英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰】.doc

Chapter 13 geography 地理位置 I. Location and size 1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。II.Topography 1. Mountains (1)The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）(2)The Appalachians are lower than the Rockies because they are older. The Rocky Mountains are younger, so they are higher. (3)The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也叫大陆分水岭。2. Rivers and lakesRivers(1)The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers. The Mississippi has been called father of waters” or Old Man River 密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。(2)Missouri river is the chief headstream of the Mississippi River 密苏里河是密西西比河的主要源头。(3)The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr. As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry. The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。(4)On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。(5)The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States. 格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河(6) The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。III. Climate1、Different types of climate in different region1) A humid continental climate湿润的大陆性气候is found in the north-eastern part of the country. (东北部) 2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候东南部） 3）the continental desert climate of the Great Plains and the continental desert climate of the intermountain region. 湿润的大陆性气候带和湿润的亚热带气候带向美国西部延伸，一直到西经100的地区。由此再向西，这种气候逐渐被大平原的大陆性草原气候和山区的大陆性沙漠气候所取代。4）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate（海洋性气候-太平洋西北岸） 5）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部） has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm, dry summers and moist winters. 2、the influenced factors of the climate in the U.S.Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes.美国的气候除受纬度影响外，影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西洋，墨西哥湾，五大湖。IVGeographical Regions Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。 1、New England(1) New England is made up of six states of the Northeast .Because of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most important farm activity, New England is also well-known for its position in education, Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here. 新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。（2）New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America. It was the chief centre of the American War of Independence of 1776 and was also the nations first industrial area. 新英格兰有时被称为美国的诞生地。这里是美国1776年独立战争的主要中心，也是美国第一个工业区。（3）New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees, which came to stand for all American.新英格兰人最初曾被称作“美国佬：这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。（选择） 2、The Middle Atlantic states contain 6 states.(1)The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。(2)The nations capital city Washington D.C. and New York are located here. 首都华盛顿和纽约市都在此地区。3、The Midwest includes 12 states(1)The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest Americas most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and the nations leading center of heavy industry. 中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。(2)Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area. 芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。(3)Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world. Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United States. 底特律被称作“汽车之都，奥马哈被称作农业之都。4、The American South includes 13 states. (1) Florida holds a special attraction for winter vacationers, whereas the Great Smoky and Blue Ridge Mountains are popular with tourists during the summer months.佛罗里达对冬季度假者有特殊的吸引力，而大雾山和蓝岑山则倍受夏季旅游者的青睐。(2)The South is also the headquarters of a large segment of the rocket and missile industry. 很大一部分火箭和导弹工业也设在这里。5、Beyond the fertile Interior Plains lie the 11 states that make up the vast region of the American West. 肥沃的内陆平原以西，有十一个州，这就是美国的西部，占美国陆地面积的三分之一。(1)Dry farming, irrigation farming, and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West. 旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。(2)Colorado has been called the steel city of the west ,Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.科罗拉多市被称作“西部钢城”，丹佛市是大平原地区最大的城市。(3)West of the Great Plains are the Rocky Mountains. Mining is the chief industry of the Rocky Mountains. Another important industry of the Rockies is the tourist trade. The government has set aside large areas of land as national parks. Among the most famous of these parks are Yellowstone National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, and Glacier National Park.大平原的西边是落基山脉。采矿业是落基山区的主要工业，另一个主要行业是旅游业。政府划拨大片土地作为国家公园。其中著名的有：黄石国家公园、落基山国家公园、冰川国家公园。(4)Leadville is the highest city in the U.S. which still preserves a living picture of the past.位于科罗拉多州，海拔3050米的利德维尔，是美国最高的城镇，如今这里仍然保持着活生生的昔日景象。(5) The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau. 美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。6、The Pacific Coast includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon and nearly all of California. 太平洋沿岸地区包括华盛顿州和俄勒冈州的西部地区以及几乎全部的加利福尼亚州。Important cities in this region include Los Angeles, the Pacific Coasts largest and busiest commercial city, San Francisco, the second largest city in California, Portland, the largest city in Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, the largest city in the northwest. 这个地区的重要城市有太平洋沿岸最大最繁忙的商业城市洛杉矶；加利福尼亚的第二大城市旧金山；俄勒冈最大的城市波特兰以及华盛州西北部最大的城市西雅图。7、Alaska and Hawaii are the 49 and 50 states.(1) Alaska has the largest land area of all the states, and Hawaii has one of the smallest land areas. 