《英语语法大全(完全版)_.doc

1492  当宾补动词和形容词都是单音节词，尤其当宾语较长，或包含有疑问词或关系代（副）词时，形容词常紧跟在动词后面：
They made good（单音节词）the loss（or their promise）；made clear（or plain）their opinion；let loose their caged birds；laid bare（or open）the enemy's design；laid waste the enemy's country．
He set free all the prisoners of the city（较长宾语），threw open the private garden which they had closed many years；broke open the door which they could not open with the key；cut short the sentence that seemed too long．
Whose（疑问词）letter are you copying fair？Which string are you going to cut short？What people do you consider great？
He has a grey beard which（关系代词）he shaves close every five days．He spoke to a woman whose husband he was going to set free．He spoke kindly to John，whom he secretly wished ill．
1493  在上述句子中，宾语的补语表示宾补动词所指动作的结果。但在下面句子中，宾语的补语常是when所引起的从句的紧缩形式。例如alive意思是when he was alive，young意思是when it was young，约有20个动词常可这样用：
They trapped the animal alive；trained it young．
They took （or caught，saved，buried，burned）him alive．
They usually ate the herb raw；drank their tea very weak；served the food hot；roasted an ox whole．
The snake swallows its prey whole．
They carried him half-dead to the hospital；returned the purse intact to the owner；bought it ready-made（or second- hand）；brought the child safe to land；sent me healthy and happy back to my parents．
1494  So可以用来代替任何形容词补语：
“Is it correct？”“I find it so．”“But I don't think it so．”
“He is cunning．”“But I don't call him so．”
Your future will be fine if you decide to make it so．
1495  至少有30个及物动词（大多表示精神活动），可以成为宾补动词，但要求形容词前加as：
a．They abandoned it as useless；acknowledged themselves as careless；accepted（or announced）the story as true；censured this chapter as unnecessary；certified the statement（as）correct；construed his reply as unfavourable；counted themselves as（or for）dead（or lost）；criticized him as heartless；declared themselves as clever；denied it as stupid；denounced him as traitorous；decided him as silly；described the case as serious；designated him as dishonest；couldn't ensure the business as profitable；feigned themselves as ignorant of the robbery；gave me up as（or for）dead（or hopeless）．
b．They held it as valuable；labelled him as dishonest；looked upon the stone as genuine；looked up to him as holy；ranked Shakespeare as the first；reckoned the child as clever；recognized it as important；regard the plan as difficult；represent the situation as hopeless；see him as trust worthy；set down the advice as valuable；stigmatized him as cruel；warrant the liquor as genuine．
1496  图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6174T1.bmp}
as unnecessary在这里作为一个整体来图解，很难在图解中给as一个真正合适的位置。 

38．S＋FV＋N＋AP（John laughed it away．）
1497  无数的宾补动词可用地点副词（或称副词型小品词）作宾语补语。
这个句型38可以看作是句型7 S＋TV．AP＋N的变体。句型7包含3个部分（参阅1341）。TV和AP放在一起，作为一个整体；N可能由3个或更多个重要的词构成。而句型38包含4个部分。句型7的TV变为FV，AP变为补语，起独立作用，并受强调；N包含一个（多为代词）或两个较不重要的词（参阅1364）。
a．He pulled me aside．They set the decision aside（=did not carry it out）．Put it aside（=reserve it）．
He kept the child away from the dog；scolded his maid away；wished me away；bothered the guests away；snatched her letter away．He talked the hours away （＝talked so that the hours flitted away）；wept the night away；dreamed his hours away（=passed his hours in dreaming）；drank his property away（=drank so much that he became poor）；laughed my fears away （=dismissed them by laughing）；explained my doubts away．
He called me back；hit me back；answered me back；paid the money back；frowned me back．
b．He helped her down；got（or had）it down（=had it written）；took my letter down（=wrote it in short-hand while I dictated it）．The applause brought the house down （so loud was the applause）．He laughed this idea down （=so that it failed）；talked（or laughed）me down（= talked or laughed so that I couldn't speak or act）；has lived the scandal down（＝lived until it is forgotten by people）．They voted the measure down．Put me（or my name）down for ten dollars（given to a charity）．
c．Send the child home；see her home．He drove the argument home（=made the listeners understand its full force）．
He let us in；rang the guests in．We danced the New Year in；bowed the guests in；count him in，plug the kettle in．She has her pupils in by 8 a．m．
He saw her off；helped her off with her coat；could bite his tongue off（=regretted having said something wrong）．He turned the lights（or the radio）off；slept the headache（or fatique）off（=slept until he got rid of his headache or fatigue）；walked his meal off；laughed the idea off =（down）；paid his debt off；let me off at the station．
d．He put（or had）his white shirt on；pulled her socks on；helped her on with her coat；left the light on；turned （or switched）the TV on．
He let the dog out；bowed his guests out；found his way out；pushed the window out；had an evening out．He blew the candle out；brought the meaning out（＝made the meaning clear）；cried his heart out；swore his tongue out．He told the secret straight（or right）out；had it out with his enemy（=came to a settlement with him by frank discussion）．She had her cry（or sleep）out（=cried or slept until she felt satisfied）；sat the show out（＝sat until the show was over）．The wind raged itself out（=raged until it was exhausted）．
