超级虚拟语气学案.doc

虚 拟 语 气 学 案

目 录
一、虚拟语气考点
1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句
（1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。
（2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。
（3）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用
4、虚拟语气的倒装形式
5、含蓄条件句
6、其他结构中的虚拟语气
7、混合虚拟语气
二、精典名题导解
三、虚拟语气专项练习
一、虚拟语气考点
1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。 （异想天开）如：
①If I were a boy, I would join the army.
②If she had time, she should go with you.
【翻译】：如果我有翅膀，我将飞跃高山。

（2）表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。
（事后诸葛亮）如：
If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition.
【翻译】：如果（当时）你仔细一点，这个错误是可以避免的。

（3）表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/
could might + 动词原形。（杞人忧天）如；
If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.
【翻译】：如果明天下雨，我们就呆在家里。（请用真实条件句翻译）

万一明天下雨，我们就不得不呆在家里了。（请用虚拟语气可以用were to或者should）

（4）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。（错综虚拟语气）如：
If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)
【翻译】：如果当时你听了医生的建议，你现在就不会如此难受了。

以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：

条件状语从句
主 句
与过去事实相反
had + 过去分词
should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词
与现在事实相反
一般过去时(be用were)
would/should/could/might + 动词原形
与将来事实相反
一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形
Would/should/cold/might + 动词原形
有时侯在使用时可省略if,句子则可换成下列形式，即“were / had / should +主语”。 （If条件句虚拟语气的省略和倒装）如：
①Were I a boy=（ ）, I would join the army.
②Had he taken my advice=（ ）, he would have succeeded.
③Were it not for the expense=（ ）,
I would go to Britain.
2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句
（1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。
1）“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如：
①I wish it were spring all the year round.
②I wish I had known the answer.
【翻译】：我希望我能像小鸟一样飞翔。

2）在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist、 request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。（“一”坚持，“二命令”，“三”建议，“四”要求）如：
①She suggested we (leave) here at once.
②The doctor ordered she （be） operated.
（2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。
作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：
①His suggestion that we (go)to Shanghai is wonderful.
②My idea is that they (pay) 100 dollars.
（3）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。如：
①It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day.
②It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless.
③It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：
It is pity that you can’t swim.
3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用
（1）虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
①He does it as if he an expert.
②Even if she here, she could not solve the problem.
（2）虚拟语气用于定语从句中。
这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) sb did/sb should do… ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“(现在)该……”。如：
①It’s time that I / (pick up) my daughter.
②It’s high time we (be)going.
（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：
①If only I (be)a bird.
②If only I (take) his advice.
（4）虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。
1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如：
①It (will) be better for you not to stay up too late.
② (will) you be kind enough to close the door?
2)用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
① (will) you like a cup of tea?
②I (will)rather not tell you.
4、虚拟语气的倒装形式
当if从句中含有动词should、were或had，从句可以省略if并把上述动词提前，构成了虚拟语气的倒装形式。
例句1：If I had finished my homework, I would have gone with you.
如果我那时写完作业，我就会和你一起去的。
倒装结构： ，I would have gone with you.
例句2：If he were here, he would give you a hand.
要是他在这里，他会帮助你的。
倒装结构： , he would give you a hand.
例句3：If it should rain tomorrow, we wouldn’t go out for a walk.
万一明天下雨，我们就不能出去散步了。
倒装结构： , we wouldn’t go out for a walk.
5、含蓄条件句
含蓄条件句就是不用if直接引导的条件句，假想的虚拟条件隐含在情景中，表达的意思和用if引导的条件句是相同的。
例句1：Without your help, I couldn’t have done it.
没有你的帮助，我是不会完成这件事的。
相当于：If you hadn’t helped, I couldn’t have done it.
要是你没有帮助我，我是不会完成这件事的。
用介词短语替换if条件句。
例句2：A cleverer man wouldn’t have done that kind of thing.
聪明一点的人不会做那种事。
相当于：If the man had been cleverer, he wouldn’t have done that kind of thing.
要是这个人聪明一点，他是不会做那种事的。
用形容词比较级替换if条件句。
例句3：I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them.
那天我很忙，否则我就和他们一起去了。
相当于：If I hadn’t been busy that day，I would have gone there with them.
要不是那天我很忙，我就会和他们一起去了。
通过上下文情景，可以判断出是虚拟语气。
例句4：To hear him talk, you would think he was a writer.
听他谈话，你会以为他是个作家呢。
相当于：If you could hear him talk, you would think he was a writer.
你要是听了他的谈话，还会以为他是个作家呢。
动词不定式形式替换if条件句。
例句5：But for your advice，it would have caused a serious loss.
要不是有你的建议，将会导致巨大的损失。
相当于：If you hadn’t given us advice, it would have caused a serious loss.
要是你没有给我们提建议，将会导致巨大的损失。
介词短语替换if条件句。
从上面几个例句可以看出：含蓄条件句起到简化句子的作用。但同时在语法角度又给我们增加了一定的难度，不出现if，有时我们经常把这类条件句当成普通的句子，导致错误发生考试时经常出现含蓄条件句，在以后的练习中我们要多加注意。
6、其他结构中的虚拟语气
(1)、if only引导的简单句虚拟语气形式：
例句1、If only he had a good voice.
他要是有个好嗓子就好了。
例句2、If only I had not been ill last week!
我上周要是没生病就好了。
(2)、would rather接从句，从句谓语动词用过去时形式：
例句1、I’d rather we went to see a film.
我倒更希望我们去看电影。
例句2、I’d rather you kept silence.
我倒希望你把嘴闭上。
7、混合虚拟语气
混合虚拟语气是指一个句子分成两个部分，其中一个部分用虚拟语气形式，另一个部分不用虚拟语气形式，这种情况我们可以通过上下文情景来分析哪部分是虚拟语气。
例句1、If anyone should give me gifts, please don’t accept.
要是谁给我礼物的话，千万不要收下。
句中的前一部分用的是虚拟语气形式，因为不一定会有人送礼物给我，这是一个虚拟的条件，第二部分用的是祈使语气，说的是实际情况是不能收下，这是一个真实的动作。
例句2、I took a taxi on my way to the airport, otherwise I would have been late.
我打车去的机场，否则我一定迟到了。
句中第一部分是真实情况，没有用虚拟语气形式，第二部分是不真实的情况，因为通过上下文情景我们能猜到结果：他没有迟到，因此用了和过去事实相反的虚拟语气形式。如果这句话完全用虚拟语气形式应该是这样的：If I hadn’t taken a taxi on my way to the airport, I might have been late.之前在含蓄条件句里面我们曾经举过类似的句子，因此含蓄条件句中属于通过情景来决定的虚拟语气也可以归结到混合条件句当中。

