新标准大学英语(第二版)综合教程2Unit2B篇练习答案和课文翻译市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

第1页ContentsActive Reading 2第2页Warming UpLook at the following pictures and describe the emotion shown in each picture.surprisedisgustsadnesshappinessangerfear第3页Warming UpWork in pairs and look at the words below:Now discuss the questions:1.Whendidyoulastfeeltheemotionsdescribedbythewordsabove?2.Whataretheearliestemotionsyoucanrememberinyourlife?happy angry shy sad depressedfrightened annoyed upset 第4页Warming UpEmpathy vs Sympathy Empathy is the ability to understand how someonefeels because you can imagine what it is like to bethem.Sympathy is a natural feeling of kindness andunderstanding that you have for someone who isexperiencingsomethingveryunpleasant.第5页Warming Up(Para.3)Empathyoriginatesfromasortofphysicalimitationofthedistressofanother,whichthenevokesthesamefeelingsinoneself.Sympathyisfeltforthegeneralplightofanotherwithnosharingofwhatthatotherpersonisfeeling.Now skim the text,and find the definition of empathy and sympathy in the passage.第6页Warming Up1.sendingacardtosomeonewhoisinhospital2.feelinghappybecauseyourfriendhaswonascholarshiptoaprestigiousuniversity3.tryingtocomfortsomeonewhohashadbadnews.4.reactingphysicallywhenyouseethatsomeoneisinpain5.collectingmoneytohelpthevictimsofanaturaldisaster6.cryingattheendofafilmseseseNow decide whether the feelings or actions described below are a result of sympathy or empathy.第7页TextHow empathy unfoldsBackground informationGo to the textThe author第8页TextDaniel Goleman(bornMarch7,1946)isanauthor,psychologist,andsciencejournalist.For 12 years,he wrote forThe New York Times,specializing inpsychologyandbrainsciences.Heistheauthor of more than 10 books onpsychology,education,science,andleadership.Everyone knows that high IQ is no guarantee of success,happiness,or virtue,but until Emotional Intelligence,wecouldonlyguesswhy.DanielGolemansbrilliantreportfromthefrontiersofpsychologyandneuroscienceoffersstartlingnewinsightintoour“twominds”therationalandtheemotionalandhowtheytogethershapeourdestiny.第9页TextBackground information Emotional Intelligence is a book written by DanielGoleman and published in 1995.The theory ofemotional quotient(EQ)was based on earlier workdonebyotherpsychologistsinthe1970sand1980saquotientisthenumberthatistheresultofdividingonenumberbyanother,soEQisascoreforbehaviourinvolving emotions.The EQ concept claims thatemotional intelligence is as important as thetraditionallyrecognizedintellectualintelligence.AhighIQ(Intelligence Quotient)does not represent all theelementsforasuccessfulcareerorlife.第10页TextEmotionalintelligenceisanimportantelementofthesocialandinterpersonalrelationshipswhichcontribute to life success.The EQemphasizestwoaspectsofemotionalabilities:Oneistounderstand,reflect and manage ones own emotions which affect ones behaviour,intentions and actions;the other is to understandotherpeoplesfeelingsand emotions.Perhapsthepopularityof the book and the concept showsthat many people now recognize theimportanceofemotionsinourpersonalandprofessionallives.