e．He knocked the glass over；helped her over；handed the business over to me；asked me over（＝asked me to call on him）；turned the page over．We talked the matter over（＝discussed it carefully）；thought the matter over；looked the letter over．He counted the the apples over（=again）．he declared the war over（=at an end）．He had his grandson over in Berlin．
f．He slept the clock round（=slept 24 hours）．
He called his men together；tied all the prisoners together．
He read it through（=till the end）；saw the event through；sat the night through；saw your trick through（=was not deceived by it）；waved me through．
He pulled his socks up．He kept his reputation up；brought his children up；looked the word up in the dictionary；locked（or chained，nailed，packed，tore，broke）it up（=thoroughly，completely）．
They cannot keep the revolt under．
1498  图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6177T1.bmp}

39．S＋FV＋N＋N（John called me Lee．）
1499  至少有110个宾补动词用名词作补语。
1500  约有70个宾补动词后面不必跟as．这类动词有些后面可以加as，但也可不加：
a．They made（or crowned，anointed）him King；appointed（or nominated）him（as）Minister of Finance；consecrated him archbishop；constituted（or inaugurated）him president；chose（or elected）him（as）their leader；promoted him general；commissioned him general．The King created him count；dubbed him a knight．He was named assistant；ordained priest；incorporated a member．
b．They call（or name；nickname，dub）him Fatty；christen（or baptize）her“Mary”；term（or style）themselves “Doctors”；label（or brand）him（as）a fool；entitled the book“Words”；phrase the failure a “success”，abbreviate New York“NY”；write Peking“Beijing”；mark the bottle“Poison”；pronounce ski[Mi:]．
c．They count（or reckon，esteem）it（as）an honour；consider（or deem）it their duty；suppose（or think，ac- count）her a good girl．
d．They acclaimed（or hailed）him（as）a hero；voted him a good teacher；declared him（as）the saviour of their country；pronounced him（as）a great philanthropist；pro- claimed him（as）a great poet．
e．They admit（or acknowledge，confess，feel）themselves （as）inferiors；show（profess）themselves artists；reveal him（as）a murderer，a monster．
They warrant him（as）a very honest person；certify him as one of the members of their association；prove him a criminal；judge him a silly fellow；know him（as）a rascal．
f．They made the plan an object of ridicule；made the distance seven miles（or the total a thousand dollars）；found the city a prosperous place；left the city a ruin；left me an orphan（or me their son's guardian）；kept nothing a secret；saw their son a beggar；had a son a great sportsman．He was born a poet（or a rich man）．
They led（or took，made）him captive；took him prisoner．
They entered（or enrolled）him（as）a member．
g．John is a nice gentleman and everyone thinks him so（=a nice gentleman）．“Is she his wife？”“We consider her so （＝his wife）．”The rose still smells sweet although you don't call it so（＝the rose）．They say John is a funny fellow，and I find him so（=a funny fellow）．
1501  有许多动词（多数表示精神活动）由于使用as，变成宾补动词，这和上面的例句不同，as不能省略：
a．They described（or depicted，represented）the place as a paradise．They qualified him as a hypocrite；defined me as a rogue．
They fancied（or imagined）their leader as a god．
They accepted his words as the real truth of the matter；recognized the country as an independent state．
b．They criticized the plan as a failure；denounced him as a public enemy；blamed the policy as a great mistake；cursed me as a madman；looked down upon him as a fool；mocked me as a clown．
They valued it as a precious gift；admired her as an intelligent girl；looked up to him as an authority；extolled him as a hero；held him up as an example；thought much of me as a good writer．
c．They set him down as a fool；put it down as a pretext；regarded her as a tigress；took me as his best friend；looked to me as their benefactor；relied upon me as their adviser；held my gift as something valuable；contemplated my advice as nothing；treated me as a child；looked upon me as their enemy；remembered Smith as a cheat；introduced me as a musician；spoke（or thought）of her as a nice girl；saw me as nothing．
They rank him as a great poet；rate him as a pedant．
d．They designated Williams as the successor；inaugurated him as principal of the school；installed him as chair- man；engaged me as a clerk．
They owned（or claimed）the child as their own．They cited many cases as evidence；gave the number as 72．
His speech stamped him as a gentleman；characterized him as a snob．
They designed the room as a kitchen；used a table as a bed．
He is bred up as a scholar；is known as John；is naturalized as an American；is regarded as a philanthropist；is established as president of the company．
这类动词之后有时用for代替as：
They branded John for a hypocrite；knew him for a villain；put him down for a fool；gave John up for a dead man；chose her for their servant；nominated（or elected）him for president；took（or mistook）the stone for a diamond；in- tended the house for a hospital．
1502  下面4句话意思相同：
