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第八讲 定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词
指代范围
在从句中所作成分
例 句
who
人
主语、宾语
(2022·高考新课标全国卷Ⅰ)And then，how many adults，who now complain (埋怨) about the long drives to work，eagerly drove for hours at a time when they first obtained their driver’s licenses(执照)?
然而，有多少最初拿到驾照的时候是很渴望开车几个小时的成年人也埋怨开车上班时间长。
whom
人
宾语
(2022·高考山东卷)Four days later Ann was still looking after the dog，whom they had started to call Riley.
四天后，安还在照看他们开头叫它Riley的狗。
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语(不引导非限制性定语从句)
①A plane is a machine that can fly.
②I don’t know the man (that) you mentioned.
which
物
主语、宾语
(2022·高考湖南卷)Over the years, I’ve learned to iron shirts skillfully, which gives me a sense of pride.
几年来，我已经学会了娴熟的熨衣服的技巧，这使我感到傲慢。
whose
人或物
定语
①Do you know the boy whose father (the father of whom/of whom the father) is an engineer?
②He lives in a house whose windows(the windows of which/of which the windows)face south.
(2022·高考江西卷)Among the many dangers________ sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.
A．which B．what
C．where D．when
解析：选A。考查定语从句。句意：在这些水手们必需面对的众多危急中，或许最大的危急是雾。which在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词many dangers，在从句中作face的宾语。
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关系代词的用法
二、只用that，which的状况
情 况
用法说明
例 句
只用that的状况
(1)先行词为all，everything，anything，
nothing，little，much等不定代词时；
(2)先行词被all，any，every，each，much，little，no，some，few等修饰时；
(3)先行词由形容词最高级和序数词修饰时；
(4)先行词既指人又指物时；
(5)先行词被the only，the very修饰时。
①He told me everything that he knows.
②All the books that you offered have been given out.
③This is the best film that I have ever seen.
④We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
⑤He is the only man that I want to see.
只用which的状况
当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。在非限制性定语从句中，只用which。
My cousin Tina serves as a translator, which is quite popular in some foreign business firms.
1．(2021·高考江苏卷)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
A．where B．which
C．what D．when
解析：选B。句意：世界银行主席说他对中国有一种情结，他记得这种情结始于他的儿童时代。本题考查定语从句。先行词是a passion for China，在定语从句中作start的宾语，要用关系代词，所以选B项。
2．(2022·高考陕西卷)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.
A．that B．which
C．as D．what
解析：选A。考查定语从句。句意：请把你有的有关申请那个职位的人的全部信息发给我们。分析题意和句子结构可知，you have about the candidate for the position作定语修饰前面的information。选择什么样的引导词，关键是分析先行词以及定语从句中缺少什么成分。what不能引导定语从句，故排解D项。句中have是一个及物动词，由此可以看出定语从句中缺少宾语，故用关系代词。又由于information被all修饰，所以不能用which作关系代词，再排解B项。
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词
指代范围
在从句中所作成分
例 句
when(＝at/on/in/during which)
时间
时间状语
We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
where＝(at/in which)
地点
地点状语
(2021·高考新课标全国卷Ⅱ)When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house where I would be staying.
why＝(for which)
缘由
缘由状语
I don’t know the reason why(＝for which)he was late.
温馨提示
(1)the way作先行词，当它在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；
(2)当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。
The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.(状语)
比较：The way (that/which)he explained to us was quite simple.(宾语)
当先行词是situation，stage，process，activity，case，condition等，且关系词在从句中作状语时，要用关系副词where，作主语、宾语用which或that。
(2021·芜湖一中模拟)A house bubble is an economic situation which occurs when house prices rise much too fast.
(2021·高考浙江卷)The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform where visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.
先行词为occasions，当“时机”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
1．(2022·高考湖南卷)I am looking forward to the day ________my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A．as B．why
C．when D．where
解析：选C。考查定语从句。句意：我期盼着有一天，我的女儿能读懂这本书，并能理解我对她的感情。本句中含有定语从句，先行词是the day，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导定语从句。
2．(2022·高考福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities ________they can gain experience for growth.
A．who B．when
C．which D．where
解析：选D。考查定语从句。句意：同学们应当乐观参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的阅历。分析句子结构可知，本句的先行词是community activities，将其移到后面的定语从句中为：they can gain experience for growth (in) community activities，由此可知关系词代替先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。
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关系副词when，where，why
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
介词＋关系代词
名(代)词＋介词＋which/whom
Please pass me the book，the cover of which is blue.
数词/形容词最高级＋of＋which/whom
He has ten cousins，the youngest of whom is clever.
介词(短语)＋which/whom
(2022·高考天津卷)Our class is made up of 52 students, all of whom are friendly and hard working.
我们班有52名同学，他们都很友好，学习很努力。
介词＋which/whose＋名词
①(2022·高考江西卷)A safari park is a park in which wild animals are kept.南非动物园是养动物的地方。
②I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have got this far.
