微型企业财务管理-外文献翻译.doc

重 庆 理 工 大 学文 献 翻 译二级学院 (全称) 班 级 学生姓名 学 号 中小型企业财务管理模式的探析摘要 中小企业作为一个整体的组织.在经济全球化时代的经济发展做出了突出贡献，越来越多的国家重视中小企业.虽然中小企业发挥了重要作用，促进经济发展，但是许多中小企业的作用相当一部分单纯追求销量和市场份额而忽略核心地位的财务管理。管理意识是刚性的，仅限于生产经营的管理结构和企业管理，企业财务管理和风险控制没有得到充分使用，这对中小型企业的信贷和融资渠道产生了负面影响，原因是缺乏有效的财务管理支持。所以深化金融改革，探讨了金融的潜力，提高财务管理水平，建立财务管理模式适合中小企业的现状是重中之重。关键词：中小型企业，财务管理，财务管理模式中小型企业的概念中小型企业被各界人士和政府机构以各种方式定义，正如它在不同的国家以多种方式发挥作用。微型企业被认为是一个小公司或中型企业。不管怎样，我们的工作即包括微型企业或小型业务，也包括中等规模业务。对小型公司进行最全面研究的是在英国，由博尔顿委员会提出（1971）。委员会定义“小型公司”为“一个不超过200名员工的企业”。 财务管理 财务管理是基于企业在生产过程中客观存在的财务活动和财务关系而产生的，是组织企业资金活动、处理企业同各方面的财务关系的一项经济管理工作，是企业管理的重要组成部分。财务管理模式财务管理模式是指管理者在一定财务管理思想的指导下，对企业财务管理目标、财务管理对象和财务管理方法进行整合以推动财务管理活动有效、合理运行的一种管理状态。1.目前存在的问题1、片面追求“热门”产业，不顾客观条件和自身能力，无视对企业发展的影响，认为什么行业都可以做，什么行业都能够做好。对项目的投资规模、资金结构、建设周期以及资金来源等缺乏科学的筹划与部署，对项目建设和经营过程中将要发生的现金流量缺乏可靠的预测，仓促上马。一旦国家收紧银行信贷，使得建设资金不能如期到位，企业就面临进退两难的境地，甚至造成巨大经济损失。近几年来许多企业所投资的钢铁、电解铝、水泥等项目由于资金困难而夭折，或“割肉”卖出或成为永久性“在建工程”，不仅企业自己为此付出了惨重的代价，也将一些银行拖入泥潭。2、财务风险意识淡薄，企业始终在高风险区运行。这表现在三个方面：一是过度负债。企业要发展，就不可避免地要负债经营，充分利用财务杠杆的作用。但是，一些企业不顾成本、不惜代价，不考虑自身的偿还能力，千方百计从银行获取贷款。有些企业甚至不明白“借债还钱”这一最浅显不过的道理，认为从银行获得贷款就是获得利润，只考虑如何将贷款弄到手，而并没有认真考虑如何能让有限的资金发挥效益，更没有考虑如何偿还。在借入资金不能有效发挥作用的情况下，一些企业进入了靠贷款维持生存的恶性循环。其结果是债台高筑，财务风险极大。二是短债长投。企业要获得固定资产贷款比较困难。一些企业就采取变通的办法，擅自改变贷款用途，将短期借债用于投资回收期过长的长期项目投资，导致企业流动负债大大高于流动资产，使企业面临极大的潜在支付危机；三是企业之间相互担保，相同资产重复抵押，或为了融资而不断投资新项目，甚至“拆东墙补西墙”，形成复杂的债务链。这不仅加大了银行对企业财务状况判断的难度，也给财务监管带来很大困难，造成整体负债率不断抬高，企业经营成本和财务费用不断加大，支付能力日渐脆弱，资金链条过紧并随时可能出现断裂。3、财务控制薄弱。一是对现金管理不严，形成资金闲置或不足。有些企业认为现金越多越好，造成现金闲置，未参加生产周转；二是没有建立严格的赊销政策，缺乏有力的催收措施，应收账款不能兑现或形成呆账，应收账款周转缓慢，资金回收困难。三是存货控制薄弱，造成资金呆滞。很多企业月末存货占用资金往往超过其营业额的数倍，形成资金呆滞，周转失灵。四是重钱不重物，资产流失、浪费严重。2.解决财务管理问题的对策1.增强融资能力。中小企业融资渠道窄,直接影响财务管理的质量。也成为制约中小企业发展的瓶颈。中小企业经营规模小、抵御市场风险能力差,应根据自身的特点尽可能地把资金投放到回收期短、风险相对较低的项目上,提高资金使用效益,有效拓宽企业融资 2.正确进行投资决策。中小企业要建立自己的中长期目标,正确处理好目前与长远利益的关系,树立投资信心。要根据财务部门提供的真实的各项财务指标作依据,分析企业自身的经营状况,确定自身的投资取向。应对所投资的项目进行可行性分析,即从产品的先进性,市场生产力和市场竞争力去分析,进行科学的预测和决策,对风险程度大的项目,决策面临不确定性的风险方案应主动回避。分散资金投向,降低投资风险。投资多元化是现代企业降低投资风险、控制投资风险的有效途径。3.加强财会人员的职业教育,重视财会创新人才的培养和激励。财会人员必须熟悉和遵守国家的法律法规,遵守财经纪律和制度,遵守职业道德规范、有良好的业务素质,这是实施财务创新工程的基本要求,也是创新能力和创新精神,另外,要注意在个人素质包括创新意识、创造能力和创新精神。另外,财会人员应树立的现代理财观念,包括竞争观念、风险观念、负债经营观念、盈利观念、效率观念、资金的时间价值观念、注重无形资产观念和法制观念。4.建立完善的财务管理制度。要建立起岗位分工制和轮换制,特别对于不相容的岗位,如会计和出纳,不能让一个人担任,而且对于同一个岗位,同一个人担任的时间应有一定的期限,到了这个期限,就应当实行轮换。规范会计核算。提高会计基础工作的水平。作者：Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama出处：Economic Research.2009The Organization of Financial management modeAbstract SMEs as a whole have made outstanding contributions to the economic development of countriesIn an economic globalization era，more and more countries pay attention to the role of SMEsAlthough American SMEs played a major role in promoting the countryS economic development，many American SMEs simply pursuit the considerable portion of sales and market share and ignored the core position of the financial managementThe management sense is rigid，and enterprise management limited to the production and operation of the management structure，enterprise financial management and risk control have not been fully used，which lead to negative effects on SMEs credit and financing channelsThe reason is the lack of an effective financial management supportTherefore，deepen financial reform， explored the financial potential，improved the level of financial management，reform The mode of finance managementoperation，and build up the financial management mode which