1、Chapter3 Labor,Material and Equipment Utilization劳动力、材料和设备利用劳动力、材料和设备利用3.1FactorsAffectingJob-SiteProductivity影响工地生产率原因第1页Job-siteproductivityisinfluencedbymanyfactorswhichcanbecharacterizedeitheraslaborcharacteristics,projectworkconditionsorasnon-productiveactivities.影响工地生产率原因很多,大致分为劳动力特征、工程工作条件(环境
2、)和非生产性活动。Thelaborcharacteristicsinclude:劳力特征包含:Age,skillandexperienceofworkforceLeadershipandmotivationofworkforce员工年纪、技能和工作经验员工领导力和动力第2页Theprojectworkconditionsincludeamongotherfactors:工程施工环境原因包含:Sobsizeandcomplexity工作规模和复杂性Jobsiteaccessibility工作场地易靠近性Laboravailability劳力可用性Equipmentutilization设备使用C
3、ontractualagreements协议Localclimate当地气候Localculturalcharacteristics,particularlyinforeignoperations当地文化特征,尤其是海外工作文化特征第3页Thenon-productiveactivitiesassociatedwith(与相关,与联络)aprojectmayormaynotbepaidbytheowner,buttheyneverthelesstakeuppotentiallaborresources(占据可能劳动力资源)whichcanotherwisebedirectedtotheproj
4、ect.与项目相关非生产型工作业主能够支付,也能够不支付,但他们占据潜在劳动力资源,这些资源原本能够投入到项目中.Thenon-productiveactivitiesincludeamongotherfactors:非生产型活动包含:第4页Indirectlaborrequiredtomaintaintheprogressoftheproject维护工程进度间接性劳力Reworkforcorrectingunsatisfactory(不合格)work不合格任务返工Temporaryworkstoppage(停工)duetoinclement(严酷)weatherormaterialshort
5、age严酷天气或者物料缺乏造成暂时停工Timeoffforunionactivities因工会活动而休假Absentee(缺勤)time,includinglatestartandearlyquits缺勤时间,包含迟到和早退Non-workingholidays节假日Strikes罢工第5页Eachcategoryoffactorsaffectstheproductivelaboravailabletoaprojectaswellastheon-sitelaborefficiency.每类原因都影响生产劳动力可用性和现场劳动力效率。Labor Characteristics劳动力特征劳动力特征
6、Performanceanalysisisacommontoolforassessingworkerqualityandcontribution.绩效分析是评定员工能力和贡献一个通用方法。Factorsthatmightbeevaluatedinclude:评定要素能够包含:第6页Qualityofwork-caliberofworkproducedoraccomplished工作质量所完成工作水准Quantityofwork-volumeofacceptablework工作数量可负担工作份量Jobknowledge-demonstrated(证实,说明,表示)knowledgeofrequi
7、rements,methods,techniquesandskillsinvolvedindoingthejobandinapplyingthesetoincreaseproductivity工作知识工作中应用到需求知识、方法、技能和技巧,以提升生产率效率第7页RelatedWorkKnowledgeknowledgeofeffectsofworkuponotherareasandknowledgeofrelatedareaswhichhaveinfluenceonassignedwork相关工作知识其它相关领域能对当前工作产生影响和效果知识Judgment-soundnessofconclu
8、sion,decisionsandactions稳健判断力,用于总结、决议和行动Initiative-abilitytotakeeffectiveactionwithoutbeingtold主动性,主动主动高效执行工作第8页ResourceUtilization-abilitytodelineate(叙述、归纳)projectneedsandlocate,planandeffectivelyuseallresourcesavailable.资源利用能力,归纳项目标需求,确定计划和有效利用全部可用资源Thesedifferentfactorscouldeachbeassessedonathree
9、pointscale:(1)recognizedstrength,(2)meetsexpectations,(3)areaneedingimprovement.这些不一样原因能够评定为三个等级:1)优异2)到达期望3)需要进步。Examplesofworkperformanceintheseareasmightalsobeprovided.也能够提供这些方面工作绩效例子。第9页Project work conditions工作环境工作环境Job-sitelaborproductivity(现场劳动生产率)canbeestimatedeitherforeachcraft(工艺,行业)(carpe
10、nter,bricklayer,etc.)oreachtypeofconstruction(residentialhousing,processingplant,etc.)underaspecificsetofworkconditions.在特定工作环境下,现场劳动生产率能够按照工种进行进行评定(如木匠,瓦匠等),也能够按照建设类型评定(如住宅,流程型工厂等)。第10页Abase(基准)laborproductivitymaybedefinedforasetofworkconditionsspecified(指定;详细说明,详细说明)bytheownerorcontractorwhowishe
