1、医学影像学杂志2024年第34 卷第1 期 J Med Imaging Vol.34 No.1 2024小乳腺癌的临床病理及超声特征与腋下淋巴结转移的相关性分析杨雁雯1,周伟2,李伟伟1,陶玲玲1,樊金芳1,况李君11.上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院卢湾分院超声科 上海 200020;2.上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院超声科 上海 200025【摘 要】目的探讨小乳腺癌的临床病理及常规超声特征与腋下淋巴结转移的关系。方法选取 95 例小乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征及常规超声特征资料,将腋下淋巴结分为转移组(31 例)及未转移组(64 例),先对小乳腺癌的临床病理及常规超声检查特征进行单因素分析,然
2、后对单因素分析具有统计学差异的参数进行多因素分析。结果腋下淋巴结转移 31 例,无转移 64 例,多因素回归分析结果显示临床病理特征中病理分级、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素(PR),常规超声检查中小乳腺癌肿块呈垂直位、内部有微钙化、血流分级为-级是腋下淋巴结转移的独立影响因素。结论小乳腺癌的部分临床病理及超声特征与发生腋下淋巴结转移具有相关性,对于预测小乳腺癌患者腋下淋巴结转移具有一定的价值。【关键词】小乳腺癌;淋巴结转移;超声检查中图分类号:R737.9;R445.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-9011(2024)01-0046-05The relationship between
3、the clinicopathological and ultrasonic features of small breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasesYANG Yanwen1,ZHOU Wei2,LI Weiwei1,TAO Lingling1,FAN Jinfang1,KUANG Lijun11.Departent of UItrasound,Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch,School of Medicine,Shanghai JiaoTong University,Shanghai 200020,Ch
4、ina2.Departent of UItrasound,Shanghai RuJin Hopital,School of Medicine,Shanghai JiaoTong University,Shanghai 200020,China【Abstract】ObectiveTo investigate the relationship between clinicopathological and ultrasonic features of small breast cancer(maximum diameter2.0cm)and axillary lymph node metastas
5、is.MethodsA total of 95 cases with small breast cancer were collected retrospectively.The clinicopathological and ultrasonic features were analyzed by univariate analysis,and then the parameters with statistically significant differences in univariate analysis were analyzed by multivariate analysis.
6、ResultThere were 31 cases of axillary lymph node metastasis and 64 cases without metastasis.According to the multivariate regression analysis,the pathological grade,estrogen receptor(ER),progesterone receptor(PR)in clinicopathological features and the vertical positionmicrocalcification,grade-of blo
7、od flow in ultrasonic features were independent factors of axillary lymph node metastases(P1);仔细查看肿块内部是否有微小钙化;注意肿块后方回声情况,有无衰减或增强;同时观察腋下有无异常淋巴结;2)选择血流最丰富的切面,观察肿块内部的血流情况;同时参照 ADLER 等4的标准对肿块内部血流分级,0 级:无血流信号;级:少量血流,12处点状血流;级:中量血流,一条主要血流长度超过病灶的半径或几条小血管;级:大量血流,4条以上血管或血管互相连通交织成网状。1.3病理评估病理评估指标主要包括:病理组织学分级、
8、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、核增殖抗原 Ki67、人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)等以及是否有淋巴结转移。病理组织学分级分为1、2、3级,ER和PR激素受体阳性定义为免疫组化中有1的肿瘤细胞核染色呈阳性。Ki67阳性细胞百分比14定义为高表达,14为低表达。HER-2阳性定义为免疫组化评分为3分或荧光原位杂交(FISH)扩增;0分或1 分认为是阴性;2 分代表不确定需进一步通过(FISH)评估。患者以术后病理诊断是否有腋下淋巴结转移为依据。1.4统计学分析采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据分析,先对临床病理特征及常规超声特征参数进行卡方检验,然后对卡方检验后差异具有统计学
9、意义的参数进行logistic回归分析。以术后病理诊断小乳腺癌伴有腋下淋巴结转移为因变量,卡方检验后具有统计学意义的临床病理特征及常规超声特征参数为自变量,建立logistic回归模型。以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。2结果2.1小乳腺癌临床病理特征与腋下淋巴结转移关系的单因素分析本文 95例中腋下淋巴结转移 31例,无转移 64例,肿块最大径平均(1.68 0.71)cm。手术切除乳腺肿块95个,病理诊断:浸润性乳腺导管癌93例,浸润性乳腺小叶癌2例。临床特征中小乳腺癌患者的年龄、肿瘤生长位置、是否0.05)。病理特征中病理分级、ER、PR与小乳腺癌腋下淋巴结转移具有显著相关性(P0.05)
10、,见表1。2.2小乳腺癌常规超声检查与腋下淋巴结转移关系的单因素分析常规超声检查图像中小乳腺癌呈垂直位、微钙化及血流分级呈级与小乳腺癌腋下淋巴结转移呈明显相关性(P0.05),见表2。2.3腋下淋巴结转移的多因素分析结果对单因素分析具有统计学意义的参数进行多因素分析,结果显示临床病理特征中,病理分级、ER 及 PR,以及超声检查特征中小乳腺癌呈垂直位、伴微钙化、内部血流呈级与小乳腺癌腋下淋巴结转移具有显著相关性(P0.05),见表 3,(图16)。表1小乳腺癌临床病理特征与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系指标病理分级ERPRHER-2Ki67年龄结节位置在乳晕区结节50岁50岁是否是否淋巴结转移是1181
11、2121911208231219274130526否114310461842222440343050144601747P0.0160.0020.0060.0780.2150.2950.5360.34528.2999.6617.6923.1101.5351.0950.3831.23847医学影像学杂志2024年第34 卷第1 期 J Med Imaging Vol.34 No.1 20243讨论乳腺癌是否存在腋下淋巴结转移是决定乳腺癌病理分期和判断预后的重要指标,也是决定手术方式和治疗方案的重要依据5。一般而言,肿瘤体积越大,肿瘤生长时间越长,通过引流淋巴管转移至腋下淋巴结的可能性越大。但是小乳
12、腺癌中也可能会发生淋巴结转移,发生率约6%30%2。本文主要探讨小乳腺癌的临床病理及超声特征与腋窝淋巴结转移之间的关系,结果发现临床病理特征中病理分级、ER、PR,以及超声特征中小乳腺癌肿块呈垂直位、内部有微钙化、血流分级为级,这些指标与腋下淋巴结转移之间具有相关性(P1,呈垂直位生长。图2患者的同侧腋下转移淋巴结(箭头),形态欠规则。图3显微镜图(200倍),为浸润性导管癌级。图4小乳腺癌内部微钙化声像图:低回声肿块(大箭头)内见簇状分布的微钙化(小箭头)。图5患者的同侧腋下转移淋巴结(箭头),内见血流信号。图6显微镜图(200倍),浸润性导管癌级,伴导管原位癌,部分区域显示黏液腺癌。48医
13、学影像学杂志2024年第34 卷第1 期 J Med Imaging Vol.34 No.1 2024化程度,也是乳腺癌预后的重要指标。研究6表明病理分级与腋下淋巴结转移呈正相关,病理分级越高则腋下淋巴结转移的风险越大,病理分级为3级是淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。本文结果显示病理为3级相对于1、2级的小乳腺癌,腋下淋巴结转移概率要高,与上述研究结果相似。在正常乳腺细胞中存在ER、PR受体,两者相互作用,调节乳腺发育及细胞增殖等作用。当细胞癌变时,ER、PR会发生一定的改变,无法对肿瘤的生长发挥调控作用,此类肿瘤的预后较差7。有研究8显示,ER、PR的阳性表达情况与乳腺癌患者的生存率及临床治疗效能
14、有关联。文献9-10研究表明,乳腺癌的ER、PR表达可能与乳腺癌腋下淋巴结转移存在相关性。本文结果也同样发现ER、PR呈阳性的患者腋下淋巴结容易发生转移,这提示肿块的病理分级高、分化程度低对是否有腋下淋巴结转移具有重要意义。目前对于乳腺癌微钙化的产生机制并不清楚,有研究11-12认为可能与肿瘤细胞过快生长或细胞内部的营养缺乏有关。另外,也有可能是乳腺细胞在某些因素刺激下,转变为具有成骨细胞特性的细胞,以此促进微钙化的形成。乳腺微钙化从形状上可分为针尖样、细线样,其中细线样钙化恶性度可达50%95%13-15。同时,有研究16-17发现乳腺癌恶性程度越高,发生钙化的可能性也越高,两者之间呈正相关
15、,伴有钙化比无钙化的乳腺癌患者生存期更短,这可以解释有微钙化的小乳腺癌更容易出现腋下淋巴结转移。乳腺癌肿块可以出现前后径大于横径,原因是由于肿块前后径方向的肿瘤细胞正处于分裂期,而在其他方向的肿瘤细胞正处于相对静止期,所以呈现出不同的生长速度 18。同样,这个征象亦反映了肿瘤浸润性生长的特性,GUO等 19 研究表明乳腺癌超声特征与危险分级时,发现垂直位生长是独立危险因素之一,高危乳腺癌更容易垂直位生长。所以,小乳腺癌的超声检查征象出现垂直位生长伴微钙化时,更应引起重视,尤其要注意有无腋下淋巴结转移。GUO等20研究认为乳腺肿瘤发生腋下淋巴结转移与血流的数量密切相关,血流数量越多代表着向周围的
16、侵袭能力越强。本文结果显示小乳腺癌内部血流呈级在转移和非转移组间差异具有统计学意义,意味着肿瘤的血流信号丰富对判断淋巴结转移有提示作用。乳腺癌血流的增多,可能是由于新生血管的增加,这为肿瘤转移提供了通道。新生血管的生成是肿瘤的发生、发展和转移的重要因素21-23。新生血管由于管壁薄弱,基质膜并不完整,从而肿瘤细胞更容易通过微血管发生转移或直接浸润到周边组织。本文尚有一些不足之处:1)本文为回顾性分析,纳入病例可能存在选择偏移;2)样本较少,而且病理类型只有浸润性乳腺导管癌和浸润性乳腺小叶癌,今后有待于进一步大样本、多中心的总结分析。综上所述,小乳腺癌的部分临床病理及超声特征与发生腋下淋巴结转移
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