北京航空航天大学考博英语历年真题及详解.pdf

目录2003年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2004年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2006年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2007年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2008年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2009年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2010年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2011年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2012年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2013年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解2003年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解Part I.Listening Comprehension(25%)（略）Part II.Reading Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:There are five passages in this part.Each passage is followed bysome questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are fourchoices marked A,B,C or D.You should decide on the best choice and markthe corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1For farmers hoping for a healthy harvest,the best place to turn for help thesedays is the Monsanto Corp.One of the worlds leading biotechnologycompaniesand lately a pioneer in genetically engineered seedsMonsantohas been incorporating flashy traits like herbicide and pest resistance intoeverything from canola to corn.But such super crops dont come cheap.Farmers pay a premium for Monsanto seeds,and to make sure they keeppaying,the company requires them to sign an agreement promising not toplant seeds their crops produce.If farmers want the same bountiful harvestnext year,they must return to the company for a new load of seeds.While this arrangement makes sense for Monsanto,it works only if farmershonor itsomething thats difficult to police in the U.S.and almostimpossible in the developing world.Now,however,Monsanto hopes toenforce biologically what it cannot enforce contractually.With the help ofclever genes currently in development,future Monsanto crops may bedesigned with a new feature in mind:sterility(不育).No sooner will thecompanys plants mature than the seeds they carry,will lose the ability toreproduce.From Monsantos point of view,the set of new geneswhich others havenicknamed Terminatoris a perfectly legitimate way to protect theirintellectual-property rights.Not everybody agrees.Let the new science take hold,opponents warn darkly,and farmers could findthemselves coming to Monsanto,seed cup in hand,paying whatever thecompany demands before they can plant that seasons crop.Worse still,somedoomsday stories suggest,pollen(花粉)from Terminator plants could driftwith the wind like a toxic cloud,cross with ordinary crops or wild plants,andspread from species to species until flora all around the world had beensuddenly and irreversibly sterilized.No serious scientist thinks anything so disastrous will come to pass.ForMonsanto,however,with a technology in its pocket and a fight on its hands,the situation is about as grim as it can getat least in terms of publicrelations.“From a marketing perspective,its pathological(病态的).This is aquestion of who controls the seeds of life.”16Before Terminator,farmers _.A.are required to buy new load of seeds every yearB.are often caught by the police replanting the seedsC.can replant the seeds under the permission from MonsantoD.obey the agreements signed with Monsanto17According to Monsanto,the invention of Terminator will NOT _.A.stop illegal replanting of seeds in the developing countriesB.protect their intellectual-property rightsC.biologically carry out the agreements with the farmersD.make all plants sterilized18According to the opponents,Terminator will do all the followingEXCEPT that _.A.Terminator will result in raising the seed priceB.Terminator will make corns not mature to bear seedsC.Terminator will contaminate ordinary,cropsD.Terminator will not be poisonous to other plants19Whats the tone of the author towards“Terminator”?A.Objective.B.Mildly critical.C.Indifferent.D.Pessimistic.20The best title for the passage will be _.A.The Suicide SeedsB.Monsanto-Leading Biotech CompanyC.Sterility in BiologyD.Against New Science【答案与解析】16B 在Monsanto发明新品种Terminator之前，第二段提到it works onlyif farmers honor itsomething thats difficult to police in the U.S，表明农民们并未按照协议重新购买种子，而是留原来植物的种子，这使得美国警察很苦恼。17D Monsanto发明Terminator是从自己的利益出发的，是为了阻止农民重复利用种子，为了保护自己的知识产权和从生物学上保证条约的实施，选项D的内容不是Monsanto考虑的范围。18D 文中第四段列出了反对者们的意见，他们认为Terminator plantscould drift with the wind like a toxic cloud,cross with ordinary crops or wildplants，选项D说Terminator不会污染其它植物不正确。19B 从文中作者对Terminator的描述以及对其生产者Monsanto的评价可以看出作者对之是持批评态度的。20A 本文主要讲的就是Monsanto生产的新种子Terminator，它具有不育的特点，并有可能危害其他物种，选项A能概括文章内容。