北京第二外国语学院《811综合考试（英1）》历年考研真题及详解.pdf

目录2007年北京第二外国语学院412综合考试（英2）考研真题及详解2008年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）考研真题及详解2009年北京第二外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解2010年北京第二外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解2012年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）考研真题及详解2013年北京第二外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解2014年北京第二外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解2015年北京第二外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解2016年北京第二外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解2017年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）考研真题及详解2007年北京第二外国语学院412综合考试（英2）考研真题及详解第一部分语言学（50分）Part OneLinguistics(50 points).Complete each of the following statements.(8 points,1 point each)1.The different members of a phoneme,sounds which are phoneticallydifferent but do not make one word different from another in meaning,areallophones【答案】本题考查音位变体的含义。同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。【解析】2.According to G.Leech,_ meaning refers to what iscommunicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.affective【答案】本题考查感情意义的含义。感情意义所传达的是关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。【解析】3.Terms like“apple”,“banana”and“pear”are _ of the term“fruit”.hyponyms【答案】本题考查上下义关系。上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。位于这种意义关系上位的词语，即类名，叫做上坐标词；居于下位的是成员，叫做下义词。一个坐标词通常有很多下义词。同类中的成员叫做同下义词。【解析】4.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events andconcepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment ofcommunication.This quality is labeled as _.displacement【答案】本题考查语言的移位性。移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们的概括和想象力使人类受益无穷。【解析】5.The sound p can be described with“_,bilabial,stop”.voiceless【答案】本题考查音素的特征。p是清辅音，双唇音和爆破音。【解析】6.Semantics and _ investigate different aspects of linguisticmeaning.pragmatics【答案】本题考查语义学和语用学的差异。语义学研究的是语言最基本的本质的含义，而语用学研究的是语言在特定语境中的含义。【解析】7._ is the technical name for the sameness relation.synonymy【答案】本题考查同义关系。同义关系表达的就是相同的语义关系。【解析】8.Chomsky initiated the distinction between _ and petence【答案】本题考查语言能力和语言使用的二分法。乔姆斯基最先对二者做出区分。【解析】.Tell if each of the following statements is true or false.(8 points,1point each)9The last sound of“top”can be articulated as an unