1、 高考虚拟语气用法详解 一语气概述和时态语态一样,语气也是谓语动词的一种形式,它表明说话者的目的和意图。英语中有三种语气:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气。(有的语法书说语气有四种,即还包括疑问语气)。 eg:He doesnt see very well in his right eye .他右眼视力不太好。(陈述语气) Have they ever been to Australia ?他们去过澳大利亚没有?(疑问语气) Please read through the instruction in advance .请先通读说明书。(祈使语气) 二虚拟语气概述在英语中,由于说话人的意图不同,动
2、词需用不同的形式,称为语气。虚拟语气是指说话人表示一种假设的情况,一种愿望,怀疑,推测,请求等,即认为动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实。虚拟语气可用于状语从句,名词性从句,定语从句及其他结构中。 三非真实条件句中的虚拟语气 真实条件句(遵循主将从现原则)A. 由If引导的两种条件句: 非真实条件句(虚拟语气)以下为If在非真实条件句中虚拟语气的形式和用法:假设类型If从句主句与现在事实相反did(be用were)should/would/could/might do与过去事实相反had doneshould/would/could/might have done与将来事实相反1)did2)wer
3、e to do3)should doshould/would/could/might doeg:If I were you ,I would reconsider their advice .如果我是你的话,我会重新考虑他们的意见。(与现在事实相反)You would not have caught a cold if you had put on more clothes .如果你多穿了些衣服,你就不会得感冒了。(与过去事实相反)If I were to / should do it ,I would do it in different way .如果我做这件事,我将用不同的方法做。(与将
4、来事实相反)注意:在非正式文体中,如果If 条件句中有助动词were ,should ,had 可将其提于主语之前(位于句首),再把If省掉,即形成部分倒装。常见的有:If I were you . = Were I you . 如果我是你/我要是你. If it were not for . = Were it not for .如果要不是. If it had not been for .=Had it not been for .如果当时要不是.(主句用:should/could/would/might have done的形式)B. 错综时间条件句。有时,条件句表示的动作和主句表示的动
5、作发生的时间是不一致的,这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整,这种句子被称为“错综时间条件句”。eg:If the weather had been more favorable ,the crops would be growing still better . .如果天气更好的话,庄稼就会长得跟好些。(从句指过去,主句指现在) If I were you ,I would have taken his advice .我要是你,我就采取了他的建议。(从句指现在,主句指过去) C. 含蓄虚拟条件句(虚拟形式:情+have done/do)。有时假设的情况不以条件句的形式表现出了,而是通过一
6、个介词短语或分词或其他方式表现出来,如:but for(若不是),without,under,otherwise,but,or,but that(若不是)等。当 but(that),or,otherwise+从句 时,用法如下:陈述句 +, or/otherwise 从句(虚拟) 虚拟 + ,but(that) 从句 (陈述句) (技巧: 情+have done + ,but(that) 从句(did) )。另外:不定式短语或分词也可引导暗含虚拟条件句。eg:You would have laughed to see him jump aside .你要是看到他跳到一边的样子会大笑起来的。 G
7、iven more time and money ,he could have done it better than what it is .如果给更多的时间和钱的话,他会把事情做得比现在更好。D. If only.引导的条件句(常用感叹的形式)表示强烈的不满,遗憾或愿望,主句常省略,意为:“要是/如果.该多好啊/就好了!”。用法:从句用did表示与现在事实相反;用would/could/ might do表示与将来事实相反;用had done表示与过去事实相反。(注意:“only if .”意为:“只要.”,位于句首时采用部分倒装。)结构简图: eg:If only I could see
8、 him once more ! 我要是再见到他就好了!If only we had telephoned him in advance !要是事先给他打个电话就好了!E. Suppose/Supposing /providing/provided (that).,what if.等某些特殊的连词后引导的条件句中(有时无主句),表示与现在或将来事实相反用did;表示与过去相反用had done 。eg:Suppose/Supposing (that) we told her the truth .假定我们把事情的真相告诉她。 What if you came tomorrow instead
9、of today . 如果我是你明天来而不是今天来呢?四名词性从句中的虚拟语气即主句含有:建议、命令、请求、要求、愿望、主张等意思时,后面的从句用(should)+V原/should have done的形式。但注意,若从句中含有”竟然,惊讶,诧异”之意时,”should”则不可以省。特殊用法: . wish用法如下:1 表示与现在相反的愿望: 主语+wish(that).did (were).2 表示与过去相反的愿望: 主语+wish(that).had done. (注意:如果wish在表达对过去情况的虚拟而不是未实现的愿望时,有时也可用:主语 + wish (that).would/co
10、uld have done)。3表示与将来相反的愿望: 主语+wish(that).could/would/mightdo 虚拟(意为:建议) . suggest (that) + 陈述(意为:表明、暗示、认为)虚拟:动作尚未发生(即:坚持要求做) insist (that) + 陈述:动作已经发生(即:坚持认为某种观点,看法,事实等). had/would sooner/rather + that.从句中意为“宁愿”,用did表示对现在或将来的虚拟;用had done表示对过去的虚拟。. 由as if/though引导的表语从句 虚拟: 同wish用法;be在第一,三人称可用were/was
11、。 陈述:表示可能发生的几率很大或被假设为真实的。五副词性从句中的虚拟语气A. as if/though用法虽同wish ,但也有一些区别,如下。as if/though 从句时态不受主句限制:在谈论现在情形时用一般过去时。在谈论过去情形时用:.一般过去时:表示过去当时存在的某种状态,但若状态动词后带有持续的时间状语,则要用过去完成时。eg:They talked as if they had been friends for years. He looked at me as if I were mad.过去完成时: 表过去的动作先于主句而发生,即使主句是现在时,as if 从句中的谓语动词
12、也要用 had done.eg: It seems as if it had gone bad.它闻起来好像坏了。在谈论将来情形时用: would (could/might)+do B. in case ,lest ,for fear that 表“以防,以免”等引导的目的状语中的虚拟语气,其后的形式为: (should)+V原 (但注意 ,in case 句中的should通常不省)。若不用虚拟也可用陈述,即用:一般现在时或过去时。C. even if/though “即使,纵然,虽然”虚拟:同if用法相同 (方法:主句含有情态动词的过去式)。陈述:表示真实情况。六形容词性从句中的虚拟语气固
13、定句型 didIt is(high/about/the very/quite)time+(that)定从译为,“该是的时候了” Should do七虚拟语气的其他用法 . 表示过去本打算做而实际上没有做。句型: had done (be,intend,think,mean,plan,hope,etc) to do = Ved + to have done ,would love/like to have done . had hoped 表过去未实现的愿望,译为”要想,希望”,从句谓语常用”would +V原” eg: He had hoped that the family would co
14、me before his granny came. 2013年湖北高考 . may(might) as well + V原 ,译为”不妨,倒不如”,表示劝说、建议、劝告。若其后带有某种消极情绪时,常用:might. . 表示祝愿、命令的简单句中,eg:Long may you live.虚拟用法形式总结: 含三种:所有含if的从句(除what if外)。wish从句。 含两种:某些特殊连词后的条件句。what if从句。would rather从句。定从中的虚拟。 含一种:含蓄虚拟语气(情+have done/do)。名词性从句(除wish外)与表”以防”意义的条件句中的虚拟一样(should+V原)。5