英语翻译基本理论省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

LectureOneAnintroduction第1页Contentsofthislecture1.Abriefintroductiontothiscourse;2.Coursearrangement；3.Requirementsofthiscourse;4.Anintroductiontotranslation；第2页 Translation Theory and PracticeisacourseforEnglishmajorofseniorones.ItdemandsyoutogoontrainingyourbasiclanguageskillsandlearnmoreaboutEnglishmajor.Meanwhile,itdemandsyougoonenlargingyourscopeofknowledgeandstrengtheningyoursensibilitytoculturaldifferencessoastoimproveyourabilitytotranslatebetweenEnglishandChinese.理论性；实践性第3页翻译是一项艰辛劳动Itisprobablythemostcomplextypeofeventsinthehistoryofthecosmos.(I.A.Richards,1953)Itisquitedemanding.Manypeopleholdthatexceptionaltranslatorsareborn,notmade.(e.g.Nida)Potentialtranslatorsmusthaveahighlevelofaptitudeforthecreativeuseoflanguage.第4页Itisnotaperipheraldiscipline,butwhatitinvolvesgoesbeyondtheboundaryofanyparticularbranchoflearning.Itisnotinter-lingualtransfer,butcross-culturaltransfer.(MarySnell-Hornby)第5页PrerequisitesofatranslatorTheenhancementofourpoliticalconsciousnessThebettermentofourcommandoftherelevantlanguagesThebroadeningoftherangeandscopeofourgeneralknowledge.ByZhouEn-lai第6页CoursearrangementIntroductionTranslationtheoryTranslationskillsandpracticeExercises第7页Requirements1.Classattendance(Ifyourabsencegoestothreetimes,includingthethirdone,yourfinalmarkswillbedecreased.)2.Classperformance(Everyoneofyouwillbedemandedtotranslate/interpretintheclassandIwillrecordthem)3.Exam第8页TosumupWhy(为何翻译？)What(何为翻译？)How(翻译何为？)第9页BasicKnowledgeofTranslationTheoryTranslationTranslationcriteriaorprincipleTranslationstrategiesLiteraltranslationandliberaltranslationTerms第10页“洪荒造塔语言殊，从此人间要象胥”（马祖毅，：1）Translationexistsbecausemenspeakdifferentlanguages.(Steiner,:51)斯坦纳说：“翻译之所以存在，是人们讲不一样语言。”“正是因为语言不通，人们才产生要对话欲望才产生翻译”（郑海凌，：5）第11页西欧所以能有今天文明，用一个西方学者话来说，这要“归功于翻译者”。（Kelly：1979：1）第12页五千年来，即使经历了不少波折，走过了不少坎坷道路，不过中华文化却一直没有消逝？“倘若拿河流来作比，中华文化这一条大河，有水满时候，也有水少时候，但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入次数大大小小是颇多。最大有两次，一次是从印度来水，一次是从西方来水。而这两次大注入依靠都是翻译。中华文化所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！”（林煌天，1997：季羡林序）第13页Thedefinitionintheolddays翻译活动在中国由来己久，在礼纪.王制中就有记载：“中国、夷、蛮、戎、狄五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不一样。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄踶，北方曰译。”（马祖毅，:2）在今后，翻译已经并正在经历着发展高潮。第14页“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”贾公彦(618-907)唐朝“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”法云(960-1279)宋代TheBritishscholarDr.SamuelJohnsononcesaid:“Totranslateistochangeintoanotherlanguage,remainingthesense.”第15页The current definition(1)Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.-NidaCatford defines translation as“the replacement of texual material in one language(SL)by equivalent texual matererial in another language(TL)”(1965:21)第16页A good translation is one which has the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.-Tytler 第17页Thecurrentdefinition(2)Thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)-Prof.HuangLongTranslatology翻译是把一个语言所承载文化信息转换成另一个另一个语言文化信息，它包含语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。（曹明伦）第18页翻译是把一个语言表示意义用另一个语言表示出来，以到达沟通思想情感、传输文化知识、促进社会文明，尤其是推进译语文化兴旺兴盛目标。（孙致礼）第19页InsummaryTranslationistheinformationtransferringbetweentwolanguagesandtheculturalcommunicationbetweentwolanguagefamilies.Translationisarenderingfromonelanguageintoanother.Translationisanart,abilingualart,acraft,askill,anoperationandcommunication.Translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.第20页BasicpointsinTranslation1.Binaryoppositioneg:Synchronicperspective-Diachronicperspectiveprescriptive-descriptiveLiteraltranslation-Liberaltranslation第21页2.DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternTranslationStudies:各自产生于各具特色中国和西方文化中华民族与西方民族思维方式不一样，差距很大。中国译论：产生于中国文化，是主观印象式理论。特点：个性，联想发挥式，不乏真知灼见，言简意赅，但缺乏系统性和可操作性。西方译论：客观分析式理论。科学、客观、系统、往往含有本身体系性，含有与之相关一系列术语，可操作性强。