动词的时态和语态.docx

动词的时态和语态

时态考点超级梳理：
一、动词时态易混点
1.一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别
（1）一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的以前的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。
（2）比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：
He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.
（这是过去的一件事）
He has served in the army for 5 years.
（现在他仍在军中服役，他仍是军人）
He wrote many plays when he was at college.
（写剧本是他过去做的事情）
He has written many plays.
（这意味着他是剧作家）
I saw Hero last year.
（看《英雄》的时间是去年，与现在无关）
I have seen Hero before.
（强调现在知道这部电影的内容。以前看过，
但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时
间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间）

即时演练
1.（2007山东，32）
They ______two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.
A .had got B. got C. have got D. Get

2. （2007海南·宁夏，全国Ⅰ,32）
I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I____there several years ago.
A. are going B.had been C.went D.have been

3. （2007湖南，25）
As the years passed,many occasions — birthdays, awards, graduations — ____with Dads flowers.
A. are marked B.were marked
B. C.have marked D.had marked

4. （2007重庆，33）
When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone. Where _____?
A.did you go B.have you gone
C.were you D.had you been

2.一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别
(1)一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。
(2)过去完成时的时间状语常用by 和before 引导的短语表示，如：by that time, by the end of, before 2000, by the time+句子等。

1. （2007海南·宁夏，全国Ⅰ,35）
The flowers were so lovely that they____in no time.
A. sold B.had been sold
C.were sold D.would sell

2. （2006广东，32）

The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous.She _______ before.
A.hasn't flown B.didn't fly
C.hadn't flown D.wasn't flying

3. （2007重庆，23）
—Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?
—Yes, he did. He____ his old friends for a long time.
A.didnt see B.wouldnt see
C.hasnt seen D.hadnt seen

3.过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别
(1)两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。
(2)比较下面的说法
She had been ill for a week before she came back.
（回来发生在过去某一时间，生病发生在过去的过去）
She has been ill for a week.（现在仍然病着）

4.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时可以与时间状语连用，也可以不用时间状语。这一点与现在完成时不同。现在完成时通常与时间状语，如:since,ever since,for three months,just,already,yet等连用。现在完成进行时通常与all the(this)morning/afternoon/day/month或the whole day等连用。试对比以下各例：
I have been working on the experiment report this morning,but I havent completed it yet.
我今天一上午都在写实验报告，可是到现在也没写完。
They have been repairing the broken road.
他们一直在维修那条被损坏的道路。（可能是刚歇息下来，也可能还在修）
They have already repaired the broken road.
他们把路修完了。（动作已经结束）
现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的持续性行为。如果表示一个重复动作，或者表示动作做过的次数时，不能用现在完成进行时。如：
Ive been writing letters since breakfast.
Ive written to him three times,but I havent heard from him up till now.

固定句式易混点
1.This/It is the first/second...time+that从句。that从句一般用现在完成时，如果把前边的is改为was，则that从句用过去完成时。如：
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time（that）he had made the same mistake.
2.It is/has been+一段时间+since从句。since从句中一般用过去时，如果将前边的is改为was，则since从句中用过去完成时。如：
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
3.be about to do...when... 意为“即将……（这时）突然……”。如：
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
4.be（was/were）+ doing...when... 意为“正在干……（这时）突然……”。如：
They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.
5.Hardly had...done...when...；No sooner had...done...than...
when和than从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚……就……”。如：
Hardly（No sooner）had I got home when（than）the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下了。
6.It+be+一段时间+before从句
这个句式分两种情况：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：
It wont be long before he succeeds.（＝He will succeed soon.）

主动语态和被动语态

重点回放
1. （2007辽宁，22）
—Have you handed in your schoolwork yet?
—Yes,I have.I guess it____now.
A. has graded B.is graded
C.is being graded D.is grading

2. （2007浙江，17）
Professor James will give us a lecture on the western culture,but when and where___yet.
A.hasnt been decided B.havent decided
C.isnt being decided D.arent decided

3. （2007天津，13）
If Newton lived today,he would be surprised by what_____in science and technology.
A.had discovered B.had been discovered
C.has discovered D.has been discovered

4. （2007四川，23）
When you get the paper back,pay special attention to what___.
A.have marked B.have been marked
C.had marked D.had been marked

整合提升

主动形式表被动意义
1.系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay， become, fall, get， grow, keep+形容词／名词构成系表结构。如：
The steel feels cold.
His plan proved （to be） practical.
It has gone bad.
2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如:begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等。如：
Work began at 7 oclock this morning.
The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.
3.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如:read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink。 这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。如：
The book sells well.　　这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily.　 这刀子很好用。
This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。
Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge.
食物在冰箱里能保鲜。
Your speech reads well.你的演说讲得很好。
This material has worn thin.这个材料已经磨薄了。
The match wont catch.火柴擦不着。
The plan worked out wonderfully.
这计划制定得很好。
The engine wont start.引擎发动不起来。

4）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
　　 I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。
　　 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
5） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：
　　 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
　　 This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。
6）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。

被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：
　　He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
　　注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
　　He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
　　He got married to a rich girl.

