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C8 科普学问类
【英语卷·2022届江苏省徐州市第一中学（徐州市）高三考前模拟（202205）】C8 C
Grasshoppers are having to change their song — one of the iconic sounds of summer — to make themselves heard above the noise of road traffic, ecologists have discovered. The study, published in the British Ecological Society's journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations. Animals use sound to communicate for many reasons, including marking out territory, warning of predators and finding mates, and although previous research shows birds, whales and even frogs change their calls in noisy environments, the impact of human-made noise on insects has been neglected until now. Ulrike Lampe and colleagues from the University of Bielefeld in Germany caught 188 male bow-winged grasshoppers, half from quiet locations and half from beside busy roads. The grasshoppers use their song to attract mates.
The team then studied the differences in the two groups' songs in the laboratory. To encourage them to sing they exposed the males to a female grasshopper, and then recorded their courtship songs. Analysis of almost 1,000 recordings revealed grasshoppers living beside noisy roads produced different songs to those living in quieter locations.
According to Lampe: "Bow-winged grasshoppers produce songs that include low and high frequency components. We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats increase the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum(频谱)."
The team's findings are important because traffic noise could be upsetting the grasshopper's mating system(交配系统). "Increased noise levels could affect grasshopper courtship in several ways. It could prevent females from hearing male courtship songs properly, prevent females from recognising males of their own species, or impair females' ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song," Lampe explains.
Having discovered that human-made noise affects insect communication, the researchers now want to learn more about how the mechanism works, and whether the grasshoppers adapt to noise during their development as larvae（幼虫）, or whether males from noisy habitats produce different songs due to genetic differences.
The bow-winged grasshopper is a common species in Central Europe. Adults occur mainly between July and September, preferring dry grasslands. Around 1.5 cm long, they vary in colour from green and browns to red and purple. The male's song consists of 2 second-long phrases that increase in amplitude (振幅) towards the end. The beginning of a phrase is characterised by slower ticking sounds that increase in speed and amplitude, leading to a buzzing sound towards the end of the phrase. A courtship song usually includes 2 phrases.
63. The author wrote the article to _________________.
A. introduce how grasshoppers make noises to attract mates.
B. raise the awareness of protecting bow-winged grasshoppers.
C. inform us of a recent discovery of ecological research.
D. warn us that human-made noise has changed ecological system.
64. Which of the following could be the main idea of the passage?
A. Bow-winged grasshoppers use their songs to communicate.
B. Grasshoppers change their songs to adapt to the noisy environment.
C. Grasshoppers’ songs include both low and high frequency components.
D. Bow-winged grasshoppers are a common species in Central Europe.
65. What does the underlined word “impair” in the fourth paragraph mean?
A. repair B. develop C. weaken D. improve
66. Which of the following statements is true according the passage?
A. Road noise can cover the lower-frequency part of their song.
B. Animals make sounds only for the purpose of finding mates.
C. Grasshopper larvae learn to adapt to human-made noise.
D. Bow-winged grasshoppers grow up into adults in spring.
【答案】
63.C 解析：写作意图 依据第The study, published in the British Ecological Society's journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations.可知目的是向我们介绍一个争辩成果，故选C项。
64.B 解析：细节理解题。依据第一段提到The study, published in the British Ecological Society's journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations.可知选B项。
65.C 解析：细节理解题。依据第四段提到It could prevent females from hearing male courtship songs properly, prevent females from recognising males of their own species, or impair females' ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song假如阻挡雄性听到雌性的歌曲，或减弱他们的力气来评估一下雌性对雄性的吸引力，故选C项。
66.A 解析：细节推断题。依据第三段提到We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats increase the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum(频谱)."可知选A项。
【解析 英语卷·2022届湖南省长沙市高考模拟试卷（二模）试题（202204）】C8 A
Humans aren’t the only ones getting a buzz from coffee. Caffeine can improve memory among honeybees and lead to better pollination(授粉). According to a recent study published in the journal Science.
The study was conducted by a team of researchers at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. They found that the nectar(花蜜) of some flowers, such as those from grapefruit and lemon plants, as well as certain coffee flowers, contains low doses of caffeine. To get bees to feed on these flowers, the team trained the insects to associate food with the smell of the flowers. They also trained another group of bees to feed on nectar from flowers that were sweetened with a sugar, but did not contain caffeine. After 24 hours, the bees trained on caffeinated flowers returned to these plants three times as often as those trained on the sweetened flowers returned to the uncaffeinated plants.
