英语语法完全版5.doc

副词分类根据其意义副词可以分为5类：时间副词：表示某个时间的副词（回答when提出的问题）：today，now， tonight， nowadays， presently， immediately；yesterday，earlier，lately，before，recently，ago；tomorrow， soon， shortly， after， later， afterwards； when？ then，early，late，meantime，punctually
表示频度的副词（回答how often这个问题）：always，perpetually，eternally；continually，repeatedly，generally， usually；frequently，often；sometimes；occasionally；rarely，seldom；never；once，twice；daily，weekly，monthly，yearly；nights（=each night），mornings （Am．）
表示时间长度的副词（回答 how long这个问题）：
everlastingly，eternally，forever；long；temporarily，briefly．quickly，awhile
2）地点副词：
表示地点或方向的副词（回答in what position或to what position这个问题）：
here，there，yonder；far，afar，near，by；on，off，away； before，behind；left， right；up， down；in，out；back，forth；aback，ahead，athwart，overboard；longways，side－ ways；over，under；above，below，beneath；outside，in- side， aside；within，without；along， across；together， separately， asunder，apart；centrally， around，about；nowhere，everywhere，anywhere，somewhere；vertically，horizontally，slantwise；downtown，uptown；downstairs，upstairs；abroad， home
方向副词（回答 to what position这个问题）：
backward，forward；upward；downward；inward，out- ward．
注：地点副词常修饰表示移动的动词，说明“到某地”，如He went there，He ran away，He walked across，It flew outside，It fell down．如果它修饰不表示移动的动词，则说明“在某地”，如He lives there．He kept away from us．A log lay across，so the car could not pass．He waited down there， He stood outside．
另外，许多地点副词可以用作名词，作介词from的宾语。
这种from短语表示“来自某处”，试比较下面的句子：He went abroad，He came from abroad；He came downtown， He came from downtown；It appears somewhere，It appears from somewhere．
  3）方式副词：
以-ly结尾的副词：slowly，justly，foolishly，honestly，steadily（and many others）
不以-ly结尾的副词：fast，hard，thus，how，ill，well，so；peasant－style，Soviet-style，dog－fashion，Mongol- fashion；likewise，otherwise，somehow．
4）肯定副词：
表示肯定的副词：certainly，indeed， surely，really， doubt- less， truly
表示不肯定的副词：perhaps，probably，possibly，maybe
  5）程度副词：
可表示各种不同程度：
接近于“不”：not，hardly，little
较小程度：lightly，somewhat
某种程度：fairly，rather，pretty
较大程度：very，much，highly，greatly，deeply，extraordinarily
极大程度：entirely，utterly，absolutely，completely，fully
渐    渐：increasingly，steadily，gadually，slowly
足    够：enough，sufficient
几    乎：nearly
仅    仅：only，just
b．副词短语的结构
副词短语指起副词作用的短语。它常常包含一个介词，如by the way，one after another；有时它包含一个名词和一个形容词，如this year，next week，five days，a long time；有时包含and或or，如again and again，sooner or later；偶尔包含一些其他词，如sure enough，as usual．它可以是非成语型短语，也可以是成语型短语。它至少有16种类型。
非成语型短语
1）介词+宾语（名词、动名词、疑问词+不定式、疑问词从句、介词短语）：
at Hong Kong，to the city；after meeting her，by travel- ling；on how to do it，about where to eat Philippine food； as to how they do it，as to when young people should get married；till after lunch，from behind the door
2）“介词+名词+介词”+宾语：
in case of failure，by reason of his illness，by means of sweet words，on behalf of my country， in spite of the rain， in place of his position，in the light of his great work， with a view to helping the poor（这种“介词+名词+介词”是一个固定短语。）
3）“副词+介词”+宾语：
together with John， along with his son， apart from his fol- ly， out of the house， down to the modern times， agreeably to their instructions，conformably to his promise，aside from money．（“副词+介词”也是固定短语）
4）副词+“介词+名词”：
early in the day，sometime in the evening，late in May， Sunday at seven，back in the stone age，far out at sea，beyond on the horizon，high up in the sky，out in the street，once for all
5）指示词+表示时间的名词：
this week， next year，one day，each week，some day， every hour，that moment，this time（of year or day），a moment，a Sunday，the moment（he shouted）， the day（John left Paris）（在指示词前in，on，at均省略）
6）表示数目或数量的形容词+表示时间长度、距离、重量、价格等的名词：
（for） three days，（for）all week，（for） a short moment； （for） five miles，（for） a long distance， three blocks；（for several） weeks，（for several） years； two pounds； 50 cents
