土木工程专业英语Lesson省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/Lesson 2 Building and Architecture 建筑物和建筑学New words and phrases:shelter encompass identical illumination parlance edifice dominant repetition nave aisle transept apse balustrade intermediate clue colonnade aspiration incarnation blank wall 无窗墙，挡墙无窗墙，挡墙cave dweller （史前）穴居人（史前）穴居人Gothic cathedral 哥特式大教堂哥特式大教堂第1页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/1.shelter n.隐蔽处，躲避处隐蔽处，躲避处 from The umbrella is a shelter from rain.v.躲避躲避+from The wall sheltered us from the wind.7.dominant a.占优势，有统治权占优势，有统治权 The dominant influence in her life was her father.在她一生中对她影响最大是她父亲。在她一生中对她影响最大是她父亲。v.dominate 支配，占优势支配，占优势 17.aspiration n.志气，理想志气，理想 He has no aspiration for fame or gain.他不图名利。他不图名利。She has aspirations to become a great writer.她有作名作家理想。她有作名作家理想。Words第2页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities 一座建筑物作用是为人类活动进行提供一个躲避处。一座建筑物作用是为人类活动进行提供一个躲避处。From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements 从穴居时代到现在，人类最主要需求之一就是有一个躲避从穴居时代到现在，人类最主要需求之一就是有一个躲避风雨地方。风雨地方。In a more general sense,the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs 从更普通意义上说，建筑艺术包含了人类为了他自己需要从更普通意义上说，建筑艺术包含了人类为了他自己需要而控制环境和引导自然力全部努力。而控制环境和引导自然力全部努力。insense 在在意义上说意义上说 in all senses 在任何意义上说在任何意义上说 in the proper(strict,literal)sense 在原来（严格、字面）在原来（严格、字面）意义上说意义上说Building第3页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges 除了建筑物，这艺术还包含全部土木工程结构物，比如大坝、除了建筑物，这艺术还包含全部土木工程结构物，比如大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠和桥梁。运河、隧道、沟渠和桥梁。The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical 对于作为躲避处建筑物和作其它用途土木工程结构物，它们对于作为躲避处建筑物和作其它用途土木工程结构物，它们设计科学依据是相同。设计科学依据是相同。It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths 只是出于当代社会特定需要，这两个领域才沿着不一样路径只是出于当代社会特定需要，这两个领域才沿着不一样路径发展。发展。Building第4页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder 一样地，关注作为遮风避雨建筑物主要营造商也不再是一一样地，关注作为遮风避雨建筑物主要营造商也不再是一个单独个体个单独个体；相反，他工作是由几个教授（规划者、建筑师、；相反，他工作是由几个教授（规划者、建筑师、工程师和建筑工人）组成一个小组来完成。工程师和建筑工人）组成一个小组来完成。The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team 一座当代化建筑实现依赖这个小组集体智慧。一座当代化建筑实现依赖这个小组集体智慧。The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors 建筑物结构形式是它功效、环境和各种社会经济原因共同建筑物结构形式是它功效、环境和各种社会经济原因共同作用产物。作用产物。Building第5页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill 一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在结构形式上各有不一一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在结构形式上各有不一样，因为它们要实现功效是不一样。样，因为它们要实现功效是不一样。In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building 在公寓里面，每一处居住空间，比如起居室和卧室必须有在公寓里面，每一处居住空间，比如起居室和卧室必须有从窗户进来自然光，而浴室和厨房则能够用人工光线，所以能从窗户进来自然光，而浴室和厨房则能够用人工光线，所以能够布置在建筑内部。够布置在建筑内部。This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building 这些要求就使得公寓楼进深受到了正常限制。这些要求就使得公寓楼进深受到了正常限制。Building 第6页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/Building In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light 其次，在办公楼里，采用人工光源能够获得更加均匀照明，所其次，在办公楼里，采用人工光源能够获得更加均匀照明，所以这类建筑进深就不会受到自然光要求约束。以这类建筑进深就不会受到自然光要求约束。Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building 环境可能影响到建筑物形状和外观。环境可能影响到建筑物形状和外观。