第11页TextHow empathy unfolds1ThemomentHope,justninemonthsold,sawanotherbabyfall,tearswelledupinherowneyesandshecrawledofftobecomfortedbyhermother,asthoughitwereshewhohadbeenhurt.And15-month-oldMichaelwenttogethisownteddybearforhiscryingfriendPaul;whenPaulkeptcrying,MichaelretrievedPaulssecurityblanketforhim.Boththesesmallactsofsympathyandcaringwereobservedbymotherstrainedtorecordsuchincidentsofempathyinaction.Theresultsofthestudysuggestthattherootsofempathycanbetracedtoinfancy.Virtuallyfromthedaytheyareborninfantsareupsetwhentheyhearanotherinfantcryingaresponsesomeseeastheearliestprecursorofempathy.第12页2Developmentalpsychologistshavefoundthatinfantsfeelsympatheticdistressevenbeforetheyfullyrealizethattheyexistapartfromotherpeople.Evenafewmonthsafterbirth,infantsreacttoadisturbanceinthosearoundthemasthoughitweretheirown,cryingwhentheyseeanotherchildstears.Byoneyearorso,theystarttorealizethemiseryisnottheirownbutsomeoneelses,thoughtheystillseemconfusedoverwhattodoaboutit.InresearchbyMartinL.HoffmanatNewYorkUniversity,forexample,aone-year-oldbroughthisownmotherovertocomfortacryingfriend,ignoringthefriendsmother,whowasalsointheroom.Text第13页Thisconfusionisseentoowhenone-year-oldsimitatethedistressofsomeoneelse,possiblytobettercomprehendwhattheyarefeeling;forexample,ifanotherbabyhurtsherfingers,aone-year-oldmightputherownfingersinhermouthtoseeifshehurts,too.Onseeinghismothercry,onebabywipedhisowneyes,thoughtheyhadnotears.Text第14页3Suchmotormimicry,asitiscalled,istheoriginaltechnicalsenseofthewordempathyasitwasfirstusedinthe1920sbyE.B.Titchener,anAmericanpsychologist.Titchenerstheorywasthatempathystemmedfromasortofphysicalimitationofthedistressofanother,whichthenevokesthesamefeelingsinoneself.Hesoughtawordthatwouldbedistinctfromsympathy,whichcanbefeltforthegeneralplightofanotherwithnosharingwhateverofwhatthatotherpersonisfeeling.Text第15页4Motormimicryfadesfromtoddlersrepertoireataroundtwoandahalfyears,atwhichpointtheyrealizethatsomeoneelsespainisdifferentfromtheirown,andarebetterabletocomfortthem.Atypicalincident,fromamothersdiary:5AneighborsbabycriesandJennyapproachesandtriestogivehimsomecookies.Shefollowshimaroundandbeginstowhimpertoherself.Shethentriestostrokehishair,buthepullsawayHecalmsdown,butJennystilllooksworried.Shecontinuestobringhimtoysandtopathisheadandshoulders.Text第16页6Atthispointintheirdevelopmenttoddlersbegintodivergefromoneanotherintheiroverallsensitivitytootherpeoplesemotionalupsets,withsome,likeJenny,keenlyawareandotherstuningout.AseriesofstudiesbyMarianRadke-YarrowandCarolynZahn-WaxlerattheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthshowedthatalargepartofthisdifferenceinempathicconcernhadtodowithhowparentsdisciplinedtheirchildren.Text第17页Children,theyfound,weremoreempathicwhenthedisciplineincludedcallingstrongattentiontothedistresstheirmisbehaviourcausedsomeoneelse:“Lookhowsadyouvemadeherfeel”insteadof“Thatwasnaughty”.Theyfoundtoothatchildrensempathyisalsoshapedbyseeinghowothersreactwhensomeoneelseisdistressed;byimitatingwhattheysee,childrendeveloparepertoireofempathicresponse,especiallyinhelpingotherpeoplewhoaredistressed.Text第18页Text同感是怎样表露同感是怎样表露 1霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求抚慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大迈克尔去把自己玩具熊拿来给正在大哭朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他安乐毯。