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Specialized English for AutomobileUnit Three3.1 Drive Line第1页ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.Exercises第2页vHowmanymainunitsdoesthedrivelineassemblyconsistof?Whatarethey？vThedrivelineassemblyconsistsofsixmainunits.vTheyareclutch,transmission,driveshaft,finaldrive,differentialandthedrivingwheels.Diagram of car showing clutch locationI.Pre-questions第3页vHowdoesthedrivelinework?vThedrivelinecarriespowerfromtheenginecrankshafttothedrivingwheels,sothewheelsrotateandtheautomobilemoves.I.Pre-questions第4页 II.Text ExplanationFig.3-1DriveLine1-clutch;2-transmission;3-universaljoint;4-finaldrive;5-differential;6-driveshaft第5页vThetypicaldrivelinecomprisesclutch,transmission,driveshaft,finaldrive,differentialandthedrivingwheels.v译文：经典传动系统普通包含离合器、变速器、传动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动轮等六部分。II.Text Explanation第6页vWhenyoulifttheclutchpedal,springsforcethepressureplateandclutchplateagainsttheflywheel.v译文：当抬起踏板时，压缩弹簧将压盘和从动盘推向飞轮。II.Text Explanation第7页vAmanualtransmissionrequiresaclutchtoapplyandremovetheenginetorquetothetransmissioninputshaft.v译文：手动变速器需要用离合器来把发动机转矩施加给变速器输入轴或从变速器输入轴撤消。II.Text Explanation第8页vWhenthecarisonstraightroad,theringgear,differentialcase,differentialpiniongears,andtwodifferentialsidegearsallturnasaunitwithoutanyrelativemotion.v译文：汽车在直线行驶时，齿圈、差速器壳、差速器行星齿轮和两个差速器半轴齿轮作为一个整体运转，而无任何相对运动。II.Text Explanation第9页vThedriveshaftsareusuallyhollowinordertoweighless,butofalargediametersothattheyarestrong.v译文：传动轴通常是空心以减轻重量，但直径比较大使它有足够强度。II.Text Explanation第10页III.Exercisesvmanualtransmissionvreverseidlergearsvgearratiosvdriveshaftvclutchplatevdifferentialvuniversaljointvcoilspringvpressureplatevsynchronizerv手动变速器v倒档齿轮v齿轮齿数比v传动轴v离合器片v差速器v万向节v螺旋弹簧v压盘v同时器I.Translate the following expressions into Chinese.第11页III.ExercisesvII.IdentifytheEnglishnamesofthedrivelineaccordingtothepicture.v1engine;2transmission;3driveshaft;4drivingwheel;v5clutch;6universaljoint;7finaldrive第12页III.ExercisesvIII.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandfillintheblankswiththeproperformofthegivenwords.vThe(differential)systemispartoftherear-axle-housing(assembly),whichincludesthedifferential,(rearaxles),wheeland(bearings).vIftheautomobileweretobedrivenina(straight)linewithouthavingtomaketurns,thennodifferentialwouldbenecessary.However,whentheautomobileroundsaturn,the(outer)wheelmusttravelfartherthanthe(inner)wheel.Thedifferential(permits)thetworearwheelstorotate(different)amountswhentheautomobilegoesaroundaturn,whilestill(deliveringv)powertobothrearwheels.第13页III.ExercisesvIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1.Althoughtherearemanytypesofclutch,thedrysingleplatetypeoftractionclutchisusedalmostexclusivelyinpassengercars.v2.Thepressureondrivendiskfittedontothesplinedportionofshaftisprovidedbyspringsinstalledbetweenthehousingandpressuredrivingdisks.v3.TheuniversaljointorU-jointsisusedtoconnectthediveshafttothetransmissionoutputshaftandthedifferentialpiniongearshaft.第14页v1.即使离合器种类很多，但客车上采取最多还是单片干式离合器。v2.从动盘安装在传动轴花键槽内，从动盘上压力来自弹簧弹力，这些弹簧安装在离合器壳和主动盘之间。v3.万向节将动力输入轴、动力输出轴和差速器齿轮轴连接在一起。第15页vV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1.假如快速运转发动机突然与静止车辆传动系相连接，就会产生强烈冲击。v2.离合器是一个用以连接和分离发动机和变速器装置。v3.装有自动变速器汽车普通不需要离合器。第16页v1.Itwillhaveastrongimpactwhenthespinningengineconnectsthestationarytransmission.v2.Theclutchisadevicewhichisdesignedtoconnectanddisconnecttheengineandthetransmission.v3.Thereisnotclutchwhentheautomobileequipautomatictransmission.第17页Specialized English for Automobile第18页Specialized English for AutomobileUnit Three3.2 Clutch第19页ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.Exercises第20页vWhatwillyoudowhenyoumovethecar？vWhatwillyoudowhenyouchangegears?Start the carRelease parking brakeand the clutch pedal and push down gasFirst gearNeutral positionDepress the clutch pedalsecond gearRelease the clutch pedalclutchDepress the clutch pedalFirst gear第21页vWhereistheclutchintheautomobile?Diagram of car showing clutch locationA-engineB-clutch C-clutch pedalD-manual transmissionI.Pre-questions第22页vWhatisthefunctionoftheclutch?vConnectordisconnectthepowerfromtheenginetothedriveline.I.Pre-questions第23页vHowmanymainpartsdoestheclutchconsistof?driving membersdriven memberscontrol mechanismspressing mechanismsI.Pre-questions第24页vInacar,youneedaclutchbecausetheenginespinsallthetime,butthecarswheelsdonot.vspinspinvt.&vi.使旋转v译文：汽车上需要一个离合器，因为发动机一直在旋转，而车轮却不是（一直旋转）。II.Text Explanation第25页vInordertostopwithoutkillingtheengine,thewheelsneedtobedisconnectedfromtheenginesomehow.vsomehow以某种方式，不知怎么v译文：为了使停车时发动机不熄火，车轮需要以某种方式与发动机断开连接。这句话中killingtheengine表示使发动机熄火 II.Text Explanation第26页vSomehowv我们必须设法在明天早上以前把工作做完。vWemustgettheworkfinishedsomehowbytomorrowmorning.v不知怎么地我们迷了路。vSomehowwelostourway.第27页vTheclutch（showninFig.3-2）allowsustosmoothlyengageaspinningenginetoanon-spinningtransmissionbycontrollingtheslippagebetweenthem.vslippageslipidn.滑动v译文：离合器（图3-2所表示）允许我们将旋转发动机和不转变速器平稳地连接起来，这种连接经过控制它们之间相对滑动来实现。II.Text Explanation第28页Fig.3-2Clutch1-pressureplate;2-drivendisk;3-flywheel;4-clutchcover第29页vMostcarsequippedwithamanualtransmissionuseasingleclutchdisc,adiaphragmtypespring，apressureplateandclutchcoverassembly,aclutchreleasebearing,andaclutchreleasefork.vsingleclutchdisc单片离合器盘vdiaphragmtypespring膜片式弹簧vpressureplate压盘vclutchcover离合器盖vreleasebearing分离轴承vreleasefork分离叉 II.Text Explanation第30页driven disk第31页Pressure plate and covercoverpressureplateflywheel第32页release levers and release yokerelease leversrelease yoke第33页vTheclutchhasaclutchdiscasitsmajorpart,andtheclutchdiscconsistsofacircularmetalplateattachedtoareinforcedsplinedhub.vcirculars:kjuladj.圆形,环形;循环vreinforceri:n,f:svt.增强;加强vsplinedhub花键毂v译文：离合器有一个离合器盘作为主要部件，离合器盘包含一个圆形金属盘，它与强化花键毂连接在一起。attachedtoareinforcedsplinedhub是过去分词短语作状语修饰metalplate II.Text Explanation第34页vThesplinedhubisfreetoslidelengthwisealongthesplinesofthetransmissioninputshaft.vlengthwiselewaizadv.纵长地,纵向地v译文：（离合器）花键毂能够沿着变速器输入轴花键自由滑动。II.Text Explanation第35页vInitsoperatingpositionintheengine/transmissionlinkup,theclutchdiscissandwichedbetweentheengineflywheelandclutchpressureplate.vsandwichsnwidn.