Passage 2The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere affect the heatbalance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen.Although these moleculesallow radiation at visible wavelengths,where most of the energy of sunlightis concentrated,to pass through,they absorb some longer wavelength,infrared emissions radiated from the Earths surface,radiation that wouldotherwise be transmitted back into space.For the Earth to maintain a constantaverage temperature,such emissions from the planet must balance incomingsolar radiation.If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,heat wouldescape from the Earth much more easily.The surface temperature would beso much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.Today,however,the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide.Theburning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmosphericcarbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years,and wecontinue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.Could the increase incarbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature?Mathematicalmodels that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of theincrease indicate that the answer is probably yes.Under present conditions a temperature of 18 can be observed at analtitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth.Below this altitude(called theradiating level),the temperature increases by about 6 per kilometerapproaching the Earths surface,where the average temperature is about15.An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are moremolecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation.As the capacity ofthe atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases,the radiating level andtemperature of the surface must rise.One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbondioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5.Thismodel assumes that the atmospheres relative humidity remains constant andthe temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5 per kilometer.Theassumption of constant relative humidity is important,because water vapor inthe atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infraredwavelengths.Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air,therelative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in theatmosphere increases as the temperature rises.Therefore,more infraredradiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earths surface.Theresultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,reducing the Earths reflectivity.More solar radiation would then be absorbedleading to further increase in temperature.21According to the passage,the greatest part of the solar energy thatreaches the Earth is _.A.reflected back to space by snow and iceB.concentrated at visible wavelengthsC.absorbed by carbon dioxide moleculesD.absorbed by atmospheric water vapor22According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE of the lasthundred years?A.Fossil fuels were burned for the first time.B.The average temperature at the Earths surface has become 2 cooler.C.The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increasedmeasurably.D.The amount of farmland worldwide has doubled.23Which of the following best describes the authors attitude toward theincreasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences?A.Objective yet concerned.B.Angry yet resigned.C.Completely detached.D.Incredulous.24It can be concluded from information contained in the text that theaverage temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about_.A.15B.18C.2.5D.925The primary,purpose of the passage is to _.A.discuss the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in theatmosphereB.warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuelsC.explain how a constant temperature is maintained in the Earths surfaceD.demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in predicting long-range climatic change【答案与解析】21B 从文中第一段allow radiation at visible wavelengths,where most ofthe energy of sunlight is concentrated,to pass through可以判断大部分太阳能量集中在visible wavelengths。22C 从第二段The burning of fossilhave increased atmospheric carbondioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years可知过去的100年中，化石燃料的使用使得空气中二氧化碳增长了15%，选项C说二氧化碳增加量是可度量的，符合文意。23A 本文作者用数字计算客观陈述了二氧化碳的现状，从第二段Today,however,the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide等处可以看出作者对其增加是充满忧虑的。24D 文中第三段说位于地面上方5到6千米的radiating level温度是-18，而每接近地面1千米气温就会上升6，通过计算可以得出距地面1千米的空气温度是9。25A 本文通过数学计算给出人们空气中carbon dioxide的增加状况，并通过具体数字说明了其增加会带来什么后果，选项A符合文意。Passage 3Our species evolved on the move.Recent research on the effects of exerciseand the consequences of sedentary living has shown that physical activity iscrucial to the proper processing of foods that we eat.In fact,most of thechronic and often life-threatening ailments that besiege Americans inepidemic proportions could be tempered by regular exercise.Among themare heart disease,diabetes,high blood pressure,arthritis,and osteoporosis.But lets face it:most people are not motivated to exercise by what it may dofor them 20 years down the pike.What gets people like me out moving everyday is what exercise does for me right now,especially how it allows me toenjoy eating without gaining.I,along with millions of Americans,havediscovered that exercise is the key to permanent and painless weight control.After hearing a description of my usual daily exercise schedulea morningrun or bike ride and an evening swim,sometimes with an hour of tennis inbetweensome people remark,“Wouldnt it be a lot