东北师范大学研究生实用英语翻译复习资料.docx

东北师范大学研究生实用英语翻译复习资料英语翻译复习资料一、翻译过程中的注意事项 对原文词义的理解，需要译者扎实的语言功底和对上下文的融会贯通，初学者以为只要有一本双语词典，就可以搞翻译了，这种看法未免有些太片面了，词典固然重要，但词典上的意义不一定适合一切场合，因为词义只有根据一定的上下文，在具体的句子和语篇中才能确定下来。例如：（1）I have read with much satisfaction the phrase which you quote concerning the number strongholds. Yes, there must be few of them, but good ones. 我非常满意的读了你引用的关于要塞数量的那段文字。是的，你讲的很对，要塞是数量不必多，但质量要好。(2) when she pointed out that it must be he who spread the rumor, he retorted: “No! No!” 当她指着他一定是散布谣言的人的时候，他反驳说：那绝对不是我。(3) “we do not”, she reminded us gently, “want to trouble him” we all shook our heads. 他轻轻地提醒我们说：我们不想麻烦她。我们都点头表示同意(4) “几点了” “都22了，还不快点。”“whats the time?”“Its already twenty-two past the hour. So hurry up ,then.”（5）It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.我似乎觉得应该一视同仁。 词典有时并不能把实际语境中真正含义表达出来，如，电影中的“主演”，电影字幕上写着“starring-”而不是词典上的译法：play a leading role in a film,还有名牌，一般词典上译成famous-brand而地道的英语应是name-brand(6)他看见我那辆漂亮的新车就非常眼红。When he saw my splendid new car ,he was absoutely green with enry(7)我讨厌这个寻花问柳的家伙。I feel disgusted at this womanzing man.不要把“寻花问柳”译成“look for flowers and inquire about willows”,这种逐字翻译法实际上是死译和胡译。（3）不论英译汉还是汉译英，涉及文化因素的翻译时，一定要根据翻译的目的让读者接受，It is as significant as a game of cricket.以下三种翻译都正确：A，这件事如同板球赛一样重要 B，这件事如同吃饭一样重要 C这件事很重要。“谋事在人，成事在天”这句话，如果读者是个基督徒，那么就译成“Man proposes,God disposes”.如果读者信仰佛教，就译成“Man proposes,Heaven disposes”1、 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Nida)翻译在于用最贴切自然的对等语，首先在含义其次在风格上再现原文的内容。2、 Translation can be defined as follows: The replacement of texutual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language 翻译的定义如下：用一种语言的整篇材料代替与之对等的另一种语言的整篇材料。3、 A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; The style and manner or writing should be of the same character as that of the original; A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应该完全再现原文的思想，译文的风格与特点应该与原文保持一致，译文应该与原文一样自然流畅。4、Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell,that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we may look into the most holy place; that removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.翻译就是打开窗户，让阳光照进房间，翻译就是撬开贝壳，让我们品尝鲜美的内核，翻译就是拉开窗帘，让我们看见最美的风景，翻译就是打开井盖，以便我们走入水源。5、I like to think of the original work as an ice cube. During the process of translation the cube is melted. While in its liquid state. every molecule changes place; none remains in its original relationship to the others. Then begins the process of forming the work in a second language. Molecules escape, new molecules are poured in to fill the spaces, but the lines of molding and mending are virtually invisible. The work exists in the second language as a new ice cube-different, but to all appearances the same.我喜欢将原文看成是一块方正的冰，翻译的过程就是冰块融化的过程，当它处于液态时，每一个分子都改变了原来的位置，没有一个分子与其他分子再保持原有的关系，接着就开始了在另一种语言中形成译文的过程，有的分子不在了，其他的分子涌入填补空缺，可是译文的修补和形成的过程实际上是看不见的，在第二种语言中形成的作品就像一块新的方正冰块，虽然与以往不同，但是从表面看是一样的。 At the age of twelve years. the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength. and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age, the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves ,and however well society. and our doctors, look after us .This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries we shall make that we must decline in this way ,that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually “die of old age”, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person ,so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer-on into a ninth or tenth decade .But the chances are against it ,and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are. Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things wear out. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itselfit does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could, at one time, repair ourselveswell enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.第二章 翻译的方法与技巧一 词的主要翻译方法 词无定义。词或短语的意义是在实际应用中体现出来的，它不但受到上下文的制约，而且还会受文体、语体的影响。所以在翻译词语的时候，不仅要注意到表面的意义，还要考虑到它应用的场合或语境。因此，首先要认真辨析词义，然后根据词义轻重、褒贬、语体级别、说话者身份、上下文等正确选用恰当的疑问用词，采用相应的翻译技巧，进行最大限度的等值翻译。这些技巧大致有以下几种：1 增词法 增词法就是在翻译时按需要在原文的基础上增加一些必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，以便更忠实通顺地表达原文的内容。这当然不是无中生有的随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词语，一般用于下面四种情况：1 为了语法上的需要。