三明治vt.1把夹在之间2挤在中间v译文：在发动机和变速器接合状态下，离合器盘被夹在发动机飞轮和离合器压盘之间。II.Text Explanation第36页vsandwichv把一片火腿夹在两片面包之间就做成了火腿三明治。vTomakeahamsandwichyouputasliceofhambetweentwoslicesofbread.v在公共汽车上,他被挤在两个胖女人中间。vHewassandwichedbetweentwoveryfatwomenonthebus.第37页vTheclutchforkandlinkageprovidethemeansofconvertingtheup-and-downmovementoftheclutchpedaltotheback-and-forthmovementoftheclutchreleasebearingassembly.vmeansmi:nzn.方法,伎俩v译文：离合器分离叉和连接件提供了将离合器踏板上下运动转化为离合器分离轴承机构前后运动一个方法。II.Text Explanation第38页vmeansv科学家们正在为创造一个能储存这种动力方法而工作。vScientistsareworkingtodeviseameansofstoringthistypeofpower.第39页diaphragm-spring typecoil-pressure-spring type第40页III.Exercisesvclutchreleaseforkvdrivetrainvdrivingaxlesvpressureplatevdiaphragmtypevsplinedhubvcoilspringvdiaphragmreleasefingersvfrictiondisksvengagementanddisengagementv分离叉v传动系v传动轴v压盘v膜片式v花键毂v螺旋弹簧v膜片弹簧分离杠杆v摩擦盘v分离和接合I.Translate the following expressions into Chinese.第41页vII.IdentifytheEnglishnamesofclutchaccordingtothepicture.1-friction disk2-spring 3-splined hub 4-driven disk5-pressure plate6-locating studs7-diaphragm spring8-fulcrum ring9-clutch coverIII.Exercises第42页vIII.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandfillintheblankswiththeproperformofthegivenwords.vTheclutchreleasemechanismcanbeoperatedeither(mechanically)or(hydraulically).Themechanicallyoperatedreleasemechanismconsistsofa(pedal),a(returnspring),ashaftwithlever,arod,areleaseyoke(lever),areleaseyoke,areleaseballbearingwithsupportandaclutchreleasespring.第43页vWhentheclutchpedalis(depressed),therodandshaftwithyokeshiftthereleasebearingandsupport(assembly).Thereleasebearingpressestheinnerendsofthereleaselevers,thepressure(driven)ismovedawayfromthe(plate)diskandtheclutchisdisengaged.To(engagev)theclutch,thepedalisreleased,thereleasebearingandsupportassemblyisshiftedbackbythereturnspringthusreleasingthereleasingleverssothatthepressureplateisforcedbyitsspringstowardstheflywheeltoclampthedrivendiskandengagetheclutch.第44页vIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.v1.Theclutchisadeviceusedtoprovidesmoothengagementanddisengagementofengineandtransmission.v2.Everyvehiclehasanenginewhichprovidesthestartingpower,buttheenginedevelopslittlepowerortorqueatlowrpm,andmustgainspeedbeforeitmovesavehicle.v3.Iftherapidlyrotatingenginewassuddenlyconnectedtothedrivelineofastationaryvehicle,theengagementwouldnotbesoft.第45页v1.离合器是一个用以平稳连接和分离发动机和变速器装置。v2.每辆汽车都有一个提供动力发动机，不过发动机在低速转动时几乎不产生动力或扭矩，而且发动机必须快速转动才能推进车辆前进。v3.假如快速转动发动机突然与静止车辆驱动系统相连，这种接合就不会柔和。第46页vV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1.经过离合器动力输出主要是由与发动机曲轴相连一个或多个驱动元件与一个或多个动力输入轴相连驱动元件相接触形成。v2.沿压盘和离合器之间圆周均匀分布弹簧夹住压盘与飞轮之间从动盘。v3.汽车离合器在结构上都很相同，只是在压紧机构和分离机构细节上稍有不一样。第47页v1.Poweroutputbytheclutchismainlydrivenbytheformationoftangencybetweenoneormoredrivecomponentsconnectedtotheenginecrankshaftandothersconnectedtothepowerinputshaft.v2.Thespringevenlydistributedbetweenthecircumferenceofthepressureplateclampstheclutchdiscbetweentheflywheelandpressureplate.v3.Allautomotiveclutchesareverysimilarinconstruction,onlydifferentinthedetailsofthepressure-plateassembliesandtheseparation.