和脂肪酸 MUFA19.2523.6828.040.1826.280.70多不饱和脂肪酸 PUFA37.5351.1744.280.2748.120.702.4 两种饲料投喂下中华绒螯蟹的挥发性化合物从表 5 可见:两组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中共检测到55 种挥发性化合物,包括 16 种醛、6 种酮、6 种醇类、6 种芳族化合物、5 种含氮化合物、10 种碳氢化合物和6 种其他化合物;与 TFG 组相比,FDG组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中的醛含量显著增加(P 0.05),而酮和含氮化合物含量显著下降(P 0.05)。气味活度值(OAV)是用来评判呈味物质味感强度的重要指标,可通过化合物的浓度除以其感觉阈值来计算。当 OAV 值大于 1 时,该物质则被定义为气味活性化 合 物(AAC)。经计算,两组中华绒螯蟹中有 19 种挥发性化合物定义为 ACC,其中包括 14 种醛类、1 种醇类、1 种含氮化合物、1 种烃类和 2 种其他化合物。844大连海洋大学学报 第 38 卷表 5 冰鱼和配合饲料组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中挥发性化合物含量的比较Tab.5 Comparison of identified volatile compounds content in muscle of Eriocheir sinensis fed with trash fish and formula-ted diet ng/g muscle挥发性化合物volatile compound保留指数retention index阈值threshold value鉴定方法identif-ication冰鱼组TFG人工配合饲料组FDG气味活性化合物 ACC2-甲基丁醛 2-methylbutanal6651MS,RI7.411.457.281.17Y戊醛 pentanal6999MS,RI31.072.0027.271.24Y2-甲基-2-丁烯醛 2-methyl-2-butenal740458.9MS52.702.0463.481.62N己醛 hexanal8002.8MS,RI14.520.5867.024.95 Y顺-4-庚烯醛 4-heptenal9014.2MS,RI4.230.517.020.37Y庚醛 heptanal9032.8MS,RI25.020.5618.621.13Y苯甲醛 benzaldehyde97141.7MS,RI222.081.47229.532.83Y正辛醛 octanal1 0020.587MS,RI154.742.69179.694.36Y2,4-庚二烯醛 2,4-heptadienal1 01915.4MS,RI19.441.0517.071.72Y醛 aldehyde苯乙醛 benzeneacetaldehyde1 0304MS22.251.0921.500.50Y壬醛 nonanal1 1021.1MS,RI137.055.49153.386.09Y2,6-壬二烯醛 2,6-nonadienal1 1160.15MS,RI14.841.5521.590.90Y癸醛 decanal1 2200.1MS114.407.1094.412.73Y十一醛 undecanal1 3155MS,RI15.651.4210.760.93Y2,4-癸二烯醛 2,4-decadienal13290.07MS,RI24.950.7423.461.30Y十六醛 hexadecanal1 820N.A.MS,RI18.620.6720.170.45N.J.小计 subtotal(16)878.985.75962.268.52 丙酮 acetone50014 500MS34.111.2423.741.50N2-丁酮 2-butanone58935 400MS,RI8.490.745.861.28N2-辛酮 2-octanone99450.2MS,RI36.392.9121.141.12N酮 ketone2-壬酮 2-nonanone1 09138.9MS,RI17.300.6913.880.57N3,5-辛二烯-2-酮 3,5-octadien-2-one1 102150MS4.870.204.850.67N2-癸酮 2-decanone1 1907.94MS,RI2.950.152.970.97N小计 subtotal(6)104.114.7272.443.771-戊烯-3-醇 1-penten-3-ol682358.1MS,RI22.761.7022.460.70N1-戊醇 1-pentanol675150.2MS,RI1.710.641.750.19N1-辛烯-3-醇 1-octen-3-ol9781.5MS,RI86.862.93101.651.74Y醇 alcohol1-庚醇 1-heptanol981N.A.MS4.520.804.930.50N.J.2,4-十一烷二烯醇 2,4-undecadienol1 071N.A.MS,RI4.690.475.860.66N.J雪松醇 cedrol1 792N.A.MS28.783.7726.821.54N.J小计 subtotal(6)149.316.12163.473.20三甲胺 trimethylamine5002.4MS,RI540.3318.34320.4015.69Y吡啶 pyridine7752 100MS,RI13.080.818.830.28N含氮 化 合 物 nitrogenous compound2-乙基吡啶 2-ethylpyridine90957MS,RI23.310.8921.420.49N2,5-二甲基吡嗪 2,5-dimethylpyrazine9161 700MS,RI2.910.652.410.52N2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine1 005350.12MS,RI20.021.0918.200.62N小计 subtotal(5)599.6518.03371.2616.17苯 benzene6681 500MS,RI72.851.1774.492.56N甲苯 toluene7701 550MS,RI19.780.9915.801.27N乙苯 ethylbenzene8652 205.25MS,RI8.560.698.900.98N芳烃 arene对二甲苯 P-xylene873450.23MS,RI10.660.8511.281.13N二甲苯 xylene879N.A.MS,RI5.250.587.620.80N.J萘 naphthalene1 21560MS,RI2.340.232.510.07N小计 subtotal(6)119.451.05120.611.972,4-二甲基庚烷 2,4-dimethyl-heptane840N.A.MS,RI21.720.8721.411.13N.J柠檬烯 limonene1 03810MS,RI117.403.77117.254.28Y十一烷 undecane1 1021 170MS,RI12.430.3014.440.46N十二烷 dodecane1 2012 040MS,RI22.420.4820.700.10N碳氢 化 合 物 hydrocarbon十三烷 tridecane1 2972 140MS,RI5.960.645.100.63N十四烷 tetradecane1 398N.A.MS,RI1.720.101.900.07N.J.