虚拟语气用法归纳.doc

虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood）用法归纳第一部分：语气的定义和种类1、语气(mood) 语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 2、语气的种类 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如： Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion. 每个问题都有两个方面。 Wereyoubusyalldayyesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ Howgoodateachersheis! 她是多好的一位老师啊！ 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如： Neverbelateagain! 再也不要迟到了。 Dontforgettoturnoffthelight. 别忘了关灯。 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 IwishIcouldpasstheexamination. 我希望我能通过考试。 Mayyousucceed! 祝您成功！ 第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如： Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？ It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如： May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！ May you be happy! 祝你快乐！ May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就！ May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。 May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 May you be happy. 祝你幸福。【注意】本句型属于部分倒装句型，主语后用动词原形。2、用动词原形。如： Long live the people! 人民万岁！ “God bless you,” said the priest. 牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！” Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”） God save me. Heaven help us.四、表命令。1. 命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。2. 句子尾通常加上感叹号。3. 虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go。4. 否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do加上not。(1) Work !(2) Work harder !(3) Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)(4) You go out !(5) Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)(6) Dont be afraid. (口语中常用dont 代替do not)五、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1) Youd better set off now. 你最好现在就出发。(2) Id rather not tell you the secret. 我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：复合句中的虚拟语气一、虚拟条件句的三种基本类型：与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。条件句有真实条件句和非真实（虚拟）条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生。如：If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间，我就同他们去。(陈述语气)If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他们去。(虚拟语气) 与现在事实相反：若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：If I knew her number, I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) 与过去事实相反：若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。如：If Id left sooner, Id have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) 与将来事实相反：若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：If I asked him, Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)总结：1. 虚拟语气的解题方法是：回归法。即将主句和从句的时态回归到非虚拟语气的状态，然后再用“时态向前推”的方法将主从句改变为虚拟语气的时态。【注意】错综时间虚拟条件句也用这种方法解题。2. 虚拟条件句：与现在事实相反：从句过去时，主句should (would, could, might)+动词原形；与将来事实相反：从句过去时/should +V原/（were +to do），主句should (would, could, might)+动词原形；与过去事实相反：从句had done，主句should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词。【注意】主句中有had done，从句中一定有have done。反之，在错综虚拟条件句中不成立。3. 从句中可以有should表示将来时的虚拟语气，并且可能性很小，但是主句中的should表示主语必须是第一人称。4. 区别：虚拟语气主句中should（表第一人称），would（表结果），could（表能力、许可或可能性）和might（表可能性）。试比较：If you tried again, you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。(would表结果)If you tried again, you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again, you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力)5. 在虚拟条件句中，对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：（1） 条件从句表示的内容与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测，用过去时表示虚拟；（2） 条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)”或“were to+动词原形(表示与将来事实相反的假设)”；（3） 条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语形式时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气形式外，也可用直陈语气或祈使语气。试比较：If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。（祈使语气）If I should see him, Ill tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。（直陈语气）6. 当条件从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用were代替was。特别是在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。If I were you, I would try to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。7. 有时虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，即错综时间虚拟条件句。所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整。具体分为下面三种情况： 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。8. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。9. 有时句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。But that I saw it, I wouldnt have believed it. 要不是我亲眼目睹，我还不信呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。【注意】but for后接sth，but that后接从句。10. 有时虚拟条件句中，主、从句可省略其中一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。如： 省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。 省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。11. 两个常考if虚拟语气句型。这两个句型是If it werent for和If it hadnt been for，其意为“若不是(有)、要不是有”，可以用But for或Without介词短语替换。如：If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。If it hadnt been for your assistance, we wouldnt have succeeded. = But for your assistance, we wouldnt have succeeded.= Without your assistance, we wouldnt have succeeded.二、虚拟语气的其它句型：1、wish后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气 基本用法：动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。 若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时； 若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词； 若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)动词原形。特别注意 从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与wish的时态无关。比较：I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了。I wish I had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了。I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。I wished I had been rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。2、if only后面的句子用虚拟语气 基本用法：if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与wish后所接时态的情况相同。如：If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了! 特别注意 if only 通常独立使用，后面直接跟句子，没有主句（实际上主句省略了）。3、as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气 基本用法：以as if (as though) 引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气。 若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时； 若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时； 表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+动词原形。如：He acts as if he knew me. 他显得认识我似的。They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。