第48页Specialized English for Automobile第49页Specialized English for AutomobileUnit Three3.3 Manual Transmission 第50页ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.Exercises第51页vWhatdoesthemanualtransmissionconsistof?vThemanualtransmissionconsistsofahousing,aninputshaftandgear,anoutputshaftandgear,acountershaft,areversegear,aclusterofgearsandagearshiftmechanism.Diagram of car showing clutch locationI.Pre-questions第52页vWhatsthefunctionofthegearshiftmechanism?vThegearshiftmechanismisdesignedforengaginggears,settingthemneutralandengagingthereversespeed.I.Pre-questions第53页vWhereisthetransmissionlocatedinthecar?Whatdoesitactas?vThetransmissionislocatedinthemiddleoftheengineanddrivingwheels.vItactsaschangingthetorquetransmittedfromtheenginecrankshafttothepropellershaft,reversingthevehiclemovementanddisengagingtheenginefromthedrivelineforalongtimeatparkingorcoasting.I.Pre-questions第54页 II.Text ExplanationFig.3-3ManualTransmission1-shiftmechanism;2-shiftforks;3-inputshaft;4-outputshaft;5-countershaft第55页vAtransmissionisaspeedandpowerchangingdeviceinstalledatsomepointbetweentheengineanddrivingwheelsofthevehicle.v译文：变速器是一个安装在汽车发动机和车轮间某个位置上变换速度和动力装置。II.Text Explanation第56页vTwotypesoftransmissionarethemanualandtheautomatic.v译文：变速器能够分为手动式和自动式两种。II.Text Explanation第57页vThemanualtransmissionconsistsofahousing,aninputshaftandgear,anoutputshaftandgear,acountershaft,areversegear,aclusterofgearsandagearshiftmechanism.v译文：手动式变速器由壳体、输入轴及齿轮、输出轴及齿轮、中间轴、倒档齿轮、齿轮组和换档装置组成。II.Text Explanation第58页vTheinputshaftismadeofsteelintegralwiththedrivinggearandtherim.v译文：输入轴是钢制，与驱动齿轮和齿圈制成一体。II.Text Explanation第59页vThegearshiftmechanismconsistsofalever,shiftrails,shiftforks,retainers,locksandareversespeedsafetydevice.v译文：齿轮换挡装置包含换档杆、拨叉轴、换档拨叉、保持架、换档锁和倒档安全装置。II.Text Explanation第60页III.Exercisesvparkingorcoastingvneutralpositionvtractiveresistancevcountershaftvreversegearvsplinedportionoftheshaftvintheboreofthecrankshaftvreversespeedsafetydevicevshiftlevervsphericalbulbv停车或滑行v空挡位v牵引阻力v中间轴v反转齿轮v轴花键部分v曲轴孔内v倒档速度安全装置v拨叉轴v球形座孔I.Translate the following expressions into Chinese.第61页III.ExercisesvII.IdentifytheEnglishnamesofthemanualtransmissionaccordingtothepicture.v1-inputshaft;2-sleeve;3-outputshaft;v4-reverseshaft;5-idlershaft;6-gear第62页vIII.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandfillintheblankswiththeproperformofthegivenwords.vAsweknow,anenginecan(generate)onlylimitedtorqueatlowspeeds.Drivingconditionisverycomplicatedandthisrequiresthe(tractive)effortandspeedvaryinalargescope.Andwithoutsufficient(torque),movingaheavilyloadedvehiclefromastandingstartisimpossible.Inanyengine,thecrankshaftalwaysrotatesinthesame(direction).Iftheengine(transmits)itspowerdirectlytothedriveaxles,thewheelscouldbe(driven)onlyinonedirection.第63页vGivenalevelroad,anautomobilewithoutatransmissioncouldbemadetomoveby(accelerating)theengineand(engaging)theclutch.However,astartundertheseconditionswouldbeslow,(noisy)anduncomfortable.Inaddition,itwouldplacea(tremendous)strainontheengineanddrivingpartsoftheautomobile.