An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function 一所城里学校可以用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开以创造一个一所城里学校可以用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开以创造一个自己环境，一所乡村学校则可以作为景观主要部分来加以发展，自己环境，一所乡村学校则可以作为景观主要部分来加以发展，即使两所学校要履行相同功能。即使两所学校要履行相同功能。第7页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Finally，the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors，including land costs，tenancy，building budget，and zoning restrictions 最终，建筑物形式还要受到各种社会经济原因包含土地费最终，建筑物形式还要受到各种社会经济原因包含土地费用、租赁、工程预算和分区限制影响。用、租赁、工程预算和分区限制影响。High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings，while low land costs in the country result in low buildings 城市高地价造成建筑昂贵（或高层建筑），而乡村低地价城市高地价造成建筑昂贵（或高层建筑），而乡村低地价使得建筑相对廉价（或多层建筑）。使得建筑相对廉价（或多层建筑）。A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a lowcost housing project 富人住房建筑计划不一样于廉住房建筑计划。富人住房建筑计划不一样于廉住房建筑计划。Building第8页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings 一幢显赫办公大楼所花预算将比其它办公楼多得多。一幢显赫办公大楼所花预算将比其它办公楼多得多。The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.建筑物大小和外形可能受到分区限制。建筑物大小和外形可能受到分区限制。In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms 在全部这些例子中，有着相同功效建筑物往往采取不一样结在全部这些例子中，有着相同功效建筑物往往采取不一样结构形式。构形式。Building第9页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Architecture is the art of building 建筑学是建筑艺术。建筑学是建筑艺术。Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用围合空间相关。实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用围合空间相关。The precise activities to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within 建筑物内部一些空间大小和形状是由那些将要容纳在该建建筑物内部一些空间大小和形状是由那些将要容纳在该建筑物（如从工厂装配线到住宅中起居室）里确实切活动所要求。筑物（如从工厂装配线到住宅中起居室）里确实切活动所要求。These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other 这些空间排列还应有合理关系。这些空间排列还应有合理关系。Architecture第10页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building-“circulation”in architectural parlance-requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic 另外，人在建筑物中走动（在建筑学说法中叫另外，人在建筑物中走动（在建筑学说法中叫“流通流通”）需）需要有走廊、楼梯或电梯，其尺寸受预期交通负荷支配。要有走廊、楼梯或电梯，其尺寸受预期交通负荷支配。The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building 建筑物结构平面图，总是建筑师第一考虑，建筑物结构平面图，总是建筑师第一考虑，它把对建筑物它把对建筑物各种要求安排成表达建筑意图空间组合。各种要求安排成表达建筑意图空间组合。Architecture第11页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice 好设计方案能够引导来访者在建筑中抵达其目标地并使好设计方案能够引导来访者在建筑中抵达其目标地并使其留下印象，这种印象可能是下意识地经过把大建筑体系中其留下印象，这种印象可能是下意识地经过把大建筑体系中一些单元显著地关联起来而引发。一些单元显著地关联起来而引发。Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion 相反，坏设计方案所产生结果是不方便、浪费和视觉上相反，坏设计方案所产生结果是不方便、浪费和视觉上混乱。混乱。Architecture第12页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Furthermore，a structure must be well built；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the materials chosen may allow 另外，一座建筑结构必须建造良好；它必须含有永久性，另外，一座建筑结构必须建造良好；它必须含有永久性，这种永久性既是设计意图要求，也是材料选择所允许。这种永久性既是设计意图要求，也是材料选择所允许。The raw materials of architecturestone，brick，wood，steel，or glassin part govern the forms of the building and are expressed by them 建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）部分地决定着建建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）部分地决定着建筑物形式，并被这些形式所表现。筑物形式，并被这些形式所表现。