北京第二外国语学院《812综合考试（英2）》历年考研真题及详解.pdf

目录2010年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解2009年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解2008年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解2007年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解2010年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解Part One英美社会文化(50分)I.Fill in the blanks with proper words:(每题 2 分)1.In 1215,some feudal barons and the Church forced King _to sign the _ to place some limits on the Kings power.2.The British Constitution consists of statute law,_ and_.3.There are three major parties in the UK:_,the Labour partyand _.4.The two oldest universities in Britain are _ and _.5.The US federal government consists of the following three branches:the executive,_ and _.6“WASP”stands for _.7.According to John Locke,the right to govern comes from anagreement or _ voluntarily entered into by free people.8.The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant,_ and_.9.The first Catholic president in the US was _.10.Some of the programs to equalize educational opportunities for allgroups by giving special preference to members of minority groups are called_.答案：1.John,Magna Cmon law,conventions3.the Conservative party,the Liberal Democratic party4.Oxford,Cambridge5.the legislative,the judicial6.White Anglo-Saxon Protestant7.Social contract8.Catholic,Jewish9.J.F.Kennedy10.affirmative action programsII.Tell what you know about the following in your own words:1.The Bill of Rights of 1689答案：The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688,King James IIs daughter Mary and her husband William wereinvited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne,oncondition that they would respect the fights of Parliament.The Bill of Rightswas passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignoreParliament.2.The Commonwealth答案：The CommonwealthIn the authors opinion,the Commonwealth is a voluntary association ofstates which is made up mostly of former British colonies.There are 50members of the Commonwealth:many of these are developing countries likeIndia and Cyprus;others are developed nations like Australia,Canada andNew Zealand.The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continuedcooperation and as a sort of support network.3.The Times答案：The TimesThe Times began publishing in 1785 and it is the United Kingdomsoldest daily newspaper.4.The three traditions of Christmas in Britain答案：The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThree are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British:oneis the Christmas Pantomime,a comical musical play.The main malecharacter is played by a young woman while The main female character,often an ugly woman called“the Dame,”is played by a man.Another BritishChristmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to herrealm over the television and radio.A third British tradition is Boxing Day,which falls on the day after Christmas.Traditionally,it was on Boxing Daythat people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.Now thatmost British people do not have servants,this custom is no longer observed.However,a new Boxing Day custom has emerged,in the cities:shopping.Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations,food,cards,and gift items at low prices.5.Puritanism答案：PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin andwanted to purify the Church of England.They believe that human beingswere predestined by God before they were born.Some were Gods chosenpeople while others were damned to hell.No church nor good works couldsave people.The sign of being Gods elect was the success in his work or theprosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Biblein order to find Gods will and establish a direct contact with God.Thesebeliefs had great impact on American culture.6.The Bill of Rights答案：The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were addedto the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guaranteefreedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right toassemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.Part Two 翻译(50分)I.英译汉(25分)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese.The time forthis section is 30 minutes.1.High-speed ground transportation(HSGT)represents a new mode oftransportation for the United States,one that is potentially superior to bothairplanes and automobiles for trips between 100 and 600 miles.答：对于美国来说，高速地面运输是一种新的运输方式。路程在160-960公里之内，这种运输方式比飞机、汽车更有潜在的优势。2.Principal hereby appoints agent as its exclusive agent to sell Productsin Territory,within and to the extent of the right granted hereunder,on behalfof Principal and Agent accepts and assumes such appointment.答：委托人兹委托代理人为其独家代理，代表委托人，在本条款所给予的权利限度内，在所定“地区”销售所定的“产品”，代理人接受并承担该项委托。3.The research finds that young women are heading for an early gravethrough smoking and lack of exercise.答：这项研究发现，由于抽烟和缺少运动，一些青年女性正踏上一条减寿之途。4.Eager to trust but determined to verify,many single women in an ageof risky romance are hiring private detectives to check the background oftheir suitors.