suit to the present status of amerian SMEs are the top priorityKey words：SMEs；financial management；financial management modeConcept of small and medium scale business Small and medium scale enterprise have been defined in various ways by various people and government agency just as It has been worked on in various ways by different nation. Micro business has been recognized, a small firm is recognized as well as medium scale business. However, our work will cover both the micro business or small-scale business and the medium scale business. The most comprehensive study of small firms in the United Kingdom was that carried out by the Bolton Committee (1971). The committee defined small firms “as one with not more than 200 employees. Financial management The financial management of financial activities and financial relations based on the objective existence of the enterprise in the production process,is organization enterprise fund activities to deal with an economic management of the enterprises and the various aspects of the financial relationship and is an important part of enterprise management.Financial management mode Financial management mode under the guidance of managers in certain financial management thought,of Corporate Financial Management Standard, financial management objects and financial management methods to integration promote effective financial management activities, reasonable running of a state.Present problems 1.One-sided pursuit of hot industry, regardless of objective conditions and their own ability, ignoring the impact of the national macro-control of enterprise development, and that what the industry can do, what the industry can do a good job. Some enterprises even one-sided that state regulation of what should be on what can certainly make money. Second, the scale of investment in the project, capital structure, the construction period, as well as sources of funding, lack of scientific planning and deployment, the lack of reliable forecasts of the cash flow of the project construction and operation of process that will take place hastily. Once the state has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the tightening of bank credit, construction funds can not be scheduled in place, businesses face a dilemma, even causing huge economic losses. Not only the enterprises themselves to pay a heavy price, some banks will also be dragged into the quagmire. 2.Weak awareness of financial risks, the business has always been run in a high-risk area.Enterprises to develop, it is inevitable to liability business, make full use of the role of financial leverage. However, some companies, regardless of the cost, at all costs, do not consider their own ability to repay, and do everything possible to obtain loans from banks. Some companies do not even understand the debt to repay the most simple and obvious truth, that to obtain loans from the bank is to make a profit, and only to consider how loans get their hands on, and did not seriously consider how to make limited funds play a benefit more did not consider how to repay. Borrowed funds can not play an effective role, some companies have entered a vicious cycle to rely on loans to survive. As a result, debt-ridden, great financial risk. 3.Weak financial controls. Strictly for cash management, the formation of unused funds or insufficient. Some companies believe that cash as possible, resulting in idle cash, did not participate in the production of turnover; does not establish a strict credit policy, the lack of effective collection measures, receivables can not be cashed, or the formation of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable turnover is slow, the recovery of funds difficult. Inventory control is weak, cause funding sluggish. Countermeasures to address financial management issues 1.Narrow financing channels for SMEs, a direct impact on the quality of financial management. Also become a bottleneck restricting the development of small and um-sized enterprises. The SMEs operating small-scale, poor to withstand market risks, should be based on their characteristics as much as possible the funds devoted to the short payback period, a relatively low-risk projects, improve capital efficiency, effectively broaden the corporate finance. 2.SMEs to establish medium-and long-term goals, and properly handle the current and long-term interests to establish confidence in investing. Basis, the analysis of the enterprises own operating conditions to be true of the financial indicators provided by the finance department to determine their own investment approach. Should invest in the project feasibility analysis, analysis from the advanced nature of the products, market productivity and market competitiveness, scientific forecasting and decision-making, large project on the degree of risk, the decision facing the uncertainty of the risk program should take the initiative avoided. Dispersing funds to reduce investment risk. Investment diversification is the effective way for modern enterprises to reduce investment risk and control investment risk. 3.Accountants must be familiar with and comply with national laws and regulations, compliance with the financial discipline and system, to comply with professional ethics, good business qualities, which are the basic requirements for the implementation of financial innovation project, but also the ability to innovate and the spirit of innovation. 4.To establish the positions of division of labor system and the system of rotation, especially for incompatible positions, such as accounting and cashier, you can not let a person who should have a certain period of time and for the same job, the same individuals as the time, to the period should be rotated. Standardize accounting. Raise the level of basic accounting work.Writer: Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama From: Economic Research.2009 译 文 评 阅导师评语（应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生外文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价） （要求手写）指导教师： 年 月 日2010年读书节活动方案一、 活动目的：书是人类的朋友，书是人类进步的阶梯！为了拓宽学生的知识面，通过开展“和书交朋友，遨游知识大海洋”系列读书活动，激发学生读书的兴趣，让每一个学生都想读书、爱读书、会读书，从小养成热爱书籍，博览群书的好习惯，并在读书实践活动中陶冶情操，获取真知，树立理想！ 二、活动目标： 1、通过活动，建立起以学校班级、个人为主的班级图书角和个人小书库。 2、通过活动，在校园内形成热爱读书的良好风气。 3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。4、通过活动，促进学生知识更新、思维活跃、综合实践能力的提高。 三、活动实施的计划 1、 做好读书登记簿 （1） 每个学生结合实际，准备一本读书登记簿，具体格式可让学生根据自己喜好来设计、装饰，使其生动活泼、各具特色，其中要有读书的内容、容量、实现时间、好词佳句集锦、心得体会等栏目，高年级可适当作读书笔记。 （2） 每个班级结合学生的计划和班级实际情况，也制定出相应的班级读书目标和读书成长规划书，其中要有措施、有保障、有效果、有考评，简洁明了，易于操作。 （3）中队会组织一次“读书交流会”展示同学们的读书登记簿并做出相应评价。 2、 举办读书展览： 各班级定期举办“读书博览会”，以“名人名言”、格言、谚语、经典名句、“书海拾贝”、“我最喜欢的”、“好书推荐”等形式，向同学们介绍看过的新书、好书、及书中的部分内容交流自己在读书活动中的心得体会,在班级中形成良好的读书氛围。 3、 出读书小报：