Professor Geraldine Wright led the researchers. “Remembering floral traits (花部特征) is difficult for bees to perform at a fast pace as they fly from flower to flower and we found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are,” Wright said in a statement.
Improved memory led to the better pollination. That’s because once bees sip the caffeine nectar, they continue to look for more coffee plants to pollinate. This also suggests that caffeine plays a role in improving the bees’ ability to search for food.
Researchers found that caffeine’s effect on the bee brain is similar to its effect on mammals. “The change is similar to that produced by caffeine in neurons (神经元)”associated with learning and memory in the rat brain,” Wright said.
Bee populations have declining since 2007. The dramatic drop in the insects’ numbers has serious effects for ecosystems and the farming industry. Bees are needed in the reproduction of crops and spreading wild flower species. Understanding what keeps bees buzzing could help to make sure that the insects are able to remember and pollinate their favorite flowers.
56. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
A. Caffeine has no effect on the rat brain.
B. Bee population has been increasing.
C. The nectar of lemon plants contains caffeine.
D. Bees dislike nectar from sweetened flowers.
解析：细节题。依据其次段其次句话：They found that the nectar(花蜜) of some flowers, such as those from grapefruit and lemon plants, as well as certain coffee flowers, contains low doses of caffeine.可以推断答案选C。
技巧点拨：细节题确定要依据选项和题干定位出文章中的具体依据，然后进行认真比对。正确选项就是对原文的同义改写或替换。
57. After reading the passage, John, who works in the farming industry, will probably feel ________.
A. annoyed B. angry C. nervous D. excited
解析：态度推断题，依据文章最终一段可知，蜜蜂对生态和农业生产有比较大的影响，所以当John读完这篇文章后当然是excited了，生活有期望了。选D。
技巧点拨：作者的态度倾憧憬往隐含在文章中，而不会明确说明，因此态度倾向题也是比较有难度的推理推断题型。这类题目一般分为两类：一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法；另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价。谈论文或记叙文往往考查作者的态度倾向。假如是论文，应当抓住作者的论点和论据；假如是记叙文，应当特殊留意作者总结性的文字(文章最终，所提事物描述的后面)。
58. Which of the following relationship is correct according to the passage?
A. improved memory — caffeine nectar — better pollination
B. caffeine nectar — improved memory — better pollination
C. improved memory — better pollination — caffeine nectar
D. caffeine nectar — better pollination — improved memory
解析：细节排序题，查看先后挨次，依据第三段（caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are,）、和第四段第一句话（Improved memory led to the better pollination.），可知答案选B。
技巧点拨：细节题确定要依据选项和题干定位出文章中的具体依据，然后进行认真比对。从而确定挨次。
59. We can know from the passage that ________.
A. the rat is a mammal
B. caffeine has nothing to do with memory
C. bees are good at remembering floral traits
D. Geraldine Wright did the research on his own
解析：细节推断题，依据文章第五段第一话中caffeine’s effect on the bee brain is similar to its effect on mammals. 后面又列举了rat的例子，那么就格外自然的选A了，老鼠是哺乳动物。
技巧点拨：细节推断题必需找到具体的依据，然后再此基础上进行推断，防止无端推断或推断 过头。
60. What section of a newspaper may this passage be taken from?
A. Science B. Education C. Culture D. Sports
解析：推断题，依据文章内容Caffeine can improve memory among honeybees and lead to better pollination(授粉).可以推断选A。
技巧点拨：主要依据文章内容，题材，进行推断。
【英语卷·2022届安徽省合肥市高三其次次教学质量检测】C8 C（2022·合肥其次次质检）
Eyeglasses correct many different types of sight problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism (散光). Trying to understand those different numbers on an eyeglass prescription (验光单) requires understanding the measurements optometrists (验光师) use when fitting you for corrective lenses (镜片).
Diopters (屈光度)
The numbers on your prescription are given in diopters, whose short form is "D". It is used to measure the focusing power, or amount of correction.
O.S. and O.D.
Optometrists use the Latin short form O.S. and O.D. to distinguish between your eyes. O.S. refers to your left eye, while O.D. refers to the right eye.
Generally, your prescription will show a number for O.S. and O.D. (given in diopters). The farther this number is on a number line from zero, the more correction your eyeglasses should provide. A plus sign means the eye is farsighted, while a minus sign means the eye is nearsighted.
