《英语语法大全(完全版)_.doc

1492 当宾补动词和形容词都是单音节词，尤其当宾语较长，或包含有疑问词或关系代（副）词时，形容词常紧跟在动词后面：They made good（单音节词）the loss（or their promise）；made clear（or plain）their opinion；let loose their caged birds；laid bare（or open）the enemys design；laid waste the enemys countryHe set free all the prisoners of the city（较长宾语），threw open the private garden which they had closed many years；broke open the door which they could not open with the key；cut short the sentence that seemed too longWhose（疑问词）letter are you copying fair？Which string are you going to cut short？What people do you consider great？He has a grey beard which（关系代词）he shaves close every five daysHe spoke to a woman whose husband he was going to set freeHe spoke kindly to John，whom he secretly wished ill1493 在上述句子中，宾语的补语表示宾补动词所指动作的结果。但在下面句子中，宾语的补语常是when所引起的从句的紧缩形式。例如alive意思是when he was alive，young意思是when it was young，约有20个动词常可这样用：They trapped the animal alive；trained it youngThey took （or caught，saved，buried，burned）him aliveThey usually ate the herb raw；drank their tea very weak；served the food hot；roasted an ox wholeThe snake swallows its prey wholeThey carried him half-dead to the hospital；returned the purse intact to the owner；bought it ready-made（or second- hand）；brought the child safe to land；sent me healthy and happy back to my parents1494 So可以用来代替任何形容词补语：“Is it correct？”“I find it so”“But I dont think it so”“He is cunning”“But I dont call him so”Your future will be fine if you decide to make it so1495 至少有30个及物动词（大多表示精神活动），可以成为宾补动词，但要求形容词前加as：aThey abandoned it as useless；acknowledged themselves as careless；accepted（or announced）the story as true；censured this chapter as unnecessary；certified the statement（as）correct；construed his reply as unfavourable；counted themselves as（or for）dead（or lost）；criticized him as heartless；declared themselves as clever；denied it as stupid；denounced him as traitorous；decided him as silly；described the case as serious；designated him as dishonest；couldnt ensure the business as profitable；feigned themselves as ignorant of the robbery；gave me up as（or for）dead（or hopeless）bThey held it as valuable；labelled him as dishonest；looked upon the stone as genuine；looked up to him as holy；ranked Shakespeare as the first；reckoned the child as clever；recognized it as important；regard the plan as difficult；represent the situation as hopeless；see him as trust worthy；set down the advice as valuable；stigmatized him as cruel；warrant the liquor as genuine1496 图解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6174T1.bmpas unnecessary在这里作为一个整体来图解，很难在图解中给as一个真正合适的位置。 38SFVNAP（John laughed it away）1497 无数的宾补动词可用地点副词（或称副词型小品词）作宾语补语。这个句型38可以看作是句型7 STVAPN的变体。句型7包含3个部分（参阅1341）。TV和AP放在一起，作为一个整体；N可能由3个或更多个重要的词构成。而句型38包含4个部分。句型7的TV变为FV，AP变为补语，起独立作用，并受强调；N包含一个（多为代词）或两个较不重要的词（参阅1364）。aHe pulled me asideThey set the decision aside（=did not carry it out）Put it aside（=reserve it）He kept the child away from the dog；scolded his maid away；wished me away；bothered the guests away；snatched her letter awayHe talked the hours away （talked so that the hours flitted away）；wept the night away；dreamed his hours away（=passed his hours in dreaming）；drank his property away（=drank so much that he became poor）；laughed my fears away （=dismissed them by laughing）；explained my doubts awayHe called me back；hit me back；answered me back；paid the money back；frowned me backbHe helped her down；got（or had）it down（=had it written）；took my letter down（=wrote it in short-hand while I dictated it）The applause brought the house down （so loud was the applause）He laughed this idea down （=so that it failed）；talked（or laughed）me down（= talked or laughed so that I couldnt speak or act）；has lived the scandal down（lived until it is forgotten by people）They voted the measure downPut me（or my name）down for ten dollars（given to a charity）cSend the child home；see her homeHe drove the argument home（=made the listeners understand its full force）He let us in；rang the guests inWe danced the New Year in；bowed the guests in；count him in，plug the kettle inShe has her pupils in by 8 amHe saw her off；helped her off with her coat；could bite his tongue off（=regretted having said something wrong）He turned the lights（or the radio）off；slept the headache（or fatique）off（=slept until he got rid of his headache or fatigue）；walked his meal off；laughed the idea off =（down）；paid his debt off；let me off at the stationdHe put（or had）his white shirt on；pulled her socks on；helped her on with her coat；left the light on；turned （or switched）the TV onHe let the dog out；bowed his guests out；found his way out；pushed the window out；had an evening outHe blew the candle out；brought the meaning out（made the meaning clear）；cried his heart out；swore his tongue outHe told the secret straight（or right）out；had it out with his enemy（=came to a settlement with him by frank discussion）She had her cry（or sleep）out（=cried or slept until