不能用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread,
stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。
　 例如：After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
　 比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
　 （错） The price has been risen.
　 （对） The price has risen.
　 （错） The accident was happened last week.　　　
　 （对） The accident happened last week.
　 （错） The price has raised.　　　　　　　　　　
　 （对） The price has been raised.
　 （错） Please seat.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　 （对） Please be seated.
　　要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
　2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
　 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
　3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
　4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
　5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
　　 （对） She likes to swim.
　　 （错） To swim is liked by her.

need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面只能接doing，但表示的是被动意义。例如：
　 Your hair wants cutting.　你的头发该理了。
　 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
　　The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.　
A. cleaning　 B. be cleaned　 C. clean　 D. being cleaned
　　答案A. need （实意） +n /to do，need （情态）+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。

巧记妙忆

巧记be going to的用法
be going to,表打算，
准备计划将来干。
表可能、有必然，
通过现象来判断。

be going to结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能发生的事，也用来表示自然现象。

妙记被动语态的用法
谁做的动作不知道，
说出谁做的没必要；
突出承受者或礼貌，
用被动语态错不了。

说明：
1当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。
Mr White is greatly respected by all of us.
怀特先生很受我们大家的尊敬。
2当没有必要说出动作的执行者或根本不知道动作的执行者是谁时常用被动态。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是从中国引入欧洲的。
3.当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时常用被动语态。
The window glass was broken by a stone.
窗户玻璃是被石头打碎的。

巧记主动形式表被动的词
商品畅销（sell）;
机器运转（run,work）;
上课开始（begin）;
衣服耐穿（wear）；
保持长久（keep）；
感觉新鲜（feel）；
……起来（look,feel,smell,taste,sound,appear,prove,read,write）;
状态特征；
事件发生（happen,take place,break out）;
由……组成（consist of）;
主动形式，
表示被动。

例解
［例1］（2007重庆，28）
Leonardo da Vinci(1452—1519) birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A.is said to be buying B.is said to have bought
C.had said to buy D.has said to have bought

［例2］（2007湖南，31）

Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School,where sheEnglish for a year.
A. studies B.studied
B. C.is studying D.has been studying

［例3］（2007江西，31）
—I have got a headache.
—No wonder.Youin front of that computer too long.
A. work B.are working
C.have been working D.worked

［例4］（2007安徽，26）
They became friends again that day.Until then,they to each other for nearly two years.
A. didnt speak B.hadnt spoken
C.havent spoken D.havent been speaking

［例5］（2007安徽，35）
—Did Peter fix the computer himself?
—He , because he doesnt know much about computers.
A.has it fixed B.had fixed it
C.had it fixed D.fixed it

［例6］（2007福建，21）
—I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.
—Impossible. She TV with me in my home then.
A.watched B.had watched
C.would watch D.was watching

［例7］（2007北京，32）
I got caught in the rain and my suit.
A.has ruined B.had ruined
C.has been ruined D.had been ruined

押宝时、语态
【依据】动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，而且测试的难度也在逐年加大。在语法填空题中，考查动词时态的题不少于两道，动词的语态常和时态放在一起考查。高考命题者常从三个角度进行命题：一是直接给定时间状语。考生能直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出正确判断。鉴于广东才考一次,且此类语法题参照系数有限,我们仍以单选形式进行预测。
[押1]
—_____ Mr Smith ____ this week?
— No. He is on holiday.
A. Has; worked B. Does; work
C. Did; work D. Is; working

[押2]
—Got your driving license?
—No. I _____ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week.
A. was B. am C. have been D. had been

[押3]
You’d better not call the manager between 7 and 8 this evening, for he _____ an important meeting then.
A. will have B. would have
C. will be having D. will have had

[押4]
—How can you borrow my computer without my permission?
—Oh, I ____ to tell you. I hope you don’t mind.
A. forget B. forgot
C. had forgotten D. am forgetting

[押5]
—Will you please repeat your idea?
—Certainly. But I think it certain you ____ your attention.
A. don’t pay B. didn’t pay
C. weren’t paying D. aren’t paying

[押6]
—I’m sorry, but the boss isn’t here yet. Shall I have her call you when she comes back?
—No, I’ll call her back. If I call again in half an hour, do you think she ____?
A. arrives B. has arrived
C. will arrive D. will have arrived

[押7]
—Are we about to have dinner?
—Yes, it ____ in the dinning room.
A. is serving B. is being served
C. has been serving D. Serves

[押8]
—Joan was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.
—Oh, really? I____. I ____ visit her.
A. didn’t know; will go to
B. don’t know; will go to
C. didn’t know; am going to
D. haven’t known; am going to

[押9]
—Don’t you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting?
—Yes. I really didn’t think she ____ here.
A. has been B. had been
C. would be D. would have been

[押10]
—Why is the librarian looking so hard at me?
—You ____ to read aloud in the reading room.
A. don’t suppose B. haven’t supposed
C. are not supposed D. were not supposed

[押11]
It seems water from this tap for some time. We’ll have to take it apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking
C. leaked D. has been leaking