动名词和分词与动词不定式用法比较.doc

动名词和分词与动词不定式用法比较

　　英语中的不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）在句中不能充当谓语，故被称为非谓语动词。它们都有否定式、被动式和完成式。否定词not, never总放在它们之前，被动式及完成式见下表：

不定式
动名词
分词

主动
被动
主动
被动
主动
被动
一般式
to keep
to be kept
keeping
being kept
keeping
being kept
现在式
to have kept
to have being kept
having kept
having been kept
having kept
having been kept
完成式
to have keeping
\
\
\
\
\
完成进行式
to have been keeping
\
\
\
\
\
　　其中，动名词还可以被代词及名词所有格修饰，构成动名词的复合结构。这种代词和名词所有格充当动名词的逻辑主语。

His anxiety doesn't justify his being so rude to his mother. 他的焦虑不是他对母亲这么粗鲁的理由。
The father was angry at his son's spending money like water. 父亲对儿子的花钱如流水感到愤怒。 在口语或非正式语体中，也可用宾格代替代词和名词的所有格。故上面两句可改为：
His anxiety doesn't justify him being so rude to his mother. The father was angry at his son spending money like water.

1.作主语
(1)动名词和不定式都可充当主语，意义上一般区别不大。
Seeing is believing. 和 To see is to believe. 都意为：百闻不如一见。
但动名词常表抽象性概念，泛指习惯性动作或抽象概念，而不定式指某一具体时间内或将来时间中的具体的、特定的动作。
Swimming does good to our health, but to swim on such a cold day is unthinkable.
游泳对我们的健康有好处，但在这么冷的天气里去游泳是难以想象的。
(2)不定式通常用It作形式主语，而动名词通常直接放在句首作主语。
It's necessary to take more sports and games. 多进行体育运动是必要的。
It's nice to talk to such an interesting person as you.和你这么有趣的人谈话很有意思。
Climbing mountains is tiring. 爬山是很累人的。
(3)动名词用It 作形式主语时常用于一些固定结构中，如
It's no use (good, sense, useless, pointless, a waste of time) doing sth.
It's no use trying to persuade her to follow your advice. 想说服她接受你的建议是没有用的。
It's pointless applying for such an undesirable job. 申请这份不令人喜欢的工作没有意义。

2. 作表语
(1)动名词和分词都可作表语，但动名词作表语说明主语的具体内容，又常有动词特性，可带宾语和状语，而分词则表示主语的性质或状态，可用副词修饰，也可有比较级。The main job of the ant queen is laying eggs. 蚁后的主要工作是产卵。（laying eggs为job 的具体内容，动名词带宾语。）
This book is really entertaining. 这本书确实是引人入胜的。（现在分词表示主语的性质。） He grew more excited and a little frightened when he got to the mysterious cave.当到达那个神秘的洞穴的时候，他变得更加兴奋，同时又有一点害怕。（过去分词作表语，表示已经出现的状态）
(2)动词不定式亦可作表语。 Your task is to get the information we need as soon as possible. 你的任务就是尽可能早地弄到我们所需要的信息。
3.作宾语
(1)不定式和动名词都可作宾语 不定式除了在nothing but/except, have no choice/alternative but后之外，一般不作介词宾语，而只作动词宾语，但不定式短语, 如whether to do, why to do, what to do等均可作介词宾语。 He decided to leave at once. 他决定马上离开。（不定式作动词宾语） She wants nothing but to drink a cup of tea. 她所想要的只是一杯茶而已。（不定式作介词宾语） I have no alternative but to wait for him. 我别无选择，只有等他。（不定式作介词宾语）
动名词既可大量作介词宾语 He left without saying anything 也可作某些动词的宾语 I will appreciate your calling back this evening.
(2)在某些动词或短语后，只能接动名词而不用动词不定式作宾语 1） 某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，而不能用不定式 ，这些动词有：
anticipate, appreciate, enjoy, avoid, evade, escape, consider, postpone,cancel, call off, delay, deny, admit（to）, confess to,dislike, fancy, imagine,finish, complete, mind, miss, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, suggest,stand,bear, endure, tolerate, put up with, keep (on),等。
Mark often attempts to escape being found whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，总是企图避免被发现。
注：在demand, deserve, need, want, require等动词后所接的主动语态动名词具有被动意义。
These points deserve mentioning. 这些要点值得一提。
The knife needs sharpening. 这把刀需要磨快。
2） 在下面一些短语后，只能后接动名词而不能用不定式做作宾语：
admit to, attend to, be accustomed to, be close to, be tired of, be fed up with, be/get used to, be worth, call off, refer to, confessed to, dreamed of, insist on, persist in, stick to, hold to, adhere to, look forward to, approve of, feel like, put off, give up, keep on, succeed in, object to, set about, limit…to, reduce…to, on the way to, get through, decide on, persuade sb.into/out of doing, warn sb. against, bother about等。
He dreamed of going abroad for further study. 他向往着出国进修。
3） advise, allow, encourage, permit等动词后带-ing形式作宾语，带不定式作宾语补足语。
My parents don't allow smoking in our house. 我父母亲不允许在房间里抽烟。
MY parents don't allow me to smoke in our house. 我父母亲不允许我在房间里抽烟。
(3)某些动词后既可接动名词，也可接不定式
1） 意义无明显区别，但有时有泛指、特指之分或用法稍有区别。用动名词往往强调事情，用动词不定式往往强调动作。
这些动词有begin, continue, start, like, hate, love, dread, prefer等。 I love dancing, but I don't love to dance this evening. 我喜欢跳舞，但不喜欢今晚跳舞。 When we began climbing the hill, it began to rain. 我们开始爬山时，天开始下雨。
注：在下面三种情形下，begin和start后只能用不定式：
当主语是无生命无意识的事物时；当begin和start本身用于进行时态时；当begin和start后接表心理状态的动词，如realize, understand, know等。
2） 意义有明显差别 a. 在remember, forget之后，用动名词表示动作已发生，用不定式表动作尚 I remember being taken to Tibet when I was young. 我记得小时候曾被带到西藏。He forgot to post the letter on his way home yesterday.回家的路上他忘了寄信。b. regret含有对过去一个既成事实表示"后悔"之意时，用动名词作宾语；但当表"遗憾"，将带给他人不　　尽如人意的消息时，则用不定式作宾语。 Charles regretted blaming his secretary, for he later discovered he himself was wrong. 查尔士后悔责怪了他的秘书，因为他后来发现是他自己错了。 -------I regret not telling him the news earlier. 我后悔没早点告诉他这消息。 -------We regret to inform you that you are not admitted to our university this year.
　　　　我们很遗憾地通知你你今年未被我们大学录取。 c. mean 接动名词意为"意味着"，接不定式意为"打算"。
Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意味着解放生产力。
There's a man in front of the car who seems very angry and I think he means to
make trouble. 车前站着一个人，他看起来很愤怒，我想他是打算来捣乱的。 d. try 接动名词意为"试一试（看是否有效）"， 接不定式意为"试图"、"打算"、"尽力"。The teacher tried using a new method, but the students didn't respond to it very enthusiastically. 老师试着用了一种新方法，但学生们反应并不热烈。 He tried to swim across the English Channel. 他打算游过英吉利海峡。 e. chance 接动名词意为"冒险干某事"，接不定式意为"碰巧干某事"。 He chanced climbing the cliff without a safety belt. 他冒险不系安全带去攀爬峭壁。 The daughter of my friend chanced to study in my class. 我朋友的女儿碰巧在我班上学习。
f. go on, stop, quit 后跟动名词作宾语，后跟不定式作状语，表目的。 He went on studying till the midnight. 他坚持学习到半夜。 He introduced himself and went on to give the lecture. 他介绍了自己，接下去开始讲课。

