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英译汉基本技巧 第5章定定语语从句从句译译法法第1页定语从句译法定语从句译法v5.1 译成前置定语译成前置定语v5.2 译成后置并列成份译成后置并列成份v5.3 溶合译法溶合译法v5.4 译成状语译成状语第2页5.1 译成前置定语译成前置定语v条件：本身较短，与被修饰语关系紧密条件：本身较短，与被修饰语关系紧密vTo be sure,a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.v诚然，一个宏伟重建计划可能能为许多诚然，一个宏伟重建计划可能能为许多需要工作需要工作人人提供就业机会。提供就业机会。vThere is no royal road to science,and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.v在科学上没有平坦大道，在科学上没有平坦大道，只有不畏劳苦，沿着陡峭只有不畏劳苦，沿着陡峭山路攀登山路攀登人，才有希望到达光芒顶点。人，才有希望到达光芒顶点。第3页vWhen I went to China,I went to teach;but every day that I stayed I thought less of what I had to teach them and more of what I had to learn from them.Among Europeans who had a long time in China,I found this attitude not uncommon;but among those whose stay is short,or who go only to make money,it is sadly rare.v我到中国是去教书。可是，同我天天教给他们东西我到中国是去教书。可是，同我天天教给他们东西相比，我把向他们学习东西看得更为主要。我发觉，相比，我把向他们学习东西看得更为主要。我发觉，大凡久居中国大凡久居中国欧洲人都持这种态度。然而，可悲是，欧洲人都持这种态度。然而，可悲是，那些在中国暂住或是只想到中国盈利那些在中国暂住或是只想到中国盈利人持这种态度人持这种态度者却极少。者却极少。第4页vIn recent years,however,people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.v可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问问题成堆题成堆地方地方。vThe moon is a world that is completely still and where utter silence prevails.v月亮是一月亮是一个声断音绝世界，是一个万籁俱寂世界。第5页vHowever,I think that any thoughtful scholar who takes the trouble to go through the source notes at the end of this volume will find that the essential facts of the story which I have told from written diaries,memoranda and memories.v然而，我想任何一位然而，我想任何一位认真阅读书后面材料起认真阅读书后面材料起源注释源注释细心学者都会发觉，细心学者都会发觉，我所讲述我所讲述史话基史话基本事实起源于书面日志、备忘录和回想录。本事实起源于书面日志、备忘录和回想录。第6页有时较长限定性定语从句也可vThis practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students of engineering who have already mastered the elements of English,and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their subjects.v这本练习书本是给那些这本练习书本是给那些已经掌握了英语基础知识而已经掌握了英语基础知识而现在要利用学到语言知识来阅读专业书籍现在要利用学到语言知识来阅读专业书籍外国工程外国工程师或学习工程学学生用师或学习工程学学生用。第7页vTo write a genuine familiar or true English style is to write as any one who would speak in common conversation,who had a thorough command and choice of words,or who could discourse with ease,force and perspicuity.v用真正普通文体即纯粹英语文体写作就像那用真正普通文体即纯粹英语文体写作就像那些些熟谙词汇而又善于选择词汇，能高谈阔论熟谙词汇而又善于选择词汇，能高谈阔论且言辞流畅，说话有力而明确人且言辞流畅，说话有力而明确人日常交谈普日常交谈普通。通。第8页有些起附加说明非限制性定语从句vHe liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant,but he didnt like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.v他喜欢他喜欢热情活泼热情活泼妹妹，而不喜欢妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲冷漠高傲哥哥哥。哥。第9页练习v1.The question,which worries everyone today,is:how long will these fuels last?v2.Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive.v3.There will be no heroics in a war where the safest place will be the front link,and the most dangerous the house of our civilian population.v4.Scientists believe that there must be hundreds of heavenly bodies in the universe where human beings or something like human beings may exist.第10页5.2 译成后置并列成份译成后置并列成份vA.一些结构复杂，或意思上有较强独立性限制性定一些结构复杂，或意思上有较强独立性限制性定语从句。这种译法，往往要采取重复指示词语从句。这种译法，往往要采取重复指示词“这这”、“这些这些”等。等。vBut world attention also is focusing on another step,which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.v同时人们也正把注意力集中到另一项办法上，同时人们也正把注意力集中到另一项办法上，这项这项办法将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己不良习惯并为之办法将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己不良习惯并为之感到不安。