这些小小表示同情和关爱举动都是接收过统计同感行为训练母亲们观察到。这项研究结果表明，同感根源能够追溯到人婴儿期。实际上，从出生那天起，婴儿在听到其它婴儿哭闹时候就会感到不安有些人认为这种反应是同感最初先兆。第19页Text成长心理学家发觉，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其它人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己烦躁不安 一样，看到别孩子哭也跟着哭。到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们，而是他人，可是他们对这么事情似乎还是感到不知所措。比如，在纽约大学马丁L.霍夫曼所做一项研究中，一个一岁孩子把自己妈妈拉过来抚慰哭闹朋友，却忽略了同在一室朋友妈妈。第20页Text 这么迷惑在其它一岁大孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别孩子痛苦，可能是为了更加好地了解他们感受。比如，假如别婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大孩子就会把自己手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己眼睛。第21页Text这种所谓运动神经模仿就是“同感”原始字面含义，而“同感”这个词于20世纪代由美国心理学家E.B.铁钦纳首次使用。铁钦纳理论是：同感发自对他人痛苦一个身体模仿；这种模仿继而在本身引发一样心理感受。他当初在寻找一个与同情有所区分词；同情是针对他人普通困境而发，无须分担他人任何感受。第22页Text小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为，那时他们会意识到他人痛苦与自己不一样，会更有能力抚慰他人。下面是摘自一位母亲日志里经典事例：邻居家婴儿哭了，珍妮走上前往，试图给他一些小甜饼。她跟着他转，开始带着哭腔低声自言自语。然后她试图抚摩他头发，可是他躲开了他平静下来，不过珍妮依然面带忧色。她继续给他拿来玩具，轻拍他头和肩膀。第23页Text在这个年纪，幼儿对于他人感情波动总体敏感度开始有所不一样，有些像珍妮一样，感同身受，有些则不予理会。美国国家心理健康研究所玛丽安拉德克亚罗和卡罗琳察恩瓦克斯勒所做一系列研究表明，这种在同感关注方面差异大部分与父母怎样教养儿女相关。第24页Text她们发觉，假如在家教中让孩子尤其注意他们恶作剧给他人造成痛苦，孩子就比较有同感心。比如对孩子说“瞧你让她多难过啊”，而不是说“你真调皮”。她们也发觉，观看他人碰到痛苦时其它人反应，儿童同感心也会受到影响。经过模仿亲眼所见，儿童能培养出一套同感反应行为，尤其是在帮助那些痛苦人时候。第25页empathycrawlteddyretrievetracedevelopmentalsympatheticdisturbancemiseryconfusiondistincttoddlerrepertoirecookiestrokeinfancyvirtuallyinfantresponseprecursorimitatecomprehendmimicryimitationevokepatdivergesensitivitykeenlyempathicWords&Phrases第26页disciplineapartfromstemfrommisbehaviorpullawaycalmdownnaughtytuneoutWords&Phrases第27页Hope霍普（人名）Michael迈克尔（人名）Paul保罗（人名）MartinL.Hoffman马丁L.霍夫曼E.B.Titchener铁钦纳（美国心理学家）Jenny珍妮（人名）MarianRadke-Yarrow玛丽安拉德克亚罗CarolynZahn-Waxler卡罗琳察恩瓦克斯勒NationalInstituteofMentalHealth美国国家心理健康研究所Words&Phrases第28页empathy n.Utheabilitytounderstandhowsb.feelsbecauseyoucanimaginewhatitisliketobethem同感；同情；移情e.g.1.Thereisastrangeempathybetweentheoldladyandhergrandson.老妇人和她孙子间有种莫名其妙心灵相通感觉。2.Shehadadeepempathywithanimals.她对动物有深切感情。3.Ifeltrealempathyformymotherandwhatshehadbeenthrough.我对母亲所经历一切感同身受。Word family:empathica.Words&Phrases第29页crawl vi.1.tomovealongthegroundonyourhandsandkneesorwithyourbodyclosetotheground爬；爬行；匍匐行进e.g.1.Ababycrawls(around)beforeitcanwalk.婴儿先能（处处）爬,然后才会走。2.Ibegantocrawlonmyhandsandkneestothedoor.我开始手脚并用朝门口爬去。2.(oftraffic,vehicles,etc.)tomoveveryslowly（指来往行人车辆等）迟缓地行进,徐缓而行e.g.Thetrafficcrawledoverthebridgeintherush-hour.在高峰时刻桥上车辆行驶迟缓。Words&Phrases第30页teddy n.Cateddybear玩具熊；泰迪熊e.g.Jowaschastisinghisteddybearinthelivingroom.乔在起居室里严厉地处罚他玩具小狗熊。Words&Phrases第31页retrieve vt.(fml)to getsth.back,especiallysth.thatisnoteasytofind 重新找回；收回；取回e.g.1.Themenweretryingtoretrievetheweaponsleftwhenthearmyabandonedtheisland.那些人正试图找回该军队撤离这个岛时留下武器。2.Shebentdowntoretrieveherearring.她俯下身去捡回她耳环。retrieve sth.from sth.e.g.Ittookfourdaystoretrieveallthebodiesfromthecrash.花了四天时间才废墟中找回全部尸体。Words&Phrases第32页trace vt.1 1.to discovertheoriginofsth.orhowitdeveloped追究，追溯（起源）e.g.1.Thestyleofthesepaintingscanbetracedbacktoearlymedievalinfluences.这些绘画格调能够追溯到中世纪早期影响。2.Thepsychiatristsuccessfullytracedsomeofherproblemstoseverechildhoodtraumas.这位精神病学家将她一些问题成功地追溯到她童年时代遭受严重创伤。Words&Phrases第33页2 2.tofindsb.orsth.thatyouarelookingforbyaskingquestionsandgettinginformation追查；追踪e.g.1.Shehadgivenupallhopeoftracinghermissingdaughter.她已经放弃了寻找失踪女儿全部希望。2.Wearecurrentlytryingtotracethewhereaboutsofcertainsumsofmoney.我们当前正试图找到一些钱款下落。Words&Phrases第34页infancy n.Uthetimewhenyouareababyoraveryyoungchild婴儿期；幼儿期e.g.1.Inthepast,manychildrendiedininfancy.过去很多孩子夭折于襁褓。2.Afallhehadininfancyresultedinhisdeafness.他小时候跌了一跤，造成了耳聋。Word family:Word family:infantn.CWords&Phrases第35页virtually ad.usedforemphasizingthatastatementisalmostcompletelytrue差不多；实质上；实际上e.g.1.Virtuallyallthechildrencometoschoolbybus.差不多全部孩子都是乘巴士来上学。2.We can no longer afford to consider water a virtuallyfreeresourceofwhichwecanuseasmuch as we likeinanywaywewant.(CET4-06)我们再也不能把水看作是一个几乎完全无偿资源，想用多少就用多少，想怎么用就怎么用。Synonym:practicallyWords&Phrases第36页infant n.C(fml)ababyoraveryyoungchild婴儿；幼儿e.g.1.An infantsskinisverysensitive.婴儿皮肤非常敏感。2.Thesolesurvivorofthecrashwasaninfant.这次撞车惟一幸存者是一个婴儿。Word family:Word family:infancyn.UWords&Phrases第37页response n.Careaction反应；回应；响应e.g.1.Hisresponsetoattacksonhisworkwaschieflybewilderment.听到他人对自己工作指责，他反应主要是迷惑。2.There has been no response to his remarks from thegovernment.政府还未对他言论作出回应。3.Yourpositiveresponsewillreinforceheractions.你主动回应会使她行为愈加坚定。Word family:respondv.Words&Phrases第38页precursor n.C(fml)sth.thatexistsbeforesth.else,andisrelatedtoitorinfluencesitsdevelopment 先兆；前兆e.g.1.Overweightandshortnessofbreathweretheprecursorsofaheartattack.身体超重和呼吸急促都是心脏病发作前兆。2.Were these small movements the precursor to majorearthquake?这些小活动是否是一次大地震先兆呢？Words&Phrases第39页developmental a.relating to achildsgrowthandabilitytolearnthings成长，发育e.g.1.Duringchildhoodeachofushastonavigateapathwaythroughaseriesofdevelopmentalstages.我们每个人在童年时都要经历和应对不一样成长阶段。2.Autism?Whatisthiscomplexdevelopmentaldisability?自闭症这是一个怎样复杂发育缺点?Word family:Word family:developmentallyad.develop v.development n.Words&Phrases第40页sympathetic a.kind to sb.who has aproblemandwillingtounderstandhowtheyfeel同情；有同情心；表示同情e.g.1.Wehopealwaystoprovideafriendlysympatheticear.我们希望永远做富有同情心倾听者。2.Imsympathetictoparentswhoareworriedaboutwhattheirchildrenseeontelevision 我很同情那些家长，他们都很担心自己孩子所看电视内容。Word family:sympathy n.e.g.Weexpressedoursympathyforherloss.我们对她损失表示同情。Words&Phrases第41页disturbance n.C,Usth.thatinterruptsyouandstopsyoufromcontinuingwhatyouweredoing造成干扰事物；干扰 e.g.1.Wearrangetheworksotheresaslittledisturbanceaspossible.我们把工作安排得尽可能少受到干扰。2.Whenahelicopterlands,itcancauseadisturbancetolocalresidents.直升机降落时会打搅当地居民。Word family:disturb v.Words&Phrases第42页misery n.U,C thestateofbeingextremelyunhappyoruncomfortable苦恼；痛苦；苦难e.g.1.Whatwearewitnessinghereishumanmiseryonavastscale.我们在这里所目睹是人类大规模灾难。2.Competitivemotherscanmaketheirdaughterslivesamisery.争强好胜母亲会使自己女儿日子不好过。3.Go on,put them out of their misery and announce thewinner.说吧，别让他们坐立不安了，宣告谁是获胜者吧。Word family:miserablea.Words&Phrases第43页confusion n.singasituationinwhichyoumistakeonepersonorthingforanother混同；错认e.g.1.Hisanswerstomyquestionshaveonlyaddedtomyconfusion.他对我问题回答只是使我愈加迷惑不解。2.OnlybywritingthingsdowncouldIbringsomesortofordertotheconfusion.只有把东西记下来，我才能从混乱中理出些头绪来。Word family:confusev.Words&Phrases第44页imitate vt.to copysb.sactions,words,orbehaviour,ofteninordertomakepeoplelaugh（常为取悦他人而）模仿（某人动作、言语或行为）e.g.1.He could imitate in speech or writing most of those headmired.他能模仿大多数自己崇敬偶像讲话和写作格调。2.Jamescanimitatehisfatherperfectly.詹姆斯能逼真地模仿他父亲。3.Someparrotscanimitatesoundsandrepeatwordsandsentences.有些鹦鹉能模仿人声，还能学人说一些单词和句子。Word family:imitationn.Words&Phrases第45页comprehend v.(fml)to understandsth.了解；领会e.g.1.Shecannotcomprehendtheextentofthedisaster.她无法了解这场灾难程度。2.Hecouldntcomprehendherreasonsformarryingtheoldman.他不明白她为何要嫁给那个老头。3.Isimplycouldntcomprehendwhathadhappened.我简直不明白发生了什么事。Word family:prehensivea.Words&Phrases第46页mimicry n.Utheactionofmimickingsb.,ortheabilitytodothis模仿；模仿能力e.g.1.Oneofhisfewstrengthswashisskillatmimicry.他为数不多强项之一就是善于模仿。2.Languagelearningusuallyneedsconsciousmimicry.通常，学习语言需要有意识地去模仿。Word family:mimicv.e.g.Neuralnetworksarecomputersystemswhich mimictheworkingsofthebrain.神经网络是模拟大脑工作方式计算机系统。Words&Phrases第47页imitation n.C,Utheactofcopyingsb.sactions,wordsorbehaviour,ofteninordertomakepeoplelaugh （常为取悦他人而对某人动作、言语或行为）模仿e.g.1.They discussed important issues in imitation of theirelders.他们模仿长辈口气讨论主要问题。2.Itisbettertofailinoriginalitythantosucceedinimitation.宁可在创新中失败也不要在模仿中成功。Word family:imitatev.Words&Phrases第48页evoke vt.(fml)to bring a particularemotion,idea,ormemoryintoyourmind使人想起，唤起（感情、想法或记忆）e.g.1.The photographs evoked strong memories of ourholidaysinFrance.那些照片勾起了我们对在法国度假深刻回想。2.Hisappearanceisboundtoevokesympathy.他外表会引发人们同情。Word family:evocation n.Words&Phrases第49页distinct a.1.(from)separateanddifferentinawaythatisclear有区分；不一样；单独e.g.1.Engineeringandtechnologyaredisciplinesdistinctfromoneanotherandfromscience.工程学和工艺学互不相同，也有别于自然科学。2.Thelearningneedsofthetwogroupsarequitedistinctfromeachother.这两个组学习需求相互之间完全不一样。3.Astronomy,asdistinctfromastrology,isanexactscience.天文学是一门严谨科学,与占星术完全不一样。Words&Phrases第50页2.definiteandobvious确切，清楚e.g.1.Now that Tony was no longer present,there was adistinctchangeinherattitude.因为托尼不在场了，她态度有了显著转变。2.Ihavedistinctmemoriesofhiminhislastyears.我清楚地记得他最终几年情况。Word family:distinctly ad.distinction n.distinctness n.Words&Phrases第51页toddler n.C averyyoungchildwhoislearninghowtowalk 学步小孩 e.g.Atoddlerrequiresclosesupervisionandfirmcontrolatalltimes.刚学步孩子时刻需要寸步不离照看，并要牢牢看紧。Words&Phrases第52页repertoire n.C thefullrangeofthingsthatsb.orsth.cando全部技能（或才能）e.g.1.Thishasbeenoneofthemostsuccessfuldessertsinmyrepertoire.这是我会做甜点中做得最成功一个。2.Anactorhastobuildacharacterandextendhisownemotionalrepertoire.演员必须会塑造人物并拓展自己情感表示技巧。Words&Phrases第53页cookie n.C(AmE)asmallsweetbiscuit小甜饼；曲奇饼e.g.Ivejustmadesomechocolatechipcookies.我刚做了些巧克力甜饼。British Equivalent:biscuitWords&Phrases第54页stroke vt.to gently move your handoverskin,hair,orfur（用手）轻抚,抚摩e.g.1.Thegirlstrokedthecat.女孩抚摩着小猫。2.Heputhishandonherhairandstrok