例如英语中可数名词有复数，而汉语名词没有数的形态变化；英语中有不定冠词、定冠词，而汉语中没有，因此在翻译时需相应地作些增补；还有英语中有时态变化，英译汉时就需加上一些表示时态的词。(1) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 大地在颤抖，就想万马奔腾，千夫怒吼(2) The message is profoundly simple, and profoundly mysterious also: life goes on. That is all there is to it. Everything that is, was; and everything that is, will be. 这句话简单至极却又神秘莫测，生命在继续，万物皆然，过去是，现在是，将来亦如此。(3)当老师的应当有耐心。 A teacher should have patience in his work.(4)他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话也不说。 He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.2.为了将意思表达得更清楚、更自然，如：(5)In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis, he would work on the drafting if the final communique.在参加完晚宴、听完音乐会和看完乒乓球赛之后的晚上，她还要起草最后的公报。(6) He is a complicated manmoody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人，情绪多变，并且郁郁寡欢。(7) A red sun rise slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日在平静的湖面冉冉升起(8)Reading makes a full man; conference () a ready man; writing () an exact man.读书使人充实，辩论使人机敏，写作使人严谨(9) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比自己的更明智(10)Dont take it seriously. I am just making fun of you.(11)虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.(12)没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.(13)三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。 three cobbles with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.3.为了沟通不同的文化，如：(14)Several millions of people have lived near or below the breadline for almost two decades.(15)“小李,什么时候请吃糖啊？”王奶奶笑着问道。 “还没定呢。”他脸一红。 “Xiao Li, ”Granny Wang smiled, “When can I eat your wedding candy?” “I dont know.” She blushed with shyness.4.为了再现深层结构上的含义，加词译出弦外之音。(16)He started to his feet with the intention of awaking the sleepers, for there was no time to lose.他突然起身打算叫醒睡觉的人们，因为时间紧迫，必须马上出发。(17)She was ready to go, but first she wanted her book to be in print.她准备离开了，但是她想看自己的书先出版2 省略法 省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不必显示出来，因为译文中虽无其词，但已有其意，或者在译文中不言而喻的。换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去，如：(18) He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他清瘦而憔悴，看上去很可怜(19) Outside it was pitch dark, and it was raining acts and dogs.外面漆黑一团，倾盆大雨(20) If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？(21) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有经验者优先英译汉的省略法主要有以下几种情况： 一.省略代词A.英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词往往 作为助于会多次出现。而汉语中如果后句和前句的主语相同，就可以省略主语，所以英语的人称代词译作汉语时，常常可以省略。1. The prole suffers physically, but he s a free man when he isnt working.无产阶级遭受身体上的痛苦，但是不工作时就说自由人2. I burst into a shout of laughter as I looked at Georges wrathful face. I rolled in my chair. I very nearly fell on the floor.看见乔治那愤怒的面孔，我突然大笑起来，在椅子上笑得前仰后合，差点摔倒在地上B.英语中的物主代词，汉译时往往可以省略。1. I went up to him and held out my hand.我走向他并伸出手2. George beat his clenched fist on the table.乔治紧握着拳头砸在桌子上C.泛指的英语人称代词作主语，汉译时往往可以省略掉。1. With life as short as it is, with so many pressing demands on our time, why should we spend precious time on works of imagination?生命如此短暂，又有如此多紧迫的事情要做，我们为什么要浪费时间去阅读那些凭空想出来的作品2. Conflict of interest is difficult to discern when the interests involved are your own.利益冲突很难察觉，尤其涉及到个人利益时二.省略非人称代词1.It is obvious that beauty can be a double-edged sword for women.显然，美貌对于女性而言可能是一把双刃剑2. It is beauty that captures your attention; personality that captures your heart.美貌能吸引人注意，但个性能捕获人心三.省略连词 英语重形合，句中各意群、成分之间都用适当连接词连接，组成句子。句子与句子之间也由连接词组成复合句，形式上比较严谨；汉语则重意合，即更多地依靠语序直接组合成复合句，用逻辑意义将其句子成分、句与句贯穿起来，结构灵活、简洁。因此，英译汉时很多情况下不必把连接词译出。1. I could not help thinking of this fable when the only day I saw George lunching by himself in a restaurant.一天看到乔治独自一人在餐馆吃午饭时，我想起了这个寓言2. Since love is the beauty of the soul, when love grows within you, so beauty grows.爱是心灵的魅力，内心的爱增加了，美就增加了3.If you look closely at a tree you will notice its knots and dead branches. What we learn is that beauty and imperfection go together wonderfully.仔细观察一棵树，你会看到很多树枝和枯枝，我们从中可以学到美和缺陷的美妙结合。4. New to Washington, Reagan was comfortable in his clothes and certain in his beliefs.初到华盛顿时，里根总统穿着得体四.省略表示时间地点的介词1.The FIFA World Cup kicked off in Germany on June 9th,2006.2.Smoking is not allowed in the storehouse. 汉译英的增补法一般和英译汉的省略法相逆，即增加代词、连词和表示时间地点的介词。例如：1.很难说。 It is hard to say.2.明天下雨我就呆在家里。 