英语句子成分划分详解省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

英语句子成份划分详解英语句子成份划分详解 王老师 年5月2日第1页句子成份句子组成成份叫句子成份。在句子中，词与词之间有一定组合关系，按照不一样关系，能够把句子分为不一样组成成份。句子成份由词或词组充当。英语基本成份有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。第2页1.主语主语是谓语讲述所要说明或描述人或事物，表示所说“是什么”或“是谁”。普通由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词词或短语来充当。它在句首。注意：不定式作主语时，惯用形式主语it句型。主语：名词（n.）、代词(pron.)、数词(num.)、名词化形容词（adj.）、副词(adv.)、名词化介词(prep.)、不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、名词化分词、介词短语、从句。第3页1名词作主语。A tree has fallen across the road.一棵树倒下横在路上。Little streams feed big rivers.小河流入大江。2代词用作主语。Youre not far wrong.你差不多对了He told a joke but it fell flat.他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑3数词用作主语。Three is enough.三个就够了。Four from seven leaves three.7减4余3。4名词化形容词用作主语。The idle are forced to work.懒汉被迫劳动。Old and young marched side by side.老少并肩而行。第4页5副词用作主语。Now is the time.现在是时候了。Carefully does it.小心就行。6不定式用作主语。To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。It would be nice to see him again.如能见到他，那将是一件愉快事。7 动名词用作主语。Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害。Watching a film is pleasure,making one is hard work.看电影是乐事，制作影片则是苦事。第5页2.谓语说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它位置普通在主语之后。谓语组成可能是简单动词、动词短语等。谓语说明主语动作，状态或特征。第6页1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)组成。能够有不一样时态，语态和语气。We study for the people.我们为人民学习。What happened?发生了什么事？He worked hard all day today.他今天苦干了一天。The plane took off at ten oclock.飞机是十点起飞。第7页2)，复合谓语：情态动词不定式I can speak a little English.我能够说一点英语。I am reading.我在看书。Whats been keeping you all this time?这半天你在干什么来着？You can do it if you try hard.你努力就能够做到。第8页3.表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，如主语身份、性质、状态和特征，能够作表语词有：名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词词或短语。它位置在系动词后面。表语功效是表述主语特征、状态、身份、属性或状态等。它位于连系动词之后，与之组成所谓系表结构在系表结构钟，连系动词只是形式上谓语，而真正起谓语作用则是表语，即与连系动词一起构第9页1由名词组成The wedding was that Sunday.婚礼是在那个星期天举行。2由代词组成So thats that.就是这么。3由数词组成We are seven.我们一共7人。4由形容词组成Are you busy?你有空吗？5由副词组成Are you there?你在听吗？（电话用语）Is anybody in?里面有些人吗？第10页6由不定式组成All I could do was to wait.我只能等候。My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.我对他威胁回答是照他鼻子打去。7由动名词组成Complimenting（赞美，祝贺）is lying.恭维就是说谎。Is that asking so much?这是要高了吗？8由过去分词组成I was so much surprised at it.我对此事感到很诧异。Im very pleased with what he has done.我对他所做很满意。第11页4.宾语宾语是动作、行为对象，在句中主要充当动作承受者，在谓语之后（普通皆置于及物动词之后），能够用作宾语有：名词、代词、数词、名词化形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化分词、从句等。它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。第12页1由名词组成Do you fancy a drink?你想喝一杯吗？2由代词组成They wont hurt us.他们不会伤害我们。3由数词组成If you add 5 to 5,you get 10.5加5等于10。4由副词组成He left there last week.他上个星期离开了那里。5由不定式组成Does she really mean to leave home?她真要离开家吗？第13页5.状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句句子成份。普通表示行为发生时间、地点、目标、方式、程度等意义，普通由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词词或短语来表示。状语普通放在句末，但有能够放在句首、句中。可用作状语有副词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。第14页1.副词最惯用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。He speaks the language badly but read it well.这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.当我们期望旅馆旅客把房门锁上。第15页2状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等(1).时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?In China now leads the world.(2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fish in the sea.She kissed her mother on the platform(月台).(3).原因状语，包含表理由状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill,Tom lost his job.I eat potatoes because I like them.第16页(4).结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。She woke(醒)suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.(5).目状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑去避雨。In order to get into a good school,I must study even harder.(6).条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。Well be lucky to get there before dark.If he were to come,what should we say to him?第17页(7).让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。For all his money,he didnt seem happy.他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。He helped me although he didnt know me.(8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。The lecture is very interesting.To what extent would you trust them?你对他们信任程度怎样？(9)伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。My train starts at six,arriving at Chicago at ten.He stood there,pipe(烟斗)in mouth.第18页6.定语定语是用来说明名词（代词）品质与特征词或一组词。定语是用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句和句子或相当于形容词词或短语等都能够担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词，而名词和代词又能够作主语，还能够作表语和宾语，所以定语位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词地方都能够有定语。第19页1形容词用作定语是大量。She is a natural musician.她是一位天生音乐家。He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好在世小提琴手了。（后置定语）2.名词用作定语。A baby girl 女婴well water 井水Sports car 双座轻型汽车A fools paradise 梦幻天堂第20页3代词作定语。Your hair needs cutting.你该剪发了。（物主代词用作定语）Everybodys business is nobodys business.人人负责就是无人负责。（不定代词全部格作定语）4数词作定语Theres only one way to do it.做此事只有一法。Do it now,you may not get a second chance.现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。基数词用作后置定语：page 24 Room 201 the year 1949第21页5.副词充当定语时常后置the room above 楼上房间 the world today 今日世界the way out 出路 a day off 休息日6不定式用作定语Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信事。Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事方法。第22页7动名词用作定语.A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法8分词充当定语a sleeping child 正在睡中小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了花第23页9介词短语用作定语。This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.他那凶暴目光说明得再清楚不过了。第24页7.补语用来对主语或宾语进行补充和说明成份，普通由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。第25页1.容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tired and sleepy,I went to bed.我又累又困，就去睡了。第26页2.能够用做宾语补语有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等They named the child Jimmy.他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作宾语补语）My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.我母亲面很嫩，你会认为她是我姐姐（名词短语作宾语补语）He boiled the egg hard.她将鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词用作宾语补语）第27页I found the book very interesting.我发觉那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾补）The comrades wanted Dr.Bethune to take cover.同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。（不定式用作宾语补语）I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。（动名作宾补）Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他友善看作是当然事。第28页8.同位语若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，而且，句法功效也一样，后一个句子成份可被用来说明或解释前一个句子成份者，那么，后一项称为前一项同位语。可用作定语有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、of短语、从句等。第29页1名词用作同谓语是大量。We have two children,a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。We,the Chinese people,are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大繁荣国家。2代词用作同谓语。They all wanted to see him.他们都想见他。Lets you and me go to work,Oliver.咱们俩去工作吧。第30页3数词用作同谓语。Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？They two went,we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。4不定式与动名词用作同谓语。Their latest proposal,to concentrate on primary education,has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育提议遭到了一些人反对。The first plan,attacking at night,was turned down.第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。第31页9.独立成份与句子其它成份没有通常语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，普通用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：Hes a nice person,to be sure.必定他是一个好人。Strange to say,he did pass his exam after all.说也奇怪，考试他竟然经过了。第32页英语五种基本句型列式以下：基本句型一：S+V（主谓）基本句型二：S+V+P（主谓表）基本句型三：S+V+O（主谓宾）基本句型四：S+V+P（主+系+表）*基本句型五：S+V+O+C（主谓宾宾补）第33页1 基本句型一：S+V（主谓）此句型句子有一个共同特点，即句子谓语动词都能表示完整意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面能够跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。第34页2 基本句型二：S+V+P（主谓表）此句型句子有一个共同特点：句子谓语动词都不能表示一个完整意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态表语组成复合谓语，才能表示完整意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be,look,keep,seem等属一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,turn等属另一类，表示改变。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。第35页1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐闻起来很好。3.He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everything looks different.一切看来都不一样了。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮。6.The trouble is that they are short of money.麻烦是他们缺乏钱。7.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face turned red.他脸红了第36页3 基本句型三：S+V+O（主谓宾）此句型句子共同特点是：谓语动词都含有实义，都是主语产生动作，但不能表示完整意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。S V（及物动词）O惯用于这句型动词有：attempt,dare,decide,desire,expect,hope,intend,learn,need,offer,pretend,promise,propose,purpose,refuse,want,wish等。第37页1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2.She smiled her thanks.她微笑表示感激。3.He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮他们忙。4.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。5.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！7.I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8.He admits that he was mistaken.他认可犯了错误。第38页基本句型四：S+V+P（主+系+表）主系表结构是由主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)组成，主要用以说明主语特征，状态，身份等。P普通是形容词或名词，V是系动词The report sounds interesting.这则消息听起来很有趣(the report 是主，sounds是系动词，interesting是形容词作表语)Thedeskfeelshard书桌摸起来很硬。She is beautiful.她很漂亮。(she做主语，is是系动词，beautiful是形容词，做表语)The hamburger looks good.(the hamburger做主语，look是系动词，good是形容词，做表第39页常见系动词（1）表示特征和存在状态be,feel,look,smell,taste,sound.1.You dont look very well.你看起来不是尤其好2.The roses smell sweet.玫瑰花闻起来很香3.How sweet the music sounds!这首乐曲听起来很好听第40页（2）表示状态延续KeepChildren,keep quiet please.孩子们，请保持平静第41页（3）表示状态改变become,get,turn,go,come1.Marys face went red.玛丽脸变红了。2.At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.十五岁他就成为有名钢琴家了。第42页练习1.We always work hard at English.2.He said he didnt come.3.They love each other.4.What did you bye?5.She watched her daughter playing the piano.6.your job today is to help the old.7.Speaking doesnt mean doing.8.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.9.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.10.It takes me an hour to get there.第43页第44页