阿拉斯加是美国所有州中面积最大的州，夏威夷则是面积最小的州。(2)Mauna Loa, the worlds largest volcano, is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time. Sugar cane and pineapples are Hawaiis main crops. Tourism is Hawaiis most important industry.莫纳洛阿火山是世界最大和活火山，甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业(3)Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska. 火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府Chapter 14 Population, Race and Ethnic groupsI. Introduction1. The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India. 美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。2. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century. 19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。3. Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。4. Arizona, Nevada and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years. 在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。II. Immigration1. The first immigrants in the American history came from England and Netherlands, some running away from religious and political persecution, some coming as adventurers from the Old World (Europe) to seek a better life, some as indentured servants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-Atlantic fare and debts. 美国历史上的第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，一些人是为了逃避宗教和政治迫害，一些人是为了寻求更好的生活而来的旧大陆(欧洲)的冒险家，还有一些人是契约劳工，他们必须为主人工作一定的时限，以偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。2. The first of these immigration waves began in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。III. Population Movement1. One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity, a better climate of other goals. 有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。2. There are four great population movements in the history of the United States。(1)the First 1865-1880 east coast -west (2)the Second 1980-1920 rural areas -cities(3)the Third 1920-1960 the south/black people -other areas (4)the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N -the West/the SouthIV. Racial and Ethnic Minorities1. Blacks(1)The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12。1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。(2)Uncle Toms Cabin and Roots are two novels giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves.(3) The slave system was formally ended by Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.2. Hispanics(1)Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States. They are Mexico-Americans or Chicanos, the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。(2)The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low education. Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group. 3. Asian- AmericansThe Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. The largest groups of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans. Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-American: education, hard work, and family. 美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。4. Indians5. White ethnicsTraditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. 传统上讲，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。Chapter 15 American History (1)（16001900）IDiscovery of the New World1. The first American were the Indians. 12.大题42.Discovery： In the late 15th century Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, thought he could reach India by sailing west. Supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didnt know he had discovered a New Continent. Another navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, proved that the land was not India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after that. II. The Colonial Period1.The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginia, in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“ 08.6最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。2. Reasons:opportunity for better life: a. nobles; b. workman; c. poor and homeless.religious freedom: Pilgrims are artisans and peasants a. 1620Mayflower; b. ThanksgivingIn 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.1620年，有201名英国新教徒乘坐一名为”五月花号“的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地Puritans are wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. 清教徒In March 1630, the great Puritan migration began. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony.从1630-1643年，约有200艘船把2万英国人抵马萨诸塞州湾殖民地。3. The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character. They were: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。III. The War of Independence (1775-1783)1.Reason：Colonistmore powerBritish government: a. control; b. more taxes (Stamp Tax印花税)Immediate cause: Boston Tea Party 波士顿茶事件a. reason: The British government allowed the company to sell tea at a lower price in the colonies through its own people, which took away the tea business from American tea merchants.b. process: Some Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw many tea into the harbor.c. In September 1744, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods. 1744年9月，第一届大陆会议在费城召开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。2. Process:Paul Ride; Lexington shot: In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were to seize the military supplies of the militia in Concord. When the British soldiers set out, a lantern flashed word to Paul Revere who rode off on horseback to arouse the villages. When the British soldiers arrived at Lexington they were met by militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and then others followed. The war of Independence had begun. Second Continental Congress: a. Found Continental Army and Navy;b. The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and t