7）名词+地点副词、形容词或定语短语（名词前的with省略）：
face downward， partiality apart， his mouth full of chocolate，his back against the wall， hat in hand， gun on shoulder，cigarette in mouth，my ankle swollen，my heart beating fast
例如：A drunkard was lying in the street（with） face downward．The bell hung from the ceiling，（with） its tongue still．
8）各式各样的短语：
Sunday morning，Tuesday evening，July 6；two days ago， five weeks hence，three years later；ten storeys up， halfway down
成语型短语
9）介词+名词：
in fact，in any case，by turns， at times， on no account，for instance，by God，without avail，between us
10）介词+形容词：
in general，in short，above all，through thick and thin，after all， for good， at best， at most，of old
11）介词+时间或地点副词：
before long， until now， at once， for ever， of late， in short， by far， for short
12）名词+介词+名词：
side by side， word for word， day after day， face to face，（from） time to time，（from） door to door， all in all
13）副词+and，or或其他连词+副词：
again and again，better and better，by and by，more and more， through and through，over and over again，up and down， to and fro，on and off， backwards and forwards，（every） now and then， now and again， here and there；right or wrong， once or twice， sooner or later，now or never，seldom or never，neither here nor there；seldom if ever， more often that not
14）名词+and（或or）+名词：
Winter and summer，night and day（day or night） she waited for him．
They served him hand and foot（=attended to his every wish）．
They bound him hand and foot（=so that he was unable to move）．
He left，bag and baggage（=with all his belongings）．
He removed it，root and branch（=totally）．
They attacked us， horse and foot（=with all their might）
They went at it，hammer and tongs（=with great force）．
We must devote ourselves，body and soul（or heart and soul， heart and hand）（=wholeheartedly）， to this great cause．
They dragged him out head and shoulder（or neck and heels）（=with violence）．
They fought tooth and nail（＝with all strength）．
We must go，rain or no rain．
The house has been redesigned，top and bottom（=com- pletely）．
Cf．Good or bad，this is my country．
15）介词（常省略）+名词：
He walked（along） the street．
He swims（after） dog－fashion．
（As）The first thing in the morning I went to see her．
I'll be here（at） seven-thirty Friday．
（At） what time did you leave？
（On） What day did you arrive？
I said it（for） a second time，but he didn't hear．
We stayed（for） the night．
He fled（from） this country．
I don't see it（in）your way．
Come（in）this way．
（In）What direction do you go home？
He went（on） a journey last week．
We ranged（over） the woods．
We travelled（over） the Continent．
We work part time（=for less than the regular time）．
They bound him hand and foot，smote him hip and thigh．（参阅第13类）
They did it mornings（or nights，Sundays）（＝every morning，or every night，every Sunday）．
16）副词+副词：
close by，near by，far away， far off，sure enough， funnily enough，later on， early on，no more，not any more
c．副词短语的用法
几乎所有副词短语都用来修饰动词（谓语动词或非谓语动词）：
He“ went” to the city．
John “came”along with his wife．
Ada“stood up to the chin in water．
It“was thrown” out in the street．
He“tumbled”，face downward．
“Meeting” her one day，he told her the news．
He tried to advise her，“speaking” to the effect that…
He decides “to translate” the article word for word．
有少数这类短语，特别是1634节中9），10）两类短语，可以用来修饰整个句子：
In fact，“he has done his best”．
For instance，“good is an adjective”．
In short，“money means everything”．
Sure enough，“he divorced her”．
第5）类从理论上可以看作是介词短语，其中at，on或in省略：
He came（in）every year．
He left（on） last Sunday．
We shall meet（at） next Christmas．
He died（on） the day when it rained hard．
第6）类短语只和几个特殊动词一起用：
The book“costs” 50 dollars．
The pork “weighs”five pounds．
It“measures” three feet．
在和其他动词一起用时，这种短语中的for可以用也可以省略：
He“waited” 3 hours（or for three hours）．