感到不安。第11页vIn 1883 an American physician,A.King,listed twenty observations,which pointed to mosquitoes as a factor in malaria.v1883年，美国医生年，美国医生A.金列举了二十个观察汇金列举了二十个观察汇报，报，这些汇报表明蚊子是引发疟疾一个原因。这些汇报表明蚊子是引发疟疾一个原因。vThis volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which,as it were,has been taken as a difficult task.v这本书意在为写作提供范例，这本书意在为写作提供范例，能够说写作是能够说写作是一个难题。一个难题。第12页vI was endeavoring to put off one sort of life for another sort of life,which was not better than the life I had known.v我一直在尽力摆脱一个生活，改换另一个生我一直在尽力摆脱一个生活，改换另一个生活，活，不过我所改换生活并不见得比我原先生不过我所改换生活并不见得比我原先生活好。活好。第13页v有些定语从句可将先行词译成有些定语从句可将先行词译成“他他”“他们他们”等人称代词。等人称代词。vHoneycutt was 40,an affable man who had to leave his family in Ralegh,North Carolina,when hed gone north to work.v亨尼卡行年亨尼卡行年40，和善可亲，和善可亲，他去北方工作时他去北方工作时不得不把家室留在北卡罗莱纳州罗利市。不得不把家室留在北卡罗莱纳州罗利市。vAbove the English lettering the words are repeated in the Chinese calligraphy of premier Zhou,who wrote the brief text.v在这些英文字上方，是周总理亲笔书写一样在这些英文字上方，是周总理亲笔书写一样内容汉字，内容汉字，他确定了这么简短铭文他确定了这么简短铭文。第14页vB.非限制性定语从句普通起解释补充说明作用，普通译为后置并列分句。vThese books,which are only a small part of my collection,I picked up in America.v这些书是我在美国买，这些书是我在美国买，他们在我藏书中只占他们在我藏书中只占一小部分。一小部分。vHe gave in his resignation,which was the best thing he could do in the circumstance.v他提出了辞职，他提出了辞职，这在当初情况下是最好方法。这在当初情况下是最好方法。第15页vIn other words,they conduct more readily in high temperatures,which is probably because their decreased viscosity affords less opposition to the transport of ions through them.v换句话说，在高温时它们更轻易导电，换句话说，在高温时它们更轻易导电，这可这可能是因为其粘性降低能是因为其粘性降低,离子经过它们时阻力较离子经过它们时阻力较小缘故小缘故。vA friend is someone who draws out your best qualities,with whom you sparkle and become more knowledgeable.v朋友就是能使你表现出最正确品质人，朋友就是能使你表现出最正确品质人，与他与他在一起你就会精神焕发，更有见识。在一起你就会精神焕发，更有见识。第16页嵌套定语从句vThey seem to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unmerited fatigue,and by victories which almost exceeded belief.v他们对那些酬劳看来是很得意，他们对那些酬劳看来是很得意，那些酬劳是那些酬劳是他们历尽千辛万苦，经过取得令人难以置信他们历尽千辛万苦，经过取得令人难以置信胜利来。胜利来。第17页vHe was too important and too busy to occupy himself with the matter personally,but he had a confidential secretary who was very clever at dealing with electors(who had not made up their minds how to vote)and who certainly knew how to put before a young woman(who was honest but poor)the advantages that might ensure if she were lucky enough to secure the friendship of such a man as his employer.第18页v他身居要职事务繁忙，不能亲自处理这件事。他身居要职事务繁忙，不能亲自处理这件事。不过，他有一名私人秘书，此人非常善于对不过，他有一名私人秘书，此人非常善于对付那些还未拿定主意选谁选民，当然知道怎付那些还未拿定主意选谁选民，当然知道怎样向一个纯真但贫穷少女炫耀，告诉她假如样向一个纯真但贫穷少女炫耀，告诉她假如有幸得到他雇主这么一位人物情谊她将会得有幸得到他雇主这么一位人物情谊她将会得到很多好处。到很多好处。第19页练习v1.Shakespeare was a great English dramatist and poet whose name was known all over the world.v2.Small wonder then that more scientists are visiting the region to acquire new knowledge which will help us to have a better understanding of the earth as a whole.v3.By a quirk of fate,Humbolt and Bonpland met Mariano Luis de Urquijo,prime minister of Spain,who was able to obtain for them the permission to visit the Spain Empire in South America.第20页v4.Forty-two had died on the crossing,which was about average for slaves making the trans-Atlantic trip in those days.v5.Marx was a loving,gentle and considerate father.He used to spend hours playing with his children.They remember to this day the sea fights in a large basin of water with fleets of paper boats,which he made for them and which he would then set on fire to their great joy.