Architecture第13页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Stone can resist compression，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely 石头几乎能够无限地承受压力。石头几乎能够无限地承受压力。While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited 在试验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它耐压程度在试验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它耐压程度几乎是无限。几乎是无限。On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart 然而它抗拉性却是十分脆弱。然而它抗拉性却是十分脆弱。Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension 任何横跨空间梁都会在支点间出现下弯趋势，从而使梁任何横跨空间梁都会在支点间出现下弯趋势，从而使梁下半部处于拉应力状态。下半部处于拉应力状态。Stone第14页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals 因为石承受拉力能力很弱，这种材料梁相对地比较短，而因为石承受拉力能力很弱，这种材料梁相对地比较短，而且支撑间距比较小。且支撑间距比较小。Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide 还有，石柱必须坚固，其高度极少超出宽度还有，石柱必须坚固，其高度极少超出宽度10倍。倍。In stone buildings，windows，doors，and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are widethe vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic 在石类建筑中，窗、门以及柱之间空间，其高度均要求超在石类建筑中，窗、门以及柱之间空间，其高度均要求超出宽度，这源于垂直面矩形石建筑美学。出宽度，这源于垂直面矩形石建筑美学。Stone第15页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period 石在西方世界建筑学中占有如此之高统治地位，以致于即使石在西方世界建筑学中占有如此之高统治地位，以致于即使在木结构建筑时期其适当造型一直被妥善保护着，就像美国乔在木结构建筑时期其适当造型一直被妥善保护着，就像美国乔治王朝时期一样。治王朝时期一样。Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive 当初石适宜应用于支撑楼板和屋顶墙、间隔很近柱和过梁，当初石适宜应用于支撑楼板和屋顶墙、间隔很近柱和过梁，以及主要承受压压力拱型结构中以及主要承受压压力拱型结构中。lend itself to 有利于有利于Stone第16页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compression.木材是一个纤维性材料，既可承受压应力，又可承受拉木材是一个纤维性材料，既可承受压应力，又可承受拉应力。应力。Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced 木梁比起石梁能够相对长些；木柱比较细且间距宽。木梁比起石梁能够相对长些；木柱比较细且间距宽。A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture 因为木材天然性能而形成宽度大于高度扁而宽矩形建筑，因为木材天然性能而形成宽度大于高度扁而宽矩形建筑，正如在日本建筑中所看到那样。正如在日本建筑中所看到那样。Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength 钢也含有等于或大于其抗压强度抗拉强度。钢也含有等于或大于其抗压强度抗拉强度。Wood and Steel第17页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor 任何观察过正在施工中钢结构建筑物人，必定注意到由任何观察过正在施工中钢结构建筑物人，必定注意到由细长梁组成横向长方形网格结构，每个楼层中间隔很宽柱子细长梁组成横向长方形网格结构，每个楼层中间隔很宽柱子和长梁。和长梁。The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame constructiona skeleton to support floors and roofwith whatever surfacing material may be necessary 木材和钢材性能适合用于框架木材和钢材性能适合用于框架一个支撑楼面和楼顶一个支撑楼面和楼顶构架构架当然还需其它铺面材料。当然还需其它铺面材料。Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support 木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，其梁臂伸出最终支点以外。木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，其梁臂伸出最终支点以外。Wood and Steel第18页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space；it must also，content the spirit of man 最终，建筑不但要满足强度和空间实际要求，它还必须满足最终，建筑不但要满足强度和空间实际要求，它还必须满足人类精神需要。人类精神需要。The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute 建筑物几个组成部分应该形成美统一体。建筑物几个组成部分应该形成美统一体。Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole 这么，一个结构侧面和后面就应和正面含有充分一致性，从这么，一个结构侧面和后面就应和正面含有充分一致性，从而使它们在整体中成为相互关联部分。而使它们在整体中成为相互关联部分。Architecture第19页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ The major internal divisions，too，require some expression in the external designThe nave，aisles，transepts，apse，and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside 一样地，主要内部分区也要求在外部设计上有所表达。