easier to eat one lessbagel a day and skip all that exercise?”My answer is,“Easier,yes,but notnearly as effective nor as much fun.”Heres why exercise,not dieting,is bestroute to a leaner,lighter you.Far better for your health and,your future to lose primarily fat is in the firstplace.The only way to do that is through exercise,which uses body fat as itsmain source of energy.You may not see that initial rapid(but false)weightloss,but what you lose will be what you want to losefat,not muscle orwater.Your loss will be permanent,too.If its any consolation(安慰),studies have shown that in most cases,the faster people lose weight,the morelikely they are to regain it.Slow loss,then,is the secret to lasting success.If you want to lose weight faster than you can with just exercise,simplycombine exercise with a reduced-calorie diet.Researchers at the Universityof California,Davis,showed that exercise could counter the metabolism-lowering effect of a low-calorie diet in many people,it also seems to curb theadverse caloric effect of aging on body metabolism.Whereas ordinarily yourmetabolism would slow down as you get older(which is one reason peopleget fatter in middle age even though they dont eat more),if you continue toexercise regularly,you may keep your youthful,metabolic rate bymaintaining a muscular body instead of losing muscle and putting on poundsof fat.26What can be inferred from the passage?A.The slower people lose weight,the less Likely they are to achieve theirgoals.B.People who are on diet merely lose muscle and water.C.Regular exercises may reduce the chance of getting certain chronicdiseases.D.Physical activity use muscle tissue as its main source of energy.27Which of the following statements about weight control is NOT TRUE?A.The exercise is the secret to permanent and successful weight control.B.Combining exercises with a reduced-calorie diet makes it easier to loseweightC.Healthy weight control means losing primarily fat,not muscle or water.D.Eat less and skip the exercise is an easy and effective way of losing weight28Most middle-aged people get fatter,mainly because _.A.they made dietary,changes when they grow oldB.of their sedentary livingC.they dont exercise regularlyD.the chemical activity in their body that uses the food to produce energyslows down29Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A.Eating Without GainingB.Exercise-An Effective Weight-loss ToolC.Metabolic Changes in Human BodyD.Ways of Weight Control30The passage is mainly about _.A.how to keep fitB.how to lose weightC.the benefits brought about by regular exercisesD.exercises and diet【答案与解析】26C 从文中第一段most of the chronicailmentscould be tempered byregular exercise可推断规律性锻炼能够减少患慢性疾病的机率。27D 文中第二段作者说节食，但不运动，会Easier,yes,but not nearlyas effective nor as much fun，可以看出选项D表述与文意不符。28D 文中第四段给出中年人会发福的原因之一是your metabolismwould slow down as you get older，选项D意思是体内用以产生能量的化学分解活动速度减慢，与原文新陈代谢减慢符合。29B 本文主要讲述了regular exercise对健康和保持体形的作用，并指出与节食相比，它的有效性。30C 文中叙述了regular exercises能保持健康，也能control weight，选项C概括了这两个方面，符合文意。选项A、B不全面，文章不是在论述运动和饮食的关系，选项D也不正确。Passage 4Researchers have recently found a connection between disease and stressfulsituations.To test this theory,psychologists are trying to find a link betweenthe brain and the immune system.The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which causedisease.Therefore,whether or not we are likely to get various diseasesdepends on how well our immune system works.Biologists used to think thatthe immune system was a separate,independent part of our bodies.Recently,however,they have found that our brain can affect our immune system.Thisdiscovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotionalfactors,such as stress or depression,and illness.Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotionalfactor and disease,they had no proof.Scientists have only recentlydiscovered how the brain and the immune system function.Before this,noone could see a link between them.As a result,medical science neverseriously considered the idea that psychol0cal factors could cause disease.Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness,forexample,researchers went to an American military school to study thestudents.They found that the sick students there had a lot of academicpressure and wanted to achieve,but they were not very good students.In asimilar study,researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that thenurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves asgenerally unhappy people.In addition to these results,which support their theory,researchers are alsolooking for proof that stress can damage the immune system.Researchersstudied recently bereaved people,i.e.,people whose loved ones have justdied,because they are more likely to become ill or die.By examining theimmune system of recently bereaved people,the researchers made animportant discovery.They examined some white blood cells which are animportant part of the immune system.They were not functioning properly.The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severepsychological stress,such as a loved ones death,may damage an importantpart of our immun