第22页ClassificationofTranslationa)Intermsoflanguages1.Translationfromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguages2.Translationfromforeignlanguagesintonativelanguagesb)Intermsofmode1.oralinterpretation2.writtentranslation3.machinetranslation第23页C).SLandTL:Interlingualtranslation,Intralingualtranslation,Intersemiotictranslationd).Intermsofdisposal(处理方式处理方式)1.full-texttranslation（全文翻译)2.abridged/adaptedtranslation（摘译/辑译)译写？第24页e)Intermsofmaterialstobetranslated1.Materialsforscienceandtechnology2.translation of literary works such asnovels,stories,prose,poetry,dramaetc.3.translationofmaterialsinpoliticalfieldsuch as treatises on social problems,reports,speechesetc.4.translationofpracticalwritingssuchasofficialdocuments,contractsandagreement,notices,receipts,etc.第25页TranslationCriteriaorPrincipleTytlerstranslationcriteriaYanfustranslationcriteriaOtherstranslationcriteria第26页TytlersEssay on the Principles of Translation,1790Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal;Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.第27页YanFusFaithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance“Faithfulness”meansthefullandcompleteconveyingoftheoriginalcontentofthought;“Expressiveness”demandsthattheversionshouldbeclearandflowingwithoutanygrammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogicandsense;“Elegance”referstotheuseofclassicalChinesebeforetheHanDynasty.第28页Otherstranslationprinciples(1)LuXuns:Ratherbefaithful(inthought)thansmooth(inlanguage)inoppositiontoLiangShi-qiustranslationprinciplein1930s.FuLeis:TLshouldbesimilartoSLbothinFormandinSpirit.LiuZhongdes:faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness.faithfulness:tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal;expressiveness:tobeasexpressiveandsmoothastheoriginal;closeness:tobeasclosetotheoriginalstyleaspossible.(信、达、切信、达、切)LiangShiqiusandZhaoJingshens:“Itsbettertohaveasmoothversionthanafaithfulone.”中国传统译伦四大支柱：案本中国传统译伦四大支柱：案本-求信求信-神似神似-化境化境第29页Otherstranslationprinciples(2)EugeneA.Nidas:DynamicequivalenceorFunctionalequivalenceorEquivalent-effecttheory.Thetranslatoristoproduceasnearlypossiblethesameeffectonhisreadersaswasproducedonthereadersoftheoriginal.第30页Otherstranslationprinciples(3)PeterNewmarks:SemantictranslationandCommunicativetranslation.Semantictranslation:Thetranslatorattempts,withinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsoftheTL,toproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheauthor.Semantictranslationfocusesprimarilyuponthesemanticcontentofthesourcetext.Communicativetranslation:ThetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTLreadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders.Communicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.第31页TranslationcriteriaFaithfulnessandsmoothnessFaithfulnessreferstothatcontentandstyleofTLshouldbefaithfultotheSL.Smoothnessrequiresthatversionshouldbeclearanddistinct,flowingandeasytoreadwithoutsignsofthemechanicalword-for-wordtranslation,ofobscurelanguage,ofgrammaticalmistakes,confusedstructureandlogic.第32页Translationstrategies:foreignizationanddomesticationForeignization:IfthetranslatorspreferenceisplacedonpreservingthelanguageandculturaldifferencesoftheSourceText,wecallthiskindofapproachesoritstranslationforeignizingorforeignization.（SLculture-orientedstrategy）Domestication:themethodorpracticeofadaptingthetranslationtothenormsandvaluesoftheTargetLanguageandcultureiscalleddomesticatingordomestication.（TLculture-orientedstrategy）第33页Examples(1)谋事在人，成事在天。（曹：谋事在人，成事在天。（曹：95）Manproposes,Heavendisposes.(Yang:90)Manproposes,Goddisposes.(Hawkes:152)第34页Examples(2)Unlessyouveanaceupyoursleeve,wearedished.除非你有锦囊妙计，不然我们是输定了。除非你手中藏有王牌，不然我们是输定了。第35页Examples(3)AmongWolvesonemusthowl.入乡随俗在狼群中你就得嗥Gotolawforasheep,youloseacow.捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。