比如，一样地，主要内部分区也要求在外部设计上有所表达。比如，正厅，走廊，十字形耳堂、环型殿和哥特式大教堂辐射状小礼拜正厅，走廊，十字形耳堂、环型殿和哥特式大教堂辐射状小礼拜堂都可从外部看出，于是，来访者对他在内部将要看到一切会下堂都可从外部看出，于是，来访者对他在内部将要看到一切会下意识地做好心理准备。意识地做好心理准备。Architecture calls for good proportionsa pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth 建筑要求有恰当百分比，即令人愉快虚与实、高与宽、长与建筑要求有恰当百分比，即令人愉快虚与实、高与宽、长与宽关系。宽关系。Architecture第20页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/Gothic cathedrals第21页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas，such as the golden section 人们已经做过许多尝试经过数学公式说明好百分比关系，人们已经做过许多尝试经过数学公式说明好百分比关系，如黄金分割。如黄金分割。These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension(for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column)throughout the designSuch repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave 然而，这些努力还未被普遍认可，尽管在整个设计中经然而，这些努力还未被普遍认可，尽管在整个设计中经过某种尺寸重复（如以一个柱子半径为模数）能够取得良好过某种尺寸重复（如以一个柱子半径为模数）能够取得良好效果。这种重复有利于人类心理似乎渴望产生显著秩序效果。这种重复有利于人类心理似乎渴望产生显著秩序。Architecture第22页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ A building also should have what architects call scale；that is，it should visually convey its true size 建筑物还须含有建筑师们所说建筑物还须含有建筑师们所说“尺度尺度”，也就是说它必须，也就是说它必须在视觉上传达其正确尺寸。在视觉上传达其正确尺寸。Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，though slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings 诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等构件，尽管它们尺寸可能稍有改诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等构件，尽管它们尺寸可能稍有改变，但按实际用途还是与人类正常尺度相关。变，但按实际用途还是与人类正常尺度相关。They therefore become，almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice 因而它们就不知不觉地成为测定整个大厦尺寸大小计量单因而它们就不知不觉地成为测定整个大厦尺寸大小计量单位。位。Architecture第23页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed 因为这些部分比起整个建筑物小得多，所以就需要中间尺寸因为这些部分比起整个建筑物小得多，所以就需要中间尺寸其它元素。其它元素。Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway；that，in turn，to the height of a colonnade；and finally，the colonnade to the whole structure 楼梯和栏杆提醒着门道大小；依次是门道对柱廊高度提醒；楼梯和栏杆提醒着门道大小；依次是门道对柱廊高度提醒；最终是柱廊大小对整个建筑物提醒。最终是柱廊大小对整个建筑物提醒。The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scaleThe absence of small elements in StPeters in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness 凡尔赛凡尔赛Petit Trianon宫殿就在百分比方面非常完美。罗马圣宫殿就在百分比方面非常完美。罗马圣彼彼得大教堂因为没有小构件元素，因而它宏大极难被人们意识到。得大教堂因为没有小构件元素，因而它宏大极难被人们意识到。Architecture第24页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/Petit Trianon at Versailles第25页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/StPeters in Rome第26页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building.装饰即使在一些当代建筑中被拒绝采纳，但在过去因为其内装饰即使在一些当代建筑中被拒绝采纳，但在过去因为其内在美或是为了强调建筑物某一重点而常被使用。在美或是为了强调建筑物某一重点而常被使用。Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character，the visible expression of the purpose of the building.装饰品或者装饰物可用来表示建筑物性质，即成为其用途视装饰品或者装饰物可用来表示建筑物性质，即成为其用途视觉表现。觉表现。Thus a bank should look like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such.所以，银行看起来就应该像银行，而教堂则应该立刻被认出所以，银行看起来就应该像银行，而教堂则应该立刻被认出是教堂。是教堂。Decoration第27页土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语http:/ Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography 理想情况是任何建筑物应和相邻建筑物及其当地地理情况理想情况是任何建筑物应和相邻建筑物及其当地地理情况相协调而显得这些建筑物各得