If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. 4.但我就是这个样子，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But its the way I am, and try as I might, I havent been able to change it. 汉译英的省略法则和英译汉的增补法相逆，即省略动词、形容词、副词、名词和表示时态及名词复数的词。例如：1.老师没布置作业就宣布下课了。 The teacher dismissed the class without any assignment.2.我没有闲工夫为这些琐事操心。 I dont have the time to worry about such trifles.3.听到那消息后，她一下子陷入了绝望。 She sank into despair on heating the news.4.这件衬衫真是价廉物美。 This shirt is indeed cheap and fine.5.狮子是百兽之王。 The lion is the king of animals.6.我刚和我先生交往时，他是个学生，和你男朋友现在一样穷。 When I first got to know with my husband, he was a student, and was as poor as your boyfriend is.1. He likes to point our others weaknesses, but he means well.他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的2. If I had known he was not in, I would not have come.早知道他不在家我就不来了3. The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.阳光灿烂，晴空万里4. She washed her hair and dried it with a towel.她洗了头，用毛巾擦干5. It is better to conquer yourself than to win a thousand battles.大一场胜仗不如战胜自己6. The young man is somewhat rash.那年轻人有点鲁莽7. The committee is bulky and inefficient.委员会庞大而低效8.He has spoken English for an hour without any mistakes.他讲了一个小时英语没有任何错误9. The audience burst into applause.观众爆发出热烈的掌声10. He lingered over her letter.他反复玩味她的来信1.We live and learn. 活到老，学到老2.You can never tell. 说不准3.One could never get real rest without a peaceful heart. 心静则安4.He races around the room, rolls his eyes in an alarming way and rams his tongue out of the side of his mouth.5.In September 1939,the Second World War broke out.1. In the evening, after her favorite TV drama and a hot bath, she would take a short walk in the neighborhood.2. The ice melted away.3. Monica has a cleanliness disorder and everything in her kitchen shines.4. He is a complicated man moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.5.I had never thought that he d like me. But he did.6.那个小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。The young is somewhat rash3. 词性转换法词性转化法就是在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的表达习惯对原文中有些词进行词形转换，从而使译文通顺自然。这种转换存在着一定的规律，最明显的就是英美人比较喜欢用名词和介词，而汉语里动词用的频率较高一些。因此，英译汉时，主要是把各种词类转换成动词，也有一些转换成名词、形容词和副词；汉译英时，主要是将汉语中大量动词转换成名词、介词、形容词和副词等。一、名词转化为动词 由于英语中名词用的较多，而汉语则是动词用的较多，所以在英汉互译时经常需要将英语的名词与中文的动词互换。在这种情况下，英语名词往往是由动词衍生而成的或含有动作意味的名词。例如：1. There have been poverty, pestilence, and famine, which were due to mans inadequate mastery of nature. There have been wars, oppressions and tortures which have been due to mens hostility to their fellow men.由于人类未能充分的掌控自然，所以贫困、瘟疫、饥荒一直存在，由于人类敌视自己的同胞，所以战争、压迫、苦难长期存在。2.Im not much of a singer.我不擅长唱歌3. She is a lover of Chinese food.她喜欢吃中国菜4. One of the major reasons for this joylessness in our university life is that the students see themselves as prisoners of economic necessity.大学生沉闷无聊的主要原因之一是学生们认为自己受制于经济需求5. The sight and sound of so many cute babies reminded her of her own two-year-old.看见那么多可爱的宝宝，听见他们的笑声，是她想起了自己两岁的孩子6. I think my little sister is a better teacher than I.我认为我妹妹教书教的比我好二、介词转换为动词 同样，英语中的很多介词也有很强的动作感。虽然介词在理论上属于虚词，但在时间中却常常可以表示动作行为的进展状态及程度，起到动词的作用。例如：1. In Italy and Great Britain, they have passed a ban against all cigarette advertisements on TV.意大利和英国政府颁布法律禁止在电视上播放所有香烟广告2. Each year dogs are sent out into the snow whenever a traveler is in difficulty.每年人们都要将狗送到雪地里去救援那些遇到苦难的背包客3. The cat is lying in the sun。那只猫躺在地上晒太阳4. We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through and through the old sleeping town.午夜时分，我们驱车回家，驶过这条河，穿过沉睡的古老小镇5. Every day he drives her to and from work.每天他都开车送她上下班6. He got on the motorbike and roared off into the night.他跨上摩托车，在马达的轰鸣声中消失在夜色里7. The two old women were chatting over the garden fence.那两个老妇人正隔着篱笆在聊天8. She went to Yifu Building for a lecture.她去逸夫楼听报告9. Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.由人民支持，为人民服务的政府才不会垮台三、其他情况A.形容词的转化1.All the wounded were sent to the hospital right away.(转化为名词）立刻将所有人送往医院2. “Yes,”he said with a slow nod.(转化为副词）他点头说道：是的3。I am not ashamed to confess I am ignorant of what I do not know.(转化为动词）不懂就坦白自己不知道，我不认为是丢脸的事B.动词的转化1. What characterizes almost all Hollywood films is an inner emptiness.(转化为名词）几乎所有的好莱坞电影都有一个特点就是内容空洞2. She felt that he seemed to personify the evil that wa