（归）为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。（异）第36页TwobasictranslationmethodsLiteralTranslationmeansword-for-wordtranslation.Ittakessentencesasitsbasicunitsandthewholetextintoconsiderationatthesametimeinthecourseoftranslation.Itstrivestoreproduceboththeideologicalcontentandthestyleoftheentireliteraryworkandretainasmuchaspossiblethefiguresofspeech.LiberalTranslationisalsocalledFreeTranslation.Itisasupplementarymeanstomainlyconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternorfiguresofspeech.第37页Examples(1)Tokilltwobirdswithonestone.一石二鸟一箭双雕，一举两得第38页Examples(2)Theworstwheelofacartcreaksmost.最坏车轮最会嘎吱响。才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，埋怨最忙；能猫不叫，叫猫不能。第39页Examples(3)树倒猢狲散Whenthetreefalls,themonkeysscatter.Membersrunawaywhenthefamilyfalls./Ratsleaveasinkingship.第40页Terms(1)Polysemy:Onewordhasvariouspartsofspeechandvariousmeaning.Firthsaid:“Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.”Examples第41页Examples(1)Iwantmymartinidry.TherearestillsomedrystatesintheUnitedStates.Sheprefersdrybread.第42页我马丁尼酒不要甜。在美国还有几洲禁酒。她喜欢无奶油面包。第43页Examples(2)Thecowsaredry.Hegaveusadrylectureyesterday.Iamsurewhathepresentedwasadryfact.第44页这些母牛缺奶。昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味讲演。我相信，他所列举是铁普通事实。第45页Terms(2)Commendatoryandderogatorywords:Commendatorywordmeansapraisingword,orawordingoodsense.Derogatorywordmeansawordtolessenorimpairthepowerorauthorityorawordinbadsense.Examples第46页Examples(1)Manypeoplethinkthatheisoneofthemostambitiouspoliticiansofourtimes.很多人认为他是现今最有野心有野心政客之一。Althoughheisveryyoung,heisveryambitiousinhisresearchwork.他即使很年轻，不过在研究工作中很有雄雄心壮志心壮志。第47页Example(2)Theyincitedhimtogointofurtherinvestigation.他们勉励勉励他做深入调查。Theplottersincitedthesoldierstoriseagainsttheirofficers.阴谋家煽动煽动士兵们造军官反。第48页Terms(3)Diction:Itmeansproperchoiceofwordsintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Examples第49页Examples(1)Wecanmakeoutthemeaningofthewordfromthecontext.我们能够从上下文上下文判断出这个词意思。WeshouldsettlethedisputesinthecontextoftheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence.我们应该在和平共处五项标准基础上基础上处理这些争端。第50页Examples(2)ItisinthiscontextthatthetragedyofSaharawasborn.撒哈拉沙悲剧正在这种情况情况下发生。WemustoperatewithinthecontextoftheOlympianSpirit.我们必须按照奥林匹克精神精神办事。第51页Examples(3)Inthiscontext,IvetocallyourattentiontothefactthatthepeacefultrendintheIndo-ChinaPeninsulaisessentialtopeaceintheworld.就此而论就此而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这么一个事实：印度支那半岛局势稳定对世界和平来说是至关主要。第52页Examples(4)Thetraditionalpatternofclassroomexperienceatthecollegelevelbringstheprofessorandagroupof20to30studentstogetherfora45-to-50minuteclasssessiontwoorthreetimesaweek.Themostcommonmodeofinstructionisthelecture.由一位教授和二三十名学生每七天会晤两三次，每次讲课时间45分钟到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学传统方式。最普遍教学方式是讲课讲课。第53页Terms(4)Repetition:Intranslationwearerequiredtorepeatwordsoverandoveragainforclearness,forthesakeofemphasisandforattractiveness(vividness).Examples第54页ExamplesBigfamilieshadtheirowndifficulties.大家庭有大家庭大家庭难处。Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.无知是羡慕根源，也是恐惧根源根源。第55页Terms(5)Amplification:Itmeanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationworksoastomaketheversioncorrectandclear.Wordsthussuppliedmustbeindispensableeithersyntacticallyorsemantically.Examples第56页Examples(1)Thenumberofchildrenbeingexcludedintheareaisgettingoutofhand.该地域学生被开除现象现象已到了无法控制地步。“AccordingtoDr.John,”hesaid,“thepatientslifeisstillindanger.Thefirstaidmustberenderedassoonaspossible.”“依据约翰大夫诊疗诊疗，”他说，“这位患者生命依然处于危险之中，必须尽快采取抢救办法。”第57页Examples(2)Thenalittleoverdecadeago,ProfessorsHoyle,Bondi,andGold,workingatCambridge,proposedanentirelydifferentscheme.然而三十多年前，剑桥大学霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授三位教授却提出了完全不一样学说。