11、stoobserveandmeasurethelaborperformanceoveraperiodoftimeundersuchconditions.基准劳动生产率能够定义为:在给定工作条件(环境)下,业主或承包商期望观察和衡量(此条件下)一段时期内劳动绩效。第11页Alaborproductivityindex(指数)maythenbedefinedastheratio(比率)ofthejob-sitelaborproductivityunderadifferentsetofworkconditionstothebaselaborproductivity,and【从此从此处处断开翻断开翻译
12、译】isameasureoftherelative(相正确)laborefficiencyofaprojectunderthisnewsetofworkconditions.劳动生产率指数能够定义为不一样工作条件下现场劳动生产率和基准劳动生产率比率,它是对新工作条件下项目中劳动力相对效率计量。第12页Theeffectsofvariousfactorsrelatedtoworkconditionsonanewprojectcanbeestimatedinadvance,somemoreaccuratelythanothers(指index).劳动生产率指数(能够)比其它指标更准确地预估与新项目
13、工作条件相关各种影响原因。Eg1:Theyshouldchecktheday-lightconditionsandventilationindifferentweatherconditionsin advance,ifpossible.假如有条件话,应提前提前对房屋在不一样天气情况下采光及通风情况进行考查。eg:Anotherwasthatstartupshadtodecidein advancehowmuchtoraise.另一个问题是创业企业必须提前提前确定筹资数目。第13页Forexample,forverylargeconstructionprojects,thelaborproduc
14、tivityindextendstodecreaseastheprojectsizeand/orcomplexity(工程规模和/或复杂性)increasebecauseoflogistic(逻辑、后勤)problems(后勤问题)andthe“learning”thattheworkforcemustundergobeforeadjustingtothenewenvironment.logistic*AThinkingaboutLogisticProblemofArchitecturalFormalLanguage.对建筑形式语言逻辑问题逻辑问题思索*TheProblemofLogistic
15、IndustryDevelopmentinChinaandPolicyRecommendation.我国物流物流产业发展中问题问题和政策提议*logisticairsupport空中后勤支援空中后勤支援*logisticbase供供给给基地基地*logisticsystem科学化后勤制度科学化后勤制度课后注释3:对大型建设项目,因为后勤问题和劳动力在适应新环境前必须经过学习过程,伴随项目规模和/或复杂性增加,劳动生产力指数趋于下降。第14页Job-siteaccessibilityoftenmayreducethelaborproductivityindexiftheworkersmustpe
16、rformtheirjobsinroundaboutways,suchasavoidingtrafficinrepavingthehighwaysurfaceormaintainingtheoperationofaplantduringrenovation.roundabout:绕大圈子,迂回(路等);转弯抹角,委婉;包围着,广泛包含;长胖了Eg:IhavehadsomeexperienceofthegreatCuffsround-aboutways.我对这位神通广大卡夫门道门道也摸透了几分。翻译:假如工人们必须按(迂回、绕弯)要求工作方式操作,现场辅助功效往往可能会降低劳动生产力指数,比如防
17、止交通shigu路面加铺或在装修过程中维持工厂运行。第15页Laboravailabilityinthelocalmarketisanotherfactor.在当地市场劳动力可用性是另一个原因。Shortageoflocallaborwillforcethecontractortobringinnon-locallabororscheduleovertimeworkorboth.当地劳动力短缺将迫使承建商引入非当地劳动力或/和安排加班工时。Ineithercase,thelaborefficiencywillbereducedinadditiontoincurringadditionalexp
18、ense.在这两种(引入非当地劳动力或/和安排加班工时)情况下,除了产生额外费用,劳动效率将降低。第16页Thedegreeofequipmentutilizationandmechanization(设备利用率和机械化)ofaconstructionprojectclearlywillhavedirectbearingonjob-sitelaborproductivity.建筑项目标设备利用率和机械化程度对现场劳动生产率有直接影响。第17页Thecontractualagreementsplayanimportantrolein(theutilizationofunionornon-unio
19、n(公会或非公会)labor,theuseofsubcontractorsandthedegreeoffieldsupervision),allofwhichwillimpactjob-sitelaborproductivity.协议协议在使用工会或非工会劳动力、使用分包商和现场监督程度中发挥主要作用,而全部这些都将影响现场劳动生产率。第18页Since on-siteconstructionessentiallyinvolvesoutdooractivities,thelocalclimatewillinfluencetheefficiencyofworkersdirectly.因为现场施工