Some trees can“live” a thousand years．
The boots“last”2 years．
We “travelled” a thousand miles．
The cat“fell” a hundred feet．
The road “extends”（for） miles．
 这种短语也可用来修饰后面的形容词（特别是比较级）：
This fish，as they say，measures ten metres “long”（or “in length”）
The road measures more than twenty metres “wide”（or“in width”）．
The Pacific Ocean is，on an average，140000 feet“deep”（or “in depth”）．
The army of our enemy is more than a million “strong”．
The civilization of China is at least 4500 years“old”．
The bridge is ten miles“distant” from my house．
This car is a thousand dollars “cheaper” than that．
He is a head“taller” than his sister．
This is only a trifle “better” than that．
表示时间长度或距离的短语可用来修饰后面的时间或地点副词：
He arrived ten minutes（too）“late”．
He died a week “ago”（or“since”）．
He had left a fortnight “since”．
He came three days“afterwards”（or“after”，“later”）．
I'll meet him three days “hence”．
He lived four miles“away”（or“off”）．
It is thrown far“off”．
They are waiting a short distance“off”．
The bullet fell a long way “beyond”．
表示时间长度的短语还可用来修饰后面的介词和连词：
He died two weeks“after” his wife's death．
A long time “before” the war，we had prepared ourselves．
He died two weeks“after”his wife died．
A long time “before” the war broke out，we had prepared ourselves．
注：副词短语几乎可以修饰各种词类，但本章以下各节将仅仅讨论修饰动词的用法。如何修饰其他词类将在其他章节中讨论。

2．5类副词（短语）的用法
a．时间副词（短语）
1）副词（短语）表示的时间与动词时态的关系
由于副词短语和副词的作用差不多，为了方便，我们把两者放在一起讨论，统称为“副词（短语）”，说明时间的称为“时间副词（短语）”。
表示过去时间的副词（短语），可和过去时的谓语动词一起用，也可和“助动词+现在完成时”构成的谓语一起用：
He“came”yesterday．John“was”born in 1940．He“was” formerly（ or once） a rich man．He “arrived”two days ago．He “got” married last week．He “left” Paris two weeks back．
He“can't have arrived” here today week（or a week ago）．He “may have left”（on） Thursday week（or Thursday of last week）．The diamond “must have been stolen” on Friday before last．
表示现在时间的副词（短语）可以和各种时态一起用：
He“is”tired now．He“is studying” music today．We“arelearning” music this year．I “have done”my exercise this week．
He“will do” many things today．（今天早晨讲的话）
He“did” many things this year．（今年较晚时讲的话）
He“has done” many things this week．（周末讲的话）
有些副词（短语），可和现在完成时或一般过去时的动词一起用：
I“saw”（or“have seen”） him lately（or of late，recently，before，before now，all along，right along， in the past，over the years）．
有些副词（短语），多和完成时态的动词一起用，偶尔和其他时态的动词一起用：
He“has been” ill since 2 June（or ever since，since two months ago）．Till now（or Up to now， Until this time）nothing“has happened”．So far（or As yet，Thus far） he“had said” nothing to me．So far he “was trying” without success．There “is” as yet no hope for peace．The guests表示未来时间的副词（短语），必须和将来时或现在（一般或进行）时的动词一起用：
He“will come” tomorrow．I“shall meet” him some day（or one day）．He“will begin” his work next week．He“will call” on me in ten days（or in ten days time，ten days from now）．
He“will do” it soon（or shortly，presently，instantly，before long，by and by）．（这6个副词及副词短语可以和过去将来时的动词一起用：He“would do”it soon．He “would come” shortly．）
He“arrives”this coming Thursday．He“is to move”（on）Friday（of）next week．He“is leaving” today week（or a week from today）． He“is returning” this day month（or a month from this day）．
个别副词（短语）可以和过去时或将来时的动词一起用：
She came last Monday and he “came” the day before（or two days later）．
She will come next Monday，and he “will come” the day be－ fore（or two days later）．
频度副词（短语）可以和任何时态的动词一起用：
He“studied”（or“had studied”，“was studying”，“studies”，“is studying”，“has studied”，“will study”）every day．
He“is”always（or often，frequently，sometimes，occasion- ally，seldom，rarely，scarcely，hardly，never）ill．
I“have warned” him once again（or a time or two，once in a long while，now and then，now and again，again and again，time and again，over and over again ）．
He will be permanently（or forever）blind．
The periodical“is” published daily（or weekly，monthly， quarterly，示时间长度的副词（短语）可以和任何时态的动词一起用：
He“stayed”in France（for）three years．They“gambled” all the year（round）．They “gambled” all the night （through）．He“started”work from 1950．He“served”his country till his death．He“will work” for me during my absence． He “can cross” the river in thirty minutes（or in a short time）．We“are working” all（the） day long．The fish “will not live”over the night（or over this week）．He“has done” much over the year．I “have done”nothing during the vacation．
2）某些时间副词（短语）的特殊用法
有些时间副词（短语）的特殊用法值得注意：
a）I shall go tomorrow（=the day after today）．
但：He went last Sunday，and I went on the morrow（or on the following day）（不能说tomorrow）．He will go next Sunday，and I will go on the morrow（or on the following day）（不能说tomorrow）．He went last Sunday；I went next morning（不能说tomorrow morning）．
b）I went yesterday（=the day before today）．
但：He went last Sunday，and I went on the previous day （or the day before）（不能说yesterday）．He will go next Sunday，and I will go on the previous day（or the day be- fore）（不能说yesterday）．
c）I saw him three days ago（=on the third day before to- day）．
但：I arrived last Sunday and I informed him of my arrival three days before（=on the third day before last Sunday）（不能说three days ago）．
d）I shall see him in three days（=on the third day after to- day）（不要说after three days）．
但：I arrived last Sunday and I saw him three days later （or three days afterwards，after three days，in three days）．I shall arrive on 6 July and will see him three days later（or three days afterwards，after three days，in three days）（＝9 July）．
e）I met him one day．I will meet him some day（or one day）．I met him the other day（=a few days ago）．I will meet him one of these days（=in a few days）．
f）He arrived on time（＝at the appointed time）．He arrive in time（=early enough）for dinner（or to take dinner）．He will be punished in time（=sooner or later）．
g）When did he meet her？Sometime（=At some time） last year．—How often？ Sometimes（＝now and then）， not very often．—How long were they together？（For） Some time， not very long．
h）He has learned music since June 1（till now）．
He learned music from June 1（not till now）．
He has learned it ever since（＝ever since then）．
He learned it long since（=long ago）．
i）From 1970 to 1980，I met her four times（不要说for four times）．I was so shy when I saw her for the first time．The meeting in 1980 was the fourth or the last time we had got together．
f）He has（or had）just left（=left a moment ago）． He is just starting（=is starting this moment）．He left just now （=left a moment ago）．He has left now（=is gone now）．
k）Did you ever see it？（疑问句）
I hardly ever saw it．（否定句）
Tell me if you ever saw it．（条件句）
不要说：I ever saw it．（肯定陈述句）
l）At first he denied it；then（or soon，afterward），he said yes；finally（or eventually） he denied it again．
First（of all） came A，next（or then）came B，last（of all）came C．
m）I will see her this day week（or month，year）（=in a week， month，etc．）．
I saw her this day week （=a week ago）．
n）He did not receive（or has not received） her answer yet．（否定句）
Did you eat（or Have you eaten）yet？（疑问句）
He would marry her if he loved her yet．（条件句）
He already knew it．（肯定句）
He still remembered it．（肯定句）
o）Is John here yet？（通常的问法）
Is John here already？（表示惊奇）
Is John still here？（表示不高兴）
p）There is time yet（=still）．The fish is yet（=still）alive．
We may（or will）win yet（=sooner or later）．We must work harder yet（=still harder）．
There is yet another choice．Do it yet again．
q）I have（or had） been interested in music from a girl（or a child）．
r）This custom dates（or goes） back to 1890，exists to this day．
s）be（＝take place）后可跟各种时间副词（短语）：
The show will be 9 p．m．．（某一时刻）
The meeting was three hours．（一段时间）
The gathering is every Sunday．（频度）
t）频度副词（