第64页vIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.vMostautomobilemanualtransmissionsallowthedrivertoselectanyforwardgearatanytime,butsome,suchasthosecommonlymountedonmotorcyclesandsometypesofracingcars,onlyallowthedrivertoselectthenext-higherornext-lowergearratio.vManualtransmissionsarecharacterizedbygearratiosthatareselectablebylockingselectedgearpairstotheoutputshaftinsidethetransmission.vContemporaryautomotivemanualtransmissionsaregenerallyavailablewithfourtosixforwardgearsandonereversegear,althoughmanualtransmissionshavebeenbuiltwithasfewastwoandasmanyaseightgears.第65页v1.大多数汽车手动变速器，允许司机随时选择任意前进档位，但也有例外，安装在摩托车和一些赛车上手动变速器，只允许司机选择次高档或次低级。v2.手动变速器特点主要是：传动比选择由安装在变速箱内部与输出轴相连特定齿轮副确定。v3.当代汽车手动变速器普通设置四至六个前进档和一个倒档，齿轮数普通有二至八个。第66页vV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.v1.变速器是用来改变发动机曲轴送到驱动轴转矩，完成倒车和在汽车长时间停车或滑行时分离发动机和动力传动系统装置。v2.变速器中间轴齿轮与主动齿轮是常啮合。v3.换档装置经过变换齿轮啮合，实现前进档、空档和倒档之间变换。第67页v1.Thetransmissionisdesignedforchangingthetorquetransmittedfromtheenginecrankshafttothepropellershaft,reversingthevehiclemovementanddisengagingtheenginefromthedrivelineforalongtimeatparkingorcoasting.v2.Theidlershaftgearandthedrivinggearareinconstantmesh.v3.Thegearshiftmechanismcompletestheconversionamongforward,neutralandreversepositiontochangegearing.第68页Specialized English for Automobile第69页Specialized English for AutomobileUnit Three3.4 Automatic Transmission 第70页ContentsI.Pre-questionsII.TextExplanationIII.Exercises第71页vHowmanymainunitsistheautomatictransmissiondividedinto?Whatarethey?vTheautomatictransmissionisdividedintofivemainunits.vTheyareplanetarygearsets,thehydraulicsystem,sealsandgaskets,thetorqueconverter,thegovernorandthemodulatororthrottlecable.Diagram of car showing clutch locationI.Pre-questions第72页vWhatsthefunctionofplanetarygearsets?vTheplanetarygearsetsprovidesoverdrive,reverse,forwardreduction,neutral,anddirectdrive.I.Pre-questions第73页vWhatsthefunctionofsealsandgasketsinautomatictransmission?vSealsandgasketsareusedtokeeptheoilwhereitissupposedtobeandpreventitfromleakingout.I.Pre-questions第74页 II.Text ExplanationFig.3-4PlanetaryGearSystem1-planetgear;2-sungear;3-ringgear;4-planetarycarrier第75页vAutomatictransmissioniseasytomanipulateinacrowdedvehicle,theycangreatlyimprovetrafficsafetyandreliability.v译文：自动变速器很轻易操纵，在车辆拥挤时，可大大提升车辆行驶安全性及可靠性。II.Text Explanation第76页vThebasicplanetarygearsetconsistsofasungear,aringgearandtwoormoreplanetgears,allremaininginconstantmesh.v译文：基本行星齿轮装置由一个太阳轮、一个齿圈和两个或更多个行星齿轮组成，全部元件之间保持常啮合状态。II.Text Explanation第77页vThetorqueconvertercanchangethetwistingmotionoftheenginecrankshaft.v译文：液力变矩器能够改变发动机曲轴扭转运动。II.Text Explanation第78页vThehydraulicsystemisacomplexmazeofpassagesandtubesthatsendstransmissionfluidunderpressuretoallpartsofthetransmissionandtorqueconverter.v译文：液压系统是个由复杂通道和管道组成迷宫，将一定压力传动油送到变速器和液力变矩器内全部零件上。II.Text Explanation第79页vSealsandgasketstocontroltheflowofhydraulicfluidandtokeepitfromleakingout.v译文：密封圈和密封垫用来控制传动液流动并预防其泄漏。II.Text Explanation第80页III.Exercisesvone-wayclutchvthrottlevalvevtorqueconvertervplanetarygearvpumpwheelvfuel-efficientvtopgearvhydrauliccontrolcirc
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