20、主要包括户外活动,所以当地气候会直接影响工作效率。Inforeignoperations,theculturalcharacteristicsofthehostcountryshouldbeobservedinassessingthelaborefficiency.在海外业务中,在评定劳动效率中要注意东道国文化特色。Eg:Whichcountrywillbethehost countryforthenextOlympicGames?哪个国家将是下届奥运会主办主办国?第19页Non-productiveActivities非生产型劳动Thenon-productiveactivitiesasso
21、ciatedwithaprojectshouldalsobeexaminedinordertoexaminetheproductivelaboryield(有效劳动产出),whichisdefinedastheratioofdirectlaborhoursdevotedtothecompletionofaprojecttothepotentiallaborhours(可能工时).还应该检验与项目相关非生产性活动,以考查有效劳动产出,即为完成项目标直接工时与可能工时比率。第20页Thedirectlaborhoursareestimatedonthebasisofthebestpossiblec
22、onditionsatajobsitebyexcludingallfactorswhichmayreducetheproductivelaboryield.在作业现场最好条件下预计直接人工工时,这要排除可能会降低有效劳动产出全部原因。第21页3句:theflagmen信号旗手Contributeto贡献再重铺高速公路路面时,假如高速公路关闭,疏导指挥交通信号旗手就是对铺路小组劳动生产率没有贡献间接劳动力。第四句:一样,在偏远地域大型项目,间接劳动力可能是为项目直接劳动力提供住房和基础设施。第22页Thelaborhoursspentonreworktocorrectunsatisfactory
23、originalworkrepresentextratimetakenawayfrompotentiallaborhours.花在纠正原来不满意工作返工人工工时代表从潜在人工工时所花费额外工时。takenawayfrom=toreducethepositiveeffectorsuccessofsomethingEg1:Hisrefusaltoaccepttheprizedoesnottake away fromhissuccessinwinningit.他拒绝受奖并不损害损害他赢得成功。Eg2:Nowthereforeforgive,Ipraythee,mysinonlythisonce,an
24、dintreattheLORDyourGod,thathemaytake away frommethisdeathonly.现在求你,只这一次,饶恕我罪,求耶和华你们神使我脱离脱离这一次死亡。第23页6句:Bededucedfrom:从被减去Laborhours:工时为了计算实际有效劳动收益,与这些活动相关工时必须从可能工时中扣除。第24页Example3-1;Effects ofjobsizeonproductivity作业规模对生产力影响Acontractorhasestablishedthatunderasetof“standard”workconditionsforbuildingco
25、nstruction,ajobrequiring500,000laborhoursisconsideredstandardindeterminingthebaselaborproductivity.承建商已建立了一套“标准”建筑施工工作条件,一项工作需要50万人工工时被认为是确定基本劳动生产率标准。第25页Allotherfactorsbeingthesame,thelaborproductivityindexwillincreaseto1.1or110%forajobrequiringonly400,000labor-hours.全部其它原因相同,一项工作只有40万人工工时时,劳动生产率指数
26、将上升至1.1或110。Linearrelation:线性关系假如所需300000-700000工时之间存在线性关系,如图4-1所表示,在完全相同工作条件下,确定某项需要650000工时工作劳动生产率指数。第26页Homework3.DialogueA:whichpropertiestobuildingmaterialshave,doyouknow?B:Stiffness,strength,flexibility,etc.A:你知道建材属性吗?B:刚度,强度,灵活性等A:Corrrect.Thenwhatdoesstrengthmean?B:Erletmethink.Buildingmater
27、ialsresisttheactualorprobableforcesthatmaybeimposeduponthem.Isitcorrect?A:对。什么是强度?B:哦让我想一下。建材抵制可能强加于他们实际或可能力量。是这么吗?第27页A:Yes.Forexample,thewallsofapressurevesselmustbeofadequatestrengthtowithstandtheinternalpressure;thefloorsofabuildingmustbesufficientlystrongfortheirintendedpurpose;theshaftofamachi
28、nemustbeofadequatesizetocarrytherequiredtorque;awingofanairplanemustsafelywithstandloadswhichmaycomeuponitinflightorlanding.B:well.ButIdontknowthestiffness?A:比如,压力容器壁必须有足够强度承受内部压力;建筑物地板必须满足他们预期目标强度;一台机器轴必须具备所需扭矩适当尺寸;飞机机翼必须安全地承受在飞行中或着陆后负荷。B:可是我不明白什么是刚度。第28页A:oh,letmesee.Thestiffnessreferstobuildingmaterialresistingtheactualorprobableforceswithoutchangingshape.Doesthismakesense?B:Yeah,fairenough!Thankyouverymuch.A:噢,让我看看。刚度是指建材抵制不改变形状实际或可能力量。说明白了吗?B:是啊,挺好!谢谢你!第29页