第58页Terms(6)Omission:Intheprocessoftranslationwemaymakeproperomissionofsomeindividualwordsinaccordancewiththecorrespondinglawsinherentinthetwolanguagesconcernedinordertoretainandbetterexpresstheoriginalmeaning.Examples第59页ExamplesHewhohasneverreachedtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到长城非好汉。Asthetemperatureincreases,thevolumeofwaterbecomesgreater.温度增高，水体积就会增大。第60页Terms(7)Conversion:Itmeansthatintranslationawordinonelanguagebelongingtoacertainpartofspeechisnotnecessarilytobeturnedintooneofthesamepartofspeechinanotherlanguage.Examples第61页ExamplesTheturningpointofmylifewasmydecisiontogiveupapromisingbusinesscareerandstudymusic.我生活转折点是我决定决定不做发迹有望商人而专攻音乐。AglancethroughhisofficewindowoffersapanoramicviewoftheWashingtonMonumentandtheLincolnMemorial.从他办公室窗口能够一眼看到看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆全景。第62页Terms(8)Inversion:Byinversionintranslationwemeanthattheconstituentelementsofasentencearearrangedinwaydifferentfromthegeneralrulesofwordorderofthelanguageinquestion.Examples第63页ExamplesItsgoodyouvesoconsiderate.你想得这么周到很好。Formerlyaworkerhimself,hewasnowanengineer.他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。Sendusamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。第64页Terms(9)Negation:Itmeansintranslationsomewords,phrasesorsentenceswithnegativeexpressioninSLmaybetransformedintoaffirmativeexpressioninTL.Viceversa,someaffirmativeexpressioninSLmaybetransformedintonegativeexpressioninTL,tomaketheversionclearerandmoreexplicit.Examples第65页ExamplesIwrotethreebooksinthefirsttwoyears,arecordneverreachedbefore.我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往统计。Themachineisfarfrombeingcomplicated.这部机器一点也不复杂。Dontlosetimeincleaningthismachine.赶快把这部机器擦好。第66页Terms(10)Division:Itmeansthenecessarysplittingofalongsentenceintoshorterones.Examples第67页ExamplesTherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.我访问了一些地方，碰到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙事可多着呢。After singing a concert in this city,hesaidhewantedtogreethisadmirersbackstageashealwaysdoes.他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。音乐会结束以他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。音乐会结束以后后，他提出要向往常那样到后台去见见他崇敬者。第68页ChangeofthevoicetheactiveandthepassiveE-C:theactivevoiceC-E:thepassivevoiceesp.inEST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)Examples第69页ExamplesThehappymancannotbeharried.吉人自有天相。Heissaidtobethemostrespectedteacherinourdepartment.听说他是我们系上最受尊敬老师。第70页Homework11.AWorldBankreportreleasedatthetimeoftheconference,whichendedon10November,insiststhatVietnamsoverallgrowthwilldependmoreonitsownpoliciesthanonthevolumeofexternalfinancing.2.Humanhistorybeganwhentheinheritanceofgeneticsandbehaviorwhichhaduntilthenprovidedtheonlywayofdominatingtheenvironmentwasfirstbrokenbyconsciouschoice.第71页3.Themarcherseveryshortwhileshoutedslogansaboutthestrike,butshedidntjoinin.4.Nowwehavesolvedtheproblemandhavearrivedatthesameconclusionastheyarrivedat.5.Therecruitingassistantmadeaquickdecision,Skid-Rowwasthemostlikelyplacetofindaprospectiverecruit.6.Briangotthemessage.Heknewitwasntgoingtobeeasy;butunlikemanyofhispeers,hewasnotinaweofGorgeHalas.Actually,hecouldntwaittomeethim.第72页7.Heavyweather,crops,fog,traffic,soilsky,storm,ice,road,fireheart,food,seahand,breadapplause,look,tongue,money,drinking第73页7.恶劣天气，大丰收，浓雾，拥挤交通，难耕土地阴沉天空，大风暴，厚冰，泥滑难走路，猛烈炮火沉重心情，难消化食物，汹涌大海，严厉伎俩，不好面包热烈鼓掌，忧愁面容，笨嘴笨舌大笔钱，狂饮第74页Sixtyyearsagotoday,thefreeworldhelditsbreath.InAmerica,dailylifepausedalmostcompletely,subduedbythenewsthattheinvasionofEurope-D-Day-hadbegun.Fromthe21stcentury,wetrytoimaginethescaleofwhatwentforwardinthatgraydawnafteryearsofpreparation-theshipsandmenandmateriel,thereservesofwillpoweranddetermination.Whatwesometimesforgettoimagineisthealmostprayerfulnatureoftheday,theprofoundinvestmentofhopeandfearitentailed.ItwasadayinAmericaandinEuropewhenciviliansassurelyassoldiersfeltthewholeoftheirlivesconcentratedontheoutcomeofafewhours.Therehasnotbeenanothertimelikeit,whenweknewthathistorywasabouttoturnbeforeoureyes.第75页