特别注意 (1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气。如：It looks as if well be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。(2) 注意 It isnt as if的翻译。如：It isnt as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子（或他又不穷）。【总结】wish, if only, as if后面的虚拟语气有三种形式：若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+动词原形。4、Its (high/about) time后的从句用虚拟语气 基本用法：从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形 (较少见，且should不能省略)”，其意为“(早)该干某事了”。如：Its time we went were going, should go. 我们该走了。【注意1】Its time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。（此处不用were，用was表状态；如果表示“是”的意思时用were.)【注意2】 Its (high/about) time-“该是-的时候了”，表示将来动作的虚拟语气，用“should+动词原形”，should不可以省略。5、would rather后句子用虚拟语气 基本用法：在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，其意为“宁愿做什么”，具体用法为： 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望；Id rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。 用过去完成时表过去的愿望。Id rather you hadnt said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。【注意】would rather后的虚拟语气有二种形式。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气句型：9种类型的动词后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其后的虚拟语气仅有一种形式：should+动词原形。 表示“坚持要求”后的宾语从句主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。【注意】动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，意思是“坚持要求”，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，意思是“坚持认为”，则要用陈述语气。比较：He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 表示“命令”后的宾语从句主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 表示“建议”后的宾语从句主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。【注意】与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明、认为、暗示”。比较：He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 表示“要求”后的宾语从句主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。 表示“提议、投票”后的宾语从句主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。 表示“敦促”后的宾语从句主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他们到欧洲去。 表示“安排”后的宾语从句主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。 表示“希望、打算”后的宾语从句主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。 表示“指示”后的宾语从句主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。四、主语从句中的虚拟语气句型：以it作形式主语，在“It be+adj.+that+从句”结构中表示命令、号召、要求、惋惜等感情时，that引导的主语从句用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气。常见的形容词有：It is necessary, important, strange, natural, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative (绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.; It is a pity; It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed; It worries me that等。如： Its important类这一类型主要包括It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that. . .句型。It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能会回家去。 Its a pity类It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差，真可怜。 Its desired类这种主语从句还常用在It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc. ) that.句型。It is requested that a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决。 It worries me thatIt worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句/同位语从句中的虚拟语气句型：在advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其后的虚拟语气用“should+动词原形”的结构。如：Our suggestion is that you（should）be the first to go. 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。六、lest, for fear that（以免）, in case（以防）引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气句型：在 lest, for fear that（以免）, in case（以防）引导的目的状语从句中用结构“should动词原形”表示虚拟语气，should 可以省略。如：She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates. 她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。Keep quiet in case you（should）interrupt him when he is busy. 要保持安静，以防打扰他。七、让步状语从句中的虚拟语气句型：(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，有时可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形（指现在或将来）。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 may +完成式（指过去），主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。八、原因状语从句中的虚拟语气句型：以be+amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词（指现在或将来）。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。 should + 完成式（指过去）。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情。虚拟语气知识体系if条件句中的虚拟语气使用虚拟语气的主要句型谓语动词的虚拟形式例句表现在的虚拟条件句从句：用动词过去（be 多用were）1. If I were you, I should study English.2. I would certainly go if I had time.主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形表过去的虚拟条件句从句：had + PP1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test.2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP表将来的虚拟条件句从句：用动词过去should +V原（were +to do）1. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.2. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.主句：would/should/could/might +动词原形省略if的条件句从句：用倒装形式，即把were, had等置于句首。(并只限were/ had)主句：根据虚拟的情况采取与从句相应的形式。1.Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder.)2.Were it not for the rain, (不能说Werent it for the rain, ) I would go swimming. 错综时间条件句（从句与主句所表示时间不一致）根据从句与主句表示的不同时进行调整。1. If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now2. If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things would be going so smoothly.含蓄条件句（虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文之中，从句不表现出来）（常见有but for/but that“要不是”， without等）根据句子表达的实际情况选用相应的虚拟条件句中的主句的动词形式1. Without air, there would be no living things.2. I would have given you more help, but I was busy now.名词性从句中的虚拟语气wish, “可惜”“就好了”，“悔不该”“但愿”wish后从句：与表各种时间的虚拟条件句中的从句动词形式基本相同。具体：，表与现在不能实现的愿望，从句用“过去时，be 用were”.表与过去不能实现的愿望，从句用“had+PP 或 could/would +have +PP“. .表与将来不能实现的愿望，从句用“could/would +动词原形”1. I wish I were a bird.2. I wish I had known the answer.would rather 后的宾语从句would rather后从句：动词常用过去式表示现在和将来的虚拟语气；用过去完成时表示过去的虚拟语气。1. I would rather they came tomorrow.2. I would rather I had finished the job yesterday.demand, insist, suggest, command, order, require, request, desire等一类动词后的宾语从句（suggest表“暗示、隐含等”insist表“强调，力言等”不用虚拟语气。）从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。1. I suggest you (should) go at once.2. He suggested that he patients leg should be cut and this suggested that he was not good at the case.(注意两个suggest的准确翻译)“It is (was)+上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词（或important, natural, strange, necessary等形容词）”后的主语从句从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。1. It ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m.2. It is necessary that she (should) be sent there at once.