十五烷 pentadecane1 500N.A.MS,RI25.352.0323.352.03N.J十六烷 hexadecane1 602N.A.MS,RI35.952.6034.343.39N.J2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷1 702N.A.MS,RI4.030.716.730.30N.J二十烷 eicosane1 999N.A.MS,RI340.4113.01346.913.56N.J小计 subtotal(10)587.4011.17592.130.30944第 3 期熊玮,等:投喂冰鱼和人工配合饲料的中华绒螯蟹肌肉风味品质比较表 5(续)冰鱼和配合饲料组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中挥发性化合物含量的比较Tab.5(continued)Comparison of identified volatile compounds content in muscle of Eriocheir sinensis fed with trash fish and formulated diet ng/g muscle挥发性化合物volatile compound保留指数retention index阈值threshold value鉴定方法identif-ication冰鱼组TFG人工配合饲料组FDG气味活性化合物 ACC2-乙酰基噻唑 2-acetylthiazole1 20510MS,RI3.200.303.870.24N2-乙基呋喃 2-ethylfuran7002.3MS,RI5.850.275.050.41Y2-正戊基呋喃 2-pentylfuran9925.8MS,RI57.553.2656.682.82Y其他 other碘甲烷 Iodomethane586N.A.MS,RI24.810.4423.991.14N邻苯二甲酸丁十四酯 phthalic acid,butyl tetradecyl ester1 570N.A.MS13.850.7715.411.10N.J十六烷酸甲酯 hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester1 917N.A.MS5.140.425.440.71N.J小计 subtotal(6)110.413.85110.454.95总计 total2 549.3212.002 392.624.85 注:N.A.不可用;Y属于 ACCs;N不属于 ACCs;N.J.不能判断是否属于 ACCs;MS质谱(通过数据库质谱鉴定);RI保留指数(与文献中的 RI 进行比较)。和 分别表示 TFG 和 FDG 组间有显著性差异(P0.05)和极显著性差异(P0.01)。Note:N.A.not available;Ybelong to ACCs;Nnot belong to ACCs;N.J.cannot be judged whether belongs to ACCs;MSmass spectrum(identified thanks to the mass spectra of database);RIretention index(compared with the RI in the literature).and respectively indicated that there were significant differences(P0.05)and extremely significant differences(P0.01)between TFG and FDG groups.2.5 两种饲料投喂下中华绒螯蟹的脂氧合酶比较从图 2、图 3 可见:与 TFG 组相比,FDG 组中华绒螯蟹肌肉中 LOX 酶活性显著增加(P0.05);LOX5 mRNA 水平显著升高 1.76 倍(P 0.05),LOX5 蛋白水平也显著升高(P0.05)。表示组间有显著性差异(P0.05),下同。means significant differences between groups(P0.05).There were no significant differences in the contents of ionosine-5-monophosphate and guanosine 5-monophosphate disodium salt in muscle between the two groups(P0.05),but the contents of adenosine 5-monophosphate sodium salt(AMP)and Equivalent Uma-mi Concentration(EUC)of FDG were significantly higher than those of TFG(P0.05).Compared with TFG sam-ples,the proportion of saturated fatty acids(SFAs)and monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFAs)in FDG samples were significantly reduced(P0.05),while the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFAs)was significantly increased(P0.05).Significantly elevated content of aldehydes(P0.05)and significantly decreased content of ketones and N-containing compounds(P0.05)were observed in FDG samples compared to TFG samples.Com-pared with TFG samples,gene and protein relative expression of LOX5 and the enzyme activity of LOX were signifi-cantly increased in FDG samples(P0.05).In conclusion,formulated diet can enhance the flavor of crab meat and increase the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids,AMP and EUC,which is more in line with the needs of consumers for health and umami.Key words:Eriocheir sinensis;muscle quality;free amino acid;fatty acid;flavor compound454大连海洋大学学报 第 38 卷