she felt satisfied）；sat the show out（sat until the show was over）The wind raged itself out（=raged until it was exhausted）eHe knocked the glass over；helped her over；handed the business over to me；asked me over（asked me to call on him）；turned the page overWe talked the matter over（discussed it carefully）；thought the matter over；looked the letter overHe counted the the apples over（=again）he declared the war over（=at an end）He had his grandson over in BerlinfHe slept the clock round（=slept 24 hours）He called his men together；tied all the prisoners togetherHe read it through（=till the end）；saw the event through；sat the night through；saw your trick through（=was not deceived by it）；waved me throughHe pulled his socks upHe kept his reputation up；brought his children up；looked the word up in the dictionary；locked（or chained，nailed，packed，tore，broke）it up（=thoroughly，completely）They cannot keep the revolt under1498 图解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6177T1.bmp 39SFVNN（John called me Lee）1499 至少有110个宾补动词用名词作补语。1500 约有70个宾补动词后面不必跟as这类动词有些后面可以加as，但也可不加：aThey made（or crowned，anointed）him King；appointed（or nominated）him（as）Minister of Finance；consecrated him archbishop；constituted（or inaugurated）him president；chose（or elected）him（as）their leader；promoted him general；commissioned him generalThe King created him count；dubbed him a knightHe was named assistant；ordained priest；incorporated a memberbThey call（or name；nickname，dub）him Fatty；christen（or baptize）her“Mary”；term（or style）themselves “Doctors”；label（or brand）him（as）a fool；entitled the book“Words”；phrase the failure a “success”，abbreviate New York“NY”；write Peking“Beijing”；mark the bottle“Poison”；pronounce skiMi:cThey count（or reckon，esteem）it（as）an honour；consider（or deem）it their duty；suppose（or think，ac- count）her a good girldThey acclaimed（or hailed）him（as）a hero；voted him a good teacher；declared him（as）the saviour of their country；pronounced him（as）a great philanthropist；pro- claimed him（as）a great poeteThey admit（or acknowledge，confess，feel）themselves （as）inferiors；show（profess）themselves artists；reveal him（as）a murderer，a monsterThey warrant him（as）a very honest person；certify him as one of the members of their association；prove him a criminal；judge him a silly fellow；know him（as）a rascalfThey made the plan an object of ridicule；made the distance seven miles（or the total a thousand dollars）；found the city a prosperous place；left the city a ruin；left me an orphan（or me their sons guardian）；kept nothing a secret；saw their son a beggar；had a son a great sportsmanHe was born a poet（or a rich man）They led（or took，made）him captive；took him prisonerThey entered（or enrolled）him（as）a membergJohn is a nice gentleman and everyone thinks him so（=a nice gentleman）“Is she his wife？”“We consider her so （his wife）”The rose still smells sweet although you dont call it so（the rose）They say John is a funny fellow，and I find him so（=a funny fellow）1501 有许多动词（多数表示精神活动）由于使用as，变成宾补动词，这和上面的例句不同，as不能省略：aThey described（or depicted，represented）the place as a paradiseThey qualified him as a hypocrite；defined me as a rogueThey fancied（or imagined）their leader as a godThey accepted his words as the real truth of the matter；recognized the country as an independent statebThey criticized the plan as a failure；denounced him as a public enemy；blamed the policy as a great mistake；cursed me as a madman；looked down upon him as a fool；mocked me as a clownThey valued it as a precious gift；admired her as an intelligent girl；looked up to him as an authority；extolled him as a hero；held him up as an example；thought much of me as a good writercThey set him down as a fool；put it down as a pretext；regarded her as a tigress；took me as his best friend；looked to me as their benefactor；relied upon me as their adviser；held my gift as something valuable；contemplated my advice as nothing；treated me as a child；looked upon me as their enemy；remembered Smith as a cheat；introduced me as a musician；spoke（or thought）of her as a nice girl；saw me as nothingThey rank him as a great poet；rate him as a pedantdThey designated Williams as the successor；inaugurated him as principal of the school；installed him as chair- man；engaged me as a clerkThey owned（or claimed）the child as their ownThey cited many cases as evidence；gave the number as 72His speech stamped him as a gentleman；characterized him as a snobThey designed the room as a kitchen；used a table as a bedHe is bred up as a scholar；is known as John；is naturalized as an American；is regarded as a philanthropist；is established as president of the company这类动词之后有时用for代替as：They branded John for a hypocrite；knew him for a villain；put him down for a fool；gave John up for a dead man；chose her for their servant；nominated（or elected）him for president；took（or mistook）the stone for a diamond；in- tended the house for a hospital1502 下面4句话意思相同：He chose her a wifeHe chose her as a wifeHe chose her for a wifeHe chose her to be a wife下面4句也如此：They elected him presidentHe elected him as presidentThey elected him for presidentHe elected him to be presi- dent1503 在这类句子中可用一个由what引起的从句作补语：Call it what you willI found the city what it had beenConsider her as what you think the best1504 注意把SFVNN和SDVNN分开，试比较：We called him ShortieWe called him a taxiWe found John a good manWe found John a job1505 图解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6181T1.bmpAs a paradise作为一个整体来图解，也许可以当作介词短语来图解。（参阅1511图解） 40S+FV+N+PN（John put everything in order）1506 至少有70个宾补动词用介词短语作补语。1507 这类介词短语多数都可用在系动词后（参阅1453），作为形容词型的补语。它们对宾语加以说明，对句子的完整性至关重要。它们和用作状语修饰动词的介词短语不同，后者可以省略，例如：I thank him for the giftHe paid the rent to the landlord中的斜体部分便是。aThey PUT everything in order（=They made everything orderlyCfEverything was in order）They put her in charge of a class（=They caused her to take charge of a class CfShe was in charge of a class）They put the police on the track of the thief，a thief on trial，him out of humour，me out of countenance，me to shameThey put the piano in tune，all things in shape，the machine in action，the law in force，their doctrine in practice，a new currency in circulation，everything out of order（or gear，joint），the loss out of account（or consideration）bThey SET the prisoners at liberty（=They made the prisoners freeCfThe prisoners were at liberty）They set those people at odds（or at variance）（=They made those people quarrel）They set a person over the department，him on the right way，John against her，the machine in order，the table in a roar，a project on foot，a house on firecThey PLACED it at my services（=made it serve me），a sum at my disposal，the government in their power，me in command of an army，the department under a minister，an orphan in my hands，the boy under the care（or the protection）of his uncle，me under their orderdThey HELD the property in trust（or in pledge）（=kept the property as security），learning in esteem，the lesson in remembrance，the money in their hands（=at their disposal），themselves in readiness，him in respect（or veneration，disdain，contempt），the enemy in check（or in play，at bay）eThey KEPT their children in good health（=kept their children healthy），him in prison（or custody，chains，confinement），him in countenance，me in the dark，me in suspense，the house in good repairs，the school in order，the articles in stock，their own mind（or nerve）on the stretch，their own children out of harms way，some of the mad men under restraint，the prisoners under guard （or control）fThey LEFT it out of account（or consideration，calculation）（=ignored it），me in the dark，the servant in charge of the house，it on deposit in the bankgHe TOOK them at a disadvantage，her at her word，his little children in tow，every small thing into account（or consideration，calculation），his enemy off his guard，everything she said on trust，the child under his winghHe HAD four servants in his employ（=Four servants were in his employ）He had her in his mercy，something in view（or mind），a matter in handiThey BROUGHT the custom into being（=They caused the custom to existCfThe custom came into being）They brought the law into force（=They made the law effectiveCfThe law came into force）They brought his genius into play，the machine into use，the war to an end，the country to a crisisjThe doctor got me on the diet，the pest under controlkThey laughed themselves into fits（=They made them- selves convulsed with laughterCfThey burst into fits of laughter）They cried（or wept）themselves into a fit； overworked（or worried）themselves into consumption （=worked or worried so much that they became ill of consumption（“肺痨”的古老字）They drank themselves in- to their graves；smoked themselves into calmness；thought themselves into a paradise；worked themselves into a temperThey waved me into their house（=made me enter their house by waving to me）；dined him into a good humour；talked black into white；kissed a full sense into empty wordslHe talked me to death（=He killed me by talking so much）He swore me to secrecy；cried（or sang）himself to sleep；drank（or laughed）himself to deathmThey laughed（or looked）her out of countenance（= made her abashed by laughing or looking at her）； laughed（or shamed）me out of a bad habit；bought me out of my house；reasoned me out of my plan；talked money out of my pocketHe drank himself out of his job；ate himself out of house and home；ran himself out of breath；sinned himself out of salvation1508 下面的介词短语表示宾补动词所表示精神活动的结果。这些短语前有时可插入to be，例如：They imagined themselves （to be）out of dangerThey thought it（to be）of great importance但在C类句子中不可插入 to be：aI held the matter of no account（=thought the matter to be unimportant），my fortune and life at nothing，him in esteem（or respect），nobody in contempt（or disdain）They found their family in tears，me at work，you out of humour，everything in orderI felt myself in the mood for singing（or at hom