He chose her a wife．He chose her as a wife．He chose her for a wife．He chose her to be a wife．
下面4句也如此：
They elected him president．He elected him as president．
They elected him for president．He elected him to be presi- dent．
1503  在这类句子中可用一个由what引起的从句作补语：
Call it what you will．
I found the city what it had been．
Consider her as what you think the best．
1504  注意把S＋FV＋N＋N和S＋DV＋N＋N分开，试比较：
We called him Shortie．We called him a taxi．
We found John a good man．We found John a job．
1505  图解：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6181T1.bmp}
As a paradise作为一个整体来图解，也许可以当作介词短语来图解。（参阅1511图解）

40．S+FV+N+P．N（John put everything in order．）
1506  至少有70个宾补动词用介词短语作补语。
1507  这类介词短语多数都可用在系动词后（参阅1453），作为形容词型的补语。它们对宾语加以说明，对句子的完整性至关重要。它们和用作状语修饰动词的介词短语不同，后者可以省略，例如：I thank him for the gift．He paid the rent to the landlord．中的斜体部分便是。
a．They PUT everything in order（=They made everything orderly．Cf．Everything was in order）．They put her in charge of a class（=They caused her to take charge of a class Cf．She was in charge of a class）．They put the police on the track of the thief，a thief on trial，him out of humour，me out of countenance，me to shame．They put the piano in tune，all things in shape，the machine in action，the law in force，their doctrine in practice，a new currency in circulation，everything out of order（or gear，joint），the loss out of account（or consideration）．
b．They SET the prisoners at liberty（=They made the prisoners free．Cf．The prisoners were at liberty）．They set those people at odds（or at variance）（=They made those people quarrel）．They set a person over the department，him on the right way，John against her，the machine in order，the table in a roar，a project on foot，a house on fire．
c．They PLACED it at my services（=made it serve me），a sum at my disposal，the government in their power，me in command of an army，the department under a minister，an orphan in my hands，the boy under the care（or the protection）of his uncle，me under their order．
d．They HELD the property in trust（or in pledge）（=kept the property as security），learning in esteem，the lesson in remembrance，the money in their hands（=at their disposal），themselves in readiness，him in respect（or veneration，disdain，contempt），the enemy in check（or in play，at bay）．
e．They KEPT their children in good health（=kept their children healthy），him in prison（or custody，chains，confinement），him in countenance，me in the dark，me in suspense，the house in good repairs，the school in order，the articles in stock，their own mind（or nerve）on the stretch，their own children out of harm's way，some of the mad men under restraint，the prisoners under guard （or control）．
f．They LEFT it out of account（or consideration，calculation）（=ignored it），me in the dark，the servant in charge of the house，it on deposit in the bank．
g．He TOOK them at a disadvantage，her at her word，his little children in tow，every small thing into account（or consideration，calculation），his enemy off his guard，everything she said on trust，the child under his wing．
h．He HAD four servants in his employ（=Four servants were in his employ）．He had her in his mercy，something in view（or mind），a matter in hand．
i．They BROUGHT the custom into being（=They caused the custom to exist．Cf．The custom came into being）．They brought the law into force（=They made the law effective．Cf．The law came into force）．They brought his genius into play，the machine into use，the war to an end，the country to a crisis．
j．The doctor got me on the diet，the pest under control．
k．They laughed themselves into fits（=They made them- selves convulsed with laughter．Cf．They burst into fits of laughter）．They cried（or wept）themselves into a fit； overworked（or worried）themselves into consumption （=worked or worried so much that they became ill of consumption（“肺痨”的古老字）．They drank themselves in- to their graves；smoked themselves into calmness；thought themselves into a paradise；worked themselves into a temper．They waved me into their house（=made me enter their house by waving to me）；dined him into a good humour；talked black into white；kissed a full sense into empty words．
l．He talked me to death（=He killed me by talking so much）．He swore me to secrecy；cried（or sang）himself to sleep；drank（or laughed）himself to death．
m．They laughed（or looked）her out of countenance（= made her abashed by laughing or looking at her）；
laughed（or shamed）me out of a bad habit；bought me out of my house；reasoned me out of my plan；talked money out of my pocket．He drank himself out of his job；ate himself out of house and home；ran himself out of breath；sinned himself out of salvation．
1508  下面的介词短语表示宾补动词所表示精神活动的结果。这些短语前有时可插入to be，例如：They imagined themselves （to be）out of danger．They thought it（to be）of great importance．但在C类句子中不可插入 to be：
a．I held the matter of no account（=thought the matter to be unimportant），my fortune and life at nothing，him in esteem（or respect），nobody in contempt（or disdain）．
They found their family in tears，me at work，you out of humour，everything in order．
I felt myself in the mood for singing（or at hom