第21页5.3 溶合译法溶合译法v把主语与定语合起来译，溶合成为一个独立句子。把主语与定语合起来译，溶合成为一个独立句子。vYou are the only person who could do it.v只有你才能做这件事。vThis was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.v这是我生平第一次和老板发生严重纠葛。vOur team,which are in good form,will do well in the coming matches.v我队竞技状态良好，将在未来比赛中取得优异成绩。第22页vYoung people who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.v年轻人担心在战斗中死去是有道理，想到生年轻人担心在战斗中死去是有道理，想到生活要赋予活要赋予最美好东西竟成为泡影，自然要难最美好东西竟成为泡影，自然要难过。过。第23页v UNESCO，which places action in favor of young people at the heart of its programmers,notably those concerned with education and training,is making its contribution to the achievement of this goal.v联合国教科文组织把有利于青年活动，尤其联合国教科文组织把有利于青年活动，尤其是那些与青年教育和培训相关活动，作为其是那些与青年教育和培训相关活动，作为其各项计划关键内容，各项计划关键内容，从而为实现这一目标做从而为实现这一目标做出贡献。出贡献。第24页vOurs is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering truth for truths sake,and that is“as far as possible do no harm”.v我们这个职业在传统上恪守一条信条我们这个职业在传统上恪守一条信条，那就，那就是：是：“尽可能不造成伤害尽可能不造成伤害”，这一信条胜过，这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话美德。为讲真话而讲真话美德。第25页vThere be句型汉译时常采取溶合译法句型汉译时常采取溶合译法vThere was no one who did not praise them for their great accomplishments.v没有些人没有些人不称赞他们取得巨大成就不称赞他们取得巨大成就。vThere is nothing that does not contain contradiction.v没有什么事物没有什么事物是不包含矛盾是不包含矛盾。vThere was little that the doctor could do for the patient.v医生对这个病人已经无能为力了医生对这个病人已经无能为力了。第26页练习v1 Teheran Conference was the first opportunity which I had of observing him at close hand.v2 There is something that keeps worrying me.v3 In time,men saw that there were seasons,which followed one another in regular order.v4 This is the paper mill they set up in 1970.第27页5.4 译成状语vA.表示原因表示原因vWe engage professor Wu,who understands English.v我们聘请吴教授，我们聘请吴教授，因为他懂英语因为他懂英语。vMany of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina,where land is cheap.v我们威尔士人有许多去北卡罗来纳定居，我们威尔士人有许多去北卡罗来纳定居，因为那里因为那里土地廉价土地廉价。vEinstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a“genius”whose theories are so complicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand.v爱因斯坦在资产阶级笔下被描绘为一个爱因斯坦在资产阶级笔下被描绘为一个“天才天才”，因为他理论非常深奥，只有少数最出色科学家才能因为他理论非常深奥，只有少数最出色科学家才能了解。了解。第28页vWe can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East,where people first learned to write.v因为在近东人们最早使用文字记事因为在近东人们最早使用文字记事，所以，所以，即使追溯到五千年前那里发生事情，我们也即使追溯到五千年前那里发生事情，我们也能知道。能知道。vWells,who had spend years studying science,used to consider the future of man in the light of scientific knowledge.v因为威尔斯花了多年时间研究科学因为威尔斯花了多年时间研究科学，因而他，因而他经常依据科学知识考虑人类未来。经常依据科学知识考虑人类未来。第29页v in some instances the pretext was belied on the spot by the soldiers who raped the girls in full public view even before loading them on the trucks.(David Bergamini:Japans Imperial Conspiracy)v在一些场所，这种借口当初就被（日本）士兵们败露了真相，因为在把姑娘们拖上卡车前，他们当众把姑娘们强奸了。v （戴维 贝尔加米尼，日本天皇阴谋）第30页vB.表示时间表示时间vYou,who are in the prime of your life,come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people.v趁你年富力强时候趁你年富力强时候，为人民多做点贡献吧。，为人民多做点贡献吧。vA sailor who was fixing a rope lost balance and tumbled overboard.v一个水手正在系绳子时候一个水手正在系绳子时候，失去平衡，掉到水里去，失去平衡，掉到水里去了。了。vI had the honor of seeing Chairman Mao,who was visiting the Jinggang Mountain in 1965.v毛泽东毛泽东1965年重访井冈山时年重访井冈山时，我曾荣幸地见到他，我曾荣幸地见到他。第31页vCongress,which had met to continue its protests to the Crown,found itself raising an army and selecting George Washington as its commander in chief.v代表大会先前已集会决定继续向英皇抗议了，代表大会先前已集会决定继续向英皇抗议了，现在进而召集军队并推选乔治华盛顿为总司现在进而召集军队并推选乔治华盛顿为总司令了。令了。第32页vC.表示目标表示目标vHe is collecting authentic materials that proves his argument.v他正在搜集确凿材料他正在搜集确凿材料以证实他论点以证实他论点。vSteel parts are usually covered with grease,with which they may not rust.v钢零件通惯用润滑油覆盖，钢零件通惯用润滑油覆盖，以免生锈。以免生锈。第33页vChinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries,who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments.v中国派了贸易代表团前往非洲各国，中国派了贸易代表团前往非洲各国，方便与各国政方便与各国政府商谈贸易协定。府商谈贸易协定。vThe imperialists states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant land.v帝国主义国家维持庞大陆海军，帝国主义国家维持庞大陆海军，用以压迫和剥削远用以压迫和剥削远地人民。地人民。第34页vD.表示结果表示结果vThe rain washed away the track,which prevented the rain from running.v大雨冲走了铁轨，大雨冲走了铁轨，因而火车无法行驶因而火车无法行驶。vIn this way,he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the communists movement.v这么，他鼓舞了一代科学家，这么，他鼓舞了一代科学家，使他们主动参使他们主动参加共产主义运动加共产主义运动。第35页vSubjectivism and one-sidedness developed in his thinking and he made erroneous decisions on certain important questions,which led to serious and harmful consequences.v他思想产生了主观主义和片面性，对于一些重大问题做出了错误决定，因而造成严重不良后果。第36页vE表示条件vNothing is hard in this world for one who dares to scale the height.v世上无难事，世上无难事，只要肯攀登。只要肯攀登。vA person is a idealist who thinks that rational knowledge need not to be derived from perceptual knowledge.v假如认为理性知识能够不从感性知识得来，假如认为理性知识能够不从感性知识得来，那么他那么他就是一个唯心主义者。就是一个唯心主义者。vMen became desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families.v人们迫不及待地找工作，不论干什么人们迫不及待地找工作，不论干什么，只要能养家，只要能养家糊口就行。糊口就行。第37页vThe difficulties（that would have to be encountered by anyone who attempted to explore the Moon）would be incomparably greater than those that have to be faced in the endeavor to reach the summit of Mountain Qomolangma.v任何人假如打算登上月球探险话任何人假如打算登上月球探险话，他必定遭，他必定遭碰到种种困难。困难之大，是努力攀登珠穆碰到种种困难。困难之大，是努力攀登珠穆朗玛峰时所面临困难无法比拟。朗玛峰时所面临困难无法比拟。第38页vF表示让步表示让步vElectronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work and replace them.v电子计算机即使有许多优点电子计算机即使有许多优点，却不能进行创造性工，却不能进行创造性工作，代替不了人类。作，代替不了人类。vGlass,which breaks at a blow,is nevertheless capable of withstanding great pressure.v玻璃即使一击即碎玻璃即使一击即碎，却能承受巨大压力，却能承受巨大压力。vEven the pine log which burned all day in the fireplace couldnt keep my little house warm and dry.v尽管壁炉里整天烧着松柴，尽管壁炉里整天烧着松柴，也不能使我小屋温暖干也不能使我小屋温暖干燥。燥。第39页练习v1 The door of which you lost the key cannot be opened.v2 We know that a cat,whose eye can take in more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.v3 Electrical energy that is supplied to the motor may be converted into mechanical energy of motion.v4 He always makes fun of anyone with whom he charts.第40页v5 He decided not to complete his university course,which was a great disappointment to his parents.v6 There occurred the Great Earthquakes of 1923 in Japan which caused a serious damage of property and a great loss of lives.v7 He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.v8 Envoys were sent who should promote friendly relation with other countries.第41页v9 One will surely succeed who perseveres to the end.v10 Food,which is kept too long,decays because yeasts，moulds and bacteria attack it.v11 The periodical physical examination must be given to a patient who has recuperated from hepatitis.v12 He wanted changes,and those changes would benefit not the rich(to whose schools he had gone and in whose circles he had moved),but the oppressed.第42页
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