Spherical Value
This plus or minus number for each eye is called the spherical value, or the degree of nearsightedness or farsightedness you have. Its short form is "S."
Cylinder
If you have an astigmatism, the optometrist will also measure its degree. The higher the number (given in diopters) marked as the cylinder of astigmatism, (its short form is "C"), the more astigmatism there is in that eye.
Axis
An astigmatism is also measured in terms of its axis, which is a number between 0 and 180. The axis of the astigmatism does not relate to the amount of cylinder, just the location of the irregularity of the astigmatism on that particular eye.
64. According to the first paragraph, various sight problems ______.
A. should be understood by the patients
B. can be avoided by wearing corrective lenses
C. should be tested by different optometrists
D. can be corrected by wearing eyeglasses
65. If you need a pair of corrective lenses, the optometrist will first value the numbers of ______.
A. Diopters B. Spherical Value C. Cylinder D. Axis
66. From the prescription above we can learn that Li Hua ______.
A. is farsighted B. is nearsighted C. has no astigmatism D. is normal in sight
67. The text is probably taken from ______.
A. an education report B. a school bulletin
C. a local newspaper D. an encyclopedia (百科全书)
【文章解读】文章介绍了怎样看验光师处方上面的符号和数字是什么含义，让人们更好的了解自己的眼镜，从而配一副适合自己的眼镜。
64. 【学问点】细节题
【答案解析】D 第一段第一句Eyeglasses correct many different types of sight problems.很多不同类型的眼睛问题都可以通过带眼镜矫正过来。.直接选D
65. 【学问点】细节题
【答案解析】A 其次段The numbers on your prescription are given in diopters, 可直接选A。
66. 【学问点】推断推理题
【答案解析】B 依据第四段最终一句A plus sign means the eye is farsighted, while a minus sign means the eye is nearsighted.加号是远视，减号是近视。李华的处方中 Os和Od的数据都是减号，可知李华是近视。选B
67. 【学问点】文章出处题
【答案解析】D 文章介绍了怎样看验光师处方上面的符号和数字是什么含义，让人们更好的了解自己的眼镜，从而配一副适合自己的眼镜。可知百科全书。选D
【英语卷·2022届黑龙江省大庆铁人中学高三考前模拟冲刺（202205） 解析】C8 B
It is generally believed that we are getting cleaned when we step under a shower. We are, but we’re also giving a home to lots of tiny little creatures we didn’t even know about. A showerhead carries thousands of bacteria(细菌) called Mycobacterium. These can cause problems like coughs and tiredness, and a general feeling of being sick. When you turn on the water, the bacteria go from the showerhead onto and into your body.
This is a finding of Norman R. Pace and his team at the University of Colorado, in the US. Pace’s team looked at 45 showerheads in nine American cities. They discovered that 30 percent of them had large amounts of flying Mycobacterium.
But Pace said that they pose few threats to the health．Only those with a weak immune system might need to worry．He told the New York Times that the bacteria are not as unpleasant as might be thought．He said that having a shower is no more dangerous than anything else we do in the morning．
But for those who feel sick about the idea of all those microorganisms(微生物), he had some advice. Let the water run for 30 seconds before getting into the shower. Why? The number of bacteria is smaller than that when the water is just turned on. If that seems like a waste of water, he added that you could also change your showerhead every few months.
However, Pace had good news, too. He has also been testing the air in US subways. Apart from iron particles(粒子), which are ground off the track by the wheels of trains, subway air is fresh. The reason is that a train’s movement pumps fresh outdoor air into the tunnels.
25. From the finding of Norman R. Pace, after taking a shower, we might cough or feel tired
because _______.
A. it’s easy to get a cold when taking a bath.
B. the showerhead carries many bacteria causing illness
C. we don’t get cleaned while showering
D. we don’t get a weak immune system
26. We can learn from the third paragraph that ________.
A. having a shower in the morning is more dangerous than at other time
B. the bacteria always threat people’s health when people have a shower
C. people with strong immune system needn’t fear microorganisms
D. it is better to do some exercise in the morning than have a shower
27. The underlined word “pose” in the third paragraph probably means “________”.
A. give birth to B. take charge of C. watch out for D. get away with
28. What leads to fresh air in US subways ?
A. The train’s movement. B. Iron particles.
C. Train wheels. C. Air conditioners on the trains.
【英语卷·2022届重庆市高三考前模拟试题（202204）word版解析】 C8 E
What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science? We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. A great many people believe, however, that the progress of civilization depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the
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