二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. (NMET 95)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
解析：答案为C。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。
2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94)
A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come
解析：答案为D。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。
3. —If he ___________, he ________that food.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93)
A.was warned; would not take
B.had been warned; would not have taken
C.would be warned; had not taken
D.would have been warned; had not taken
解析：答案为B。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语气的用法。根据下一句语境可知，他事先并没有得到警告，表示过去时间的虚拟语气，故选B。
三、虚拟语气专项练习
（一）、用括号内动词的适当形式填空：
1、 If she _________________ (work) harder, she would have succeeded.
2、 If you __________________ (be) in my place, you would do the same things.
3、 If I had learned English well, I __________________________ (be) able to sing the English song.
4、 If she ________________________ (come) tomorrow, I would tell her the story.
5、 Without electricity, human life ________________ (be) quite different today.
6、 Thank you for reminding me of the time，or I _____________(be)late yesterday.
7、 Had he been more careful，the mistake ____________________________(make).
8、I wish I _________________ (see) you yesterday.
（二）、选出最佳选项
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we __________all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. ________more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he _________ me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able
C. were not able D. are not able
4. If you asked your father, you ______________ permission.
A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
5. _____________today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, __________all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost
C. might lose D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ____________our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
9. If you ________________Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact
C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
10. ____________he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _____________your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ____________our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been
C. were D. hadn’t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it _____________ thirty races in five years.
A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be
C. there was D. there having been
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, had it been at all possible, but I ______ fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
18. I apologize if I __________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional(无意的).
A. offend B. had offended
C. should have offended D. might have offended
19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d______________ there by now.
A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
21. I wish that I _______________ with you last night.
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
22. I wish I ___________ with her.
A. would be B. am C. was D. were
23. I wish that I_____________ the concert last night.
A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended
24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I_______________ to it.
A. had not gone B. have not gone
C. did not go D. can not have gone
25. “I wish you___________ me to put these things away,” he said.
A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help
26. If the Watergate Incident_____________ Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling
27. I hadn’t expected ________James to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him calling me B. that he would call me
C. him to call me D. that he call me
28. George would certainly have attended the meeting, ____________________ .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
29. The teacher suggested that her students _____________ experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his
30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______________a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip____ a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he ______________ away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he ______as elephant.
A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
34. He described the town as if he_____________ it himself.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he _____________from an evil dream.
A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke
36. Most insurance agents would rather you ___________ anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.
A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do
37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who ______________their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
38. It is important that the TOEFL office ________ your registration.
A. will confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm
39. Without electronic computers, much of today’s ___________advanced technology.
A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved
C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved
40. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ____________a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
41. It is time that the government ______________measures to protect the rare birds and animals