答：在这个爱情有风险的年代，许多单身女子对求婚的人欲信犹疑，于是就纷纷雇佣私家侦探去查清对方的身世。5.Career comebacks from disaster are both difficult and,oddly,easy.Difficult because your record has been blighted;easy because if you haveachieved triumphs before,you know how its done.While we are suspiciousof someone who has suffered a serious setback,we also respect hard-wonexperience.Moreover,the doctrine of redemption is a central part of ourculture.The idea that someone is an irredeemable loss seems incrediblybrutal.Such a judgment feels as if it should be reserved for those who havebeen criminal,repeatedly negligent,or created damage on a grand scale.答：职场失败后东山再起既困难又容易(后面一点有些奇怪)。困难是因为你的履历上有了污点；容易是因为如果你以前成功过，你就知道如何才能成功。尽管我们对遭受严重挫折的人持怀疑态度，但我们也对来之不易的经验表示尊敬。此外，救赎这个信念是我们文化的核心部分。说某人无可救药似乎相当残忍。这种评价给人的感觉是，它应该仅适用于那些犯下罪行、屡教不改或是造成严重破坏的人。II.汉译英(25分)Directions：Translate the following into EnglishThe time for thissection is 30 minutes1我公司经营各类城市绿化专用树苗几十个品种50万株，完全能达到随来随购、顾客满意的程度。答：The companys stocks of dozens of species(a total of 500,000-oddsaplings)are sufficient to meet the demand of urban tree planting.2本合同自签字之日起生效，直至双方间所有的遗留问题，包括财务问题，处理完毕之日止。答：This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date whenit is signed and shall remain valid until all outstanding issues including thefinancial matters between the Parties hereto have been resolved.315至55岁的中国女性共约有3.8亿。只要经济条件允许，几乎人人都想把自己打扮得卓约靓丽，这种情况在城市尤为明显。答：All told,China has roughly 380 million women between the ages of15 and 55,and few of themparticularly in the citieswant to look any lessthan the best their budgets allow.4当时，这位年轻的参议员为他亚裔秘书的出众长相所倾倒：她乌发披肩，亮泽飘逸；一双黑眸，顾盼生辉。答：The then young senator was struck by the powerful profile of hissecretary of Asian descent,her rich black hair falling freely onto hershoulders,the intensity of her dark eyes.5作为人生发迹的手段之一，幽默和魅力是一对效力惊人的组合。我遇见过许多凭借风趣机智和好人缘白手起家的企业家。他们谦和自敛，让我们生不起气来；我们与他们相处愉快所以我们为什么不与他们做生意呢?当然，这里面必须讲求技巧。一味溜须拍马，开一些干巴巴的玩笑，不会产生同样的魔力。英国人认为，人生在世，就得苦中作乐。这似乎是我们心理学和文化的一条基本原则。在伦敦，说一个人缺乏幽默感，等于是说他一无是处。我出席的许多重要会议，都以一些善意的玩笑开场，以此打破沉默。这种惯例提醒我们，我们都是凡人，而不完全是商业机器。答：Humour and charm are a surprisingly powerful combination as a meansof ascent in life.I have met a number of entrepreneurs who have builtfortunes on the back of their wit and general popularityand not much else.They disarm us with self-deprecation;we enjoy their companyso whywouldnt we want to do business with them?Of course,it all has to be donewell;sycophancy and flat jokes do not weave the same spell.The British feel that some light relief amid the drudgery is essential forexistence to be tolerable.It seems to be a cornerstone of our psychology andculture.In London,to say someone has no sense of humour is to condemnthem utterly.Many important meetings I attend start with a little friendlybanter to break the ice,a ritual to remind us that we are all humanratherthan simply robots of commerce.Part Three 写作(50 points)Read the following article then fulfill the tasks.The Cult of the Faceless BossToo many chief executives are instantly forgettable.Its the flamboyant,visionary bosses who change the world.（指出现象）THE European Union is not the only institution thatprefers faceless technocrats to people with star power.The corporate world isincreasingly rejecting imperial chief executives in favour of anonymousmanagersbland and boring men and women who can hardly get themselvesnoticed at cocktail parties,let alone stop the traffic in Moscow and Beijing.（举例说明）Some of the worlds most powerful bosses are strikingmainly for their blandness:Sam Palmisano at IBM,Tony Hayward at BP,Terry Leahy at Tesco,Vittorio Colao at Vodafone.These men are at the headof a vast army of even more forgettable bosses.Watch the parade of chiefexecutives who appear on CNBC every day,or drop in to a high-poweredconference,and you begin to wonder whether cloning is more advanced thanscientists are letting on.It is true that there are a few more women and members of ethnicminorities at the top of companies than there used to be.But physicaldiversity has not translated into cultural diversity or intellectual vitality.Almost without exception,todays bosses spout（滔滔不绝地讲）the sametired old management clichsabout the merits of doing well by doingright（为善者，诸事顺）,the importance of valuing your workers,thevirtues of sustainability and so forth.The women who were profiled in a recent article in the Financial Timesabout the“top 50 women in world business”were every bit as adept with theclich as their male colleagues.Indra Nooyi,the boss of PepsiCo,proclaimedthat she spends her weekends“doing everything that normal people do”.Andrea Jung,the boss of Avon,said her biggest inspiration came from“Avons six million sales representatives worldwide”.（解释原因）The fashion for faceless chief executives is part of anunderstandable reaction against yesterdays imperial bosses,many of whomwere vivid characters,capable of holding their own in a cocktail party withTony Blair,but who collectively brought opprobrium（耻辱；责骂）on thesystem that let them shine.Some,such as Jeff Skilling of Enron and TycosDennis Kozlowski,broke the law and helped inspire a dramatic tightening ofgovernment regulation,in the form of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation.Others,such as Home Depots Bob Nardelli and Hewlett-Packards Carly Fiorina,paid themselves like superstars but delivered dismal（凄凉的，惨淡的）results.The turbulent business climate is another factor that encouragestodays chief executives to keep their heads down.Their average tenure（任期）has declined from ten years in the 1970s to six years today,and boardsare becoming ever more likely to sack（开除）bosses if they get out of line,particularly in Europe.The financial crisis has also produced a wave ofpopular fury（狂怒）about over-paid executives and their unaccountableways.In this sort of climate it is not just the paranoid,but the faceless,whosurvive.Facelessnessor at least humilityis also the height of fashion amongmanagement consultants and business gurus（领袖）.Corporateheadhunters are helping firms find“humble”bosses.Jim Collins,one ofAmericas most popular gurus,argues that the best chief executives are notflamboyant（灿烂的；浮夸的）visionaries but“humble,self-effacing（抹去。使自己不被注意）,diligent and resolute souls”.Business journalistshave taken to producing glowing profiles of self-effacing and self-denyingbosses such as Haruka Nishimatsu,the boss of Japan Airlines,who travels towork on the bus and pays himself less than his pilots,and Mike Eskew,theformer boss of UPS,who flew coach（坐经济舱）and shares anadministrative assistant with three other people.It can only be a matter oftime before somebody writes“The Management Secrets of Uriah Heep”:beumble,be ever so umble.（提出质疑）Yet there is surely a danger of taking all this too far.A lowprofile is no guarantee against corporate failure,as the former bosses of twocompanies lauded by Mr Collins,Fannie Mae and Circuit City,can tell you.In general,the corporate world needs its flamboyant visionaries and ragingegomaniacs（极端自我主义者）rather more than its humble leaders andcorporate civil servants.Think of the people who have shaped the modembusiness landscape,and“faceless”and“humble”are not the first words thatcome to mind.Be bold,not blandThe previous outbreak of the cult of facelessness was in the 1950s,whenbooks such as“The Organisation Man”and“The Man in the Gray FlannelSuit”topped the bestseller list,and when two of Americas biggest firms,General Motors and General Electric,were both run by men named CharlesWilson.Todays world is as different as possible from the one that producedorganisation man:an unusual degree of turbulence requires unusual bosses,rather than steady-as-she-goes functionaries.The best defence of these faceless bosses lies in the realm of（在领域里）public relations,rather than managementthey are helping todefuse（平息）public anger at corporate excesses.But even here the case isweak.Few people pay any attention to the identikit（老一套的）bosseswho keep popping up to（提示）hum（低哼，嗡嗡声）their corporatemuzak about doing well by doing right.The best ambassadors for businessare the outsized figures who have changed the world and who feel no need toapologise for themselves or their calling.There is no long-term comparativeadvantage in being forgettable.Task 1:Explain the underlined words.(10 points)(1)Almost without exception,todays bosses spout the same tired oldmanagement clichsabout the merits of doing well by doing right,.答：spout:pour out,repeat the same thing(2)The women who were profiled in a recent article in the FinancialTimes about the“top 50 women in world business”were every bit as adeptwith the clich as their male colleagues.答：adept:highly skilled,be familiar with(3)The fashion for faceless chief executives is part of an understandablereaction against yesterdays imperial bosses,many of whom were vividcharacters,.答：imperial:too commanding,demanding obedience from others(4)Their average tenure has declined from ten years in the 1970s to sixyears today,and boards are becoming ever more likely to sack bosses if theyget out of line,particularly in Europe.答：tenure:period of holding a position,term get out of line:do or say something inappropriately(5)Jim Collins,one of Americas most popular gurus,argues that thebest chief executives are not flamboyant visionaries but“humble,self-effacing,diligent and resolute souls”.答：flamboyant visionaries:people with striking personality,visionand insight self-effacing:without individuality and striking personality(6)A low profile is no guarantee against corporate failure,as the formerbosses of two companies lauded by Mr.Collins,Fannie Mac and Circuit City,can tell you.答：a low profile:being humble,unnoticed by other people,notaggressive(7)But even here the case is weak.Few people pay any attention to theidentikit bosses who keep popping up to hum their corporate muzak aboutdoing well by doing right.答：hum their corporate muzak:repeating the things that they thinkare best practiced(8)The best ambassadors for business are the outsized figures who havechanged the world and who feel no need to apologise for themselves or theircalling.答：outsized:of great importance,powerful and influentialTask 2:Give