温馨提示
(1)“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。
I can see a mountain in the distance，on the top of which stands an old temple dating from the Ming Dynasty.
(2)不常见的“介词＋关系副词”结构，如from where，since when等，意思上相当于from there，since then。
①I came here in 1949，since when I have been engaged in this work.
我1949年到这里，从那时起我就从事这项工作。
②China is the birth place of kites，from where kite flying spread to Japan，Korea，Thailand and India.中国是风筝的家乡，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。
(2022·高考天津卷)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，________ uses it differently.
A．all of which B．each of which
C．all of them D．each of them
解析：选B。考查定语从句及主谓全都。句意：英语是一种被好几种不同文化共享的语言，每种文化都用不同的方式使用它。首先依据空格后的uses使用的是一般现在时的第三人称单数形式知，空格处需用单数名词或代词，可从B、D两项中选择(A项和C项中的all示意空格后用use)；再依据uses是谓语动词知空格处是主语，只有B项each of which能作主语，由此本句构成了定语从句。若选D项each of them，空格前后两部分需用转折连词but连接，即构成but each of them uses，或用独立主格结构each of them using it differently。
五、as引导的定语从句
定语从句
区 别
例 句
as引导限制性定语从句
(1)“the same...that”that修饰的名词与原物是同一个；
(2)“the same...as...”as修饰的是与先行词同类型的一个东西。
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.(同一个书包)
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.(同类型的另一个)
“such/so...as...”和“such/so...that...”结构不同，as引导定语从句，而that引导状语从句。
They talked in such simple English as children could understand.(定语从句)
They talked in such simple English that children could understand it.(状语从句)
as引导非限制性定语从句
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句，通常先行词为整个句子，意为“正如……，正像……”。as引导的从句既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还要插入主句中。as常用于下列习惯用语中：
as we had expected
正如我们所预料的那样
as often happens
正如经常发生的那样
as has been said before正如以前所说的那样
as is mentioned above正如上面提到的
as is often the case
状况往往是这样
(2)which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。which从句只能位于被修饰句子的后面。
①The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
②They won the game，as we had expected.
正如我们所预料的一样，他们赢得了竞赛。
③The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.
天气结果很好，这超出了我们的想象。
1．(2021·高考山东卷)There is no simple answer，________ is often the case in science.
A．as B．that
C．when D．where
解析：选A。句意：没有简洁的答案，在科学上状况通常是这样。因句中有逗号，其后面的句子中无连词引导，可推断是定语从句。本句的先行词是空格前的整个句子，有此用法的是as。as在句中意为“正如，正像”。“as is often the case”常被看作是一个固定搭配，意为“状况通常是这样”，符合句意。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，when的先行词在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，where 的先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故B、C、D三项都不符合句意，应被排解。
2．(2021·高考安徽卷)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2022，________ made one of the Chinese people’s longheld dreams come true.
A．it B．that
C．what D．which
解析：选D。句意：莫言获得2022年诺贝尔文学奖，这件事使中国人民长期以来的一个幻想得以实现。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。it和what不能引导定语从句，可排解；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。故选D项。
六、特殊定语从句
分隔式定语从句
先行词与关系词分隔
插入式定语从句
关系代词与定语从句之间有插入语
省略式定语从句
介词＋关系代词＋不定式
介词＋关系副词
from where/since when也可引导定语从句
①The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
体力是你赖以生存的唯一手段的日子一去不复返了。
②(2021·重庆一中高三模拟)To own a computer in families，which we thought was impossible twenty years ago，now becomes true.家里有台电脑，在20年前我们认为这是不行能的事，现在实现了。
③We stood at the top of the hill，from where we can see the town.我们站在山顶上能看到全镇的景色。
④The poor man has no house in which to live.
＝The poor man has no house(that/which) he can live in.这个可怜的人没有房子住。
温馨提示 在英语中，有很多从句，如主语从句、同位语从句以及强调句型与定语从句有很多相像之处。因此，命题人会利用这些相像性，设置一个特定语境，来考查考生对这些易混点的辨析力气。遇到这样的问题，我
们的思路就是，抓住它们各自的特征，结合语境去推断到底属于何种句型或从句。
①I have three cars，none of which is in good condition.(定语从句)
②I have three cars，but none of them is in good condition.(并列句)
③The suggestion that he came up with is practical.(定语从句，that在从句中充当宾语可省略)
④He gave me a suggestion that we should read aloud every morning.(同位语从句，that在从句中不作成分，但不行省略)
(2022·高考重庆卷)We’ll reach the sales targets in a month ________we set at the beginning of the year.