4. 作宾语补足语或主语补足语
不定式和分词都可作宾语补足语或主语补足语。
(1)现在分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表示动作正在进行，而不定式作宾语或主语补足语表示动作的全过程。 -------I saw Tom waving to me from across the street. 我看见汤姆在街对面向我挥手。-------The boy was seen swimming in the river. 那个男孩被看见在河里游泳。 -------I saw Tom fall from the tree. 我看见汤姆从树上跌落下来。 -------Mary was seen to cross the street and enter a shop. 玛丽被人看见穿过街道进了一家商店。
(2)过去分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表被动和完成的动作，而现在分词表主动和进行的动作。
I saw the car running toward the old man. 我看见那辆汽车朝老人冲过去。 I saw the old man knocked down by the car. 我看见老人被汽车撞倒了。
(3)动词feel, hear, listen to, make, have, let, see, watch, notice, observe（可概括为"一感觉两听三役使四看"）后接不定式作宾语补足语时，常省掉不定式的标志to 。 The thief observed the lady enter the bank. 小偷观察那位女士走进银行。

5.作定语
动名词、分词和不定式都可作定语。动名词作定语表示它所修饰的名词的功能，现在
分词作定语表示所修饰的主语的主动或正在进行的动作，过去分词则表示被动或完成
的动作，而不定式表示即将发生或经常发生的动作。 Crusoe finally found a hiding place in a cave. (a hiding place = a place for people to hide in)克鲁索最后在一个岩洞里找到了藏身之处。（动名词） The flying bird was soon out of sight. (the flying bird = the bird which was flying)那只飞鸟不久就看不见了。（现在分词） The bridge built last year is long, the bridge being built is longer, and the one to be built next year will be the longest in this province. 去年建的那座桥很长，现在正在建造的那座桥更长，明年要修的那座桥将是全省最长的。（built是过去分词，being built是现在分词，to be built是不定式短语。） After searching for half an hour, they got some wood to make fire with. 在搜寻了半小时以后，他们找到了一些生火用的木材。（不定式）
6.作状语
(1)现在分词和过去分词都可作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。现在分词表示主动或进行，过去分词表示被动意义，或表示状态。 Wandering in the park this morning, Jack ran into his former classmate Dick. 早晨在公园里闲逛时，杰克偶然遇见了老同学迪克。 Work done, they went home immediately. 工作完成以后，他们立即回家了。Believing the earth to be flat, many people feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. 由于相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘上掉下Greatly moved, I wrote a letter to show my gratitude to him for his unselfish help. 我深受感动，写了一封信，对他无私的帮助表示感激。 Time permitting, we will go picnicking tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天将去野餐。 The young professor, followed by his pupils, entered the lecture hall confidently.那位年轻的教授自信地走进了演讲厅，后面跟着他的学生。 The shop assistant stood there dumbfounded. 那个店员站在那里目瞪口呆。
(2)现在分词和过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子的真正主语一致，不按照此规则所使用的分词称为垂悬分词（或无依附结构），应该避免。 Looking at the letter, her tears ran down her cheeks. (her tears 不是looking at的逻辑主语。) Seen from the top of the mountain, I find the river is like a belt. (I不是 seen from 短语的逻辑主语。) 上面两句应改为：
Looking at the letter, She burst into tears. 看着这封信，她流出了眼泪。
Seen from the top of the mountain, the river is just like a belt. 从山顶上看，那条河正像一条带子。
但一些短语已成为习惯用法，不受此规则限制。 Generally speaking, a young man is stronger than an old man. 一般说来，年轻人要比老人强壮。 Judging from his accent, he must be from Australia. 从他的口音判断，他一定是从澳大利亚来的。 Taken as a whole, we consider the party a great success. 总的来看，我们认为这个晚会非常成功。
(3)现在分词和过去分词可以与其逻辑主语（通常为名词或主格代词）一起构成复合结构，称为独立主格结构，在句中可作表示时间、原因、条件及伴随状态的状语。 Weather permitting, they will go camping tomorrow. 天气允许的话，他们明天将去露营。 Mary exhausted, Mother told her to go to bed immediately. 玛丽很累，母亲要她立即上床睡觉。
另一种独立结构由介词with/without＋逻辑主语＋分词/形容词/副词/介词短语构成。在句中作状语或定语。 Cars moved on slowly with their horns blowing wildly. 汽车在疯狂的喇叭声中慢慢移动。 The murderer was brought in with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手双手绑在背后被带了进来。 Towards evening, they got to a village with a lot of trees around it.
(4)不定式亦可作状语，表示目的、原因、条件、结果等。 To fully understand the article, you should read it over and over again. 要充分理解这篇课文，你必须反复地朗读它。（表示目的） The whole nation were happy to learn the winning of the national football team in the match. 得知国家队在比赛中获胜的消息，全国人民都很高兴。（表示原因） To hear the lady talk, you will take her as a native speaker. 听那位女士讲话，你会以为她 的母语是英语。（表示条件） The man deserted his wife and son and went abroad, never to be heard from again. 那个男人抛弃了妻儿出国了，从此再无音讯。（表示结果）
Exercise:
1. He is always the first person _____ at the office. A. to arrive* B. arriving C. to have arrived D. to be arriving
2. The bank is reported ____ yesterday. A. to be robbed B. to robbed C. to have robbed D. to have been robbed*
3. We think it important for the work ____ at once. A. to do B. to be done* C. being done D. to have been done
4. I haven’t decided which restaurant ____. A. to eat B. to eat at* C. for eating D. for eating at
5. He returned from his vacation ____ that the house had been broken in. A. for finding B. finding C. only to find* D. just to have found
6. Young as he is, he resists ____ what to do. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. being told*
7. The old man fainted in the street. When he came to in the hospital, he found himself ____ by the doctors. A. treating B. being treated* C. to be treated D. to have been treated
8. If you want to buy a digital camera, we have several new models for you ____. A. choosing B. choosing from C. to choosing D. to choose from*
9. It was not right for you to stand by, just ____ the thief ____ away. A. watch…run B. watching…run * C. to watch…run D. to watch… running
10. There was a wonderful football game on TV last night, but I was too busy ____. A. reviewing lessons watching it B. reviewing lessons to watch it * C. to review lessons watching it D. to review lessons to watch it
11. You ought not ____ the pretty house last year. A. selling B. to sell C. sell D. to have sold*
12. The workers of the trade union made their strength ____ in the strike. A. felt* B. being felt C. to be felt D. to have been felt
13. You should get Tom ____ with you. A. work B. to work* C. to be working D. working
14. After repairing the car, the mechanic got the engine _____ and the car ____. A. start…run B. started…run C. starting…to run D. started…running*
15. I found the manager himself _____ for the accident. A. to blame* B. to be blamed C. blamed D. being blamed
16. He ____ ill, we did the work for him. A. was B. being* C. is D. to be
17. They entered the classroom, each ____ a book in the hand. A. held B. hold C. holding* D. holds
18. Power stations make use of ____ mater to produce electricity. A. falling* B. fallen C. filled D. fall
19. The committee favored ____ funds to build a new school. A. raising* B. to raise C. being raised D. to have raised
20. This piece of silk cloth is to be used ____ a nice skirt. A. making B. to make* C. to be making D. to making
21. This film is ______.