A．which B．where
C．when D．what
解析：选A。考查分割式定语从句。句意：我们将在一个月之内完成年初设定的销售目标。先行词为the sales targets，把先行词代入定语从句后为“we set the sales targets at the beginning of the year”，先行词在定语从句中作宾语，故用关系代词which引导定语从句。此题易误选C项，把a month当作了先行词，when引导定语从句时，先行词虽为表示时间的词，但在从句中要作状语，而题干中从句缺少的是宾语，由此可排解C项。
1．A story I read two years ago，________name I can’ t remember clearly, changed my idea about education.
A．which B．that
C．whose D．what
解析：选C。考查定语从句。句意：两年前我读过的一个故事，它的名字我记不清楚了，转变了我对训练的看法。whose修饰name，引导非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰先行词A story。
2．(2021·湖南六校联考)Today is my grandfather’s 100th birthday，an occasion ________ we are going to celebrate with all the family and a few friends in for the evening.
A．who B．which
C．where D．when
解析：选B。考查定语从句。句意：今日是我爷爷的一百岁生日，晚上我们全家会和几个伴侣聚在一起庆祝这个日子。本句中的先行词为occasion，在定语从句中作celebrate的宾语，所以用关系代词which引导。
3．(2021·湖南衡阳毕业联考)Love was a magnificent building________I built on the foundation of friendship，which took time to blossom.
A．where B．which
C．as D．what
解析：选B。考查定语从句。句意：爱是我建立在友情的基础上的壮丽的房子，这需要时间才能绽放。先行词building在从句中作built的宾语，所以关系代词可以用which/that或不填。
4．(2021·湖南省“五市十校”联合检测)High school is a good time________we learn to give serious thought to our future.
A．who B．when
C．which D．where
解析：选B。考查定语从句。句意：高中时代是一个奇怪的时候，在那个时候我们应当学会认真地思考我们的将来。分析句子结构可知a good time为先行词，后面的定语从句中缺少时间状语，故用when引导。
5．(2021·四川成都诊断)American students take part in a wide variety of after-school activities________they develop their social skills.
A．where B．which
C．that D．what
解析：选A。考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词activities，且空处在句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。
6．(2021·四川成都四校联考)My uncle retired in 1998，________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
A．at which
B．since when
C．when
D．after that
解析：选B。考查定语从句。后面用的是现在完成进行时，因此引导词前加since，when此处起关系代词的作用，代表某个“时间点”。
7．(2021·湖南湘南五校联考)The taxi driver，________car was seriously damaged in the crash，was responsible for the accident.
A．who B．whom
C．whose D．which
解析：选C。考查定语从句。句意：那位出租车司机为这起事故负责，他的车在碰撞中受损严峻。定语从句中缺少定语，故用whose。
8．When talking about the most popular Chinese Internet words，the first________comes into the mind may be“tuhao”．
A．what B．which
C．one D．that
解析：选D。考查定语从句。句意：在谈到中国最受欢迎的网络用语时，第一个进入脑海的可能是“土豪”。句中the first 为先行词，其后是that引导的定语从句，即that comes into the mind，may be为主句的谓语。
9．What if we meet with a situation________none of us are able to deal with?
A．that B．in which
C．what D．where
解析：选A。考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，首先排解C。因先行词为a situation，关系词在从句中作deal with的宾语，所以使用that引导该定语从句。
10．With the help of the collected money，subways can be built sooner and better，________brings convenience to citizens.
A．as B．what
C．who D．which
解析：选D。考查定语从句。句意：在募集的资金的挂念下，地铁可以修建得更快更优，这为市民带来了便利。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容。
11．(2021·安徽马鞍山质量检测)I wouldn’t like to work in a business，________almost everyone is waiting for opportunities.
A．when B．which
C．where D．why
解析：选C。考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词a business，此处表示抽象地点，由于关系词在从句中作地点状语，所以使用where引导定语从句。
12．(2021·四川成都诊断)The school library is a resource________you can take advantage to make progress.
A．in which
B．on which
C．from which
D．of which
解析：选D。考查定语从句。此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，take advantage of表示“利用”，依据该搭配可知，应选择D。
13．(2021·浙江名校高考争辩联盟联考)My grandmother lived in a generation ________ women were looked down upon.
A．where B．when
C．that D．why
解析：选B。句意：我的祖母生活在一个妇女被看不起的时代。此处用when引导定语从句，修饰先行词generation，when在从句中作时间状语。
14．(2021·盐城高三质检)The living standard of the people in China，________ is shown in the report，has improved over the past decades.
A．what B．as
C．it D．that
解析：选B。句意：正如报告所显示的，中国人民的生活水平在过去的几十年里已经得到了改善。这里用as引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词as指代主句的内容并在从句中作主语。
15．(2021·浙江杭州质检)The two flu cases，________ occurred a week ago，were caused by H7N9 virus.
A．the first of what
B．the first of them
C．the first of which
D．the first of whom
解析：选C。句意：这两起流感病例都是由H7N9病毒引起的，其中第一例是一个星期前发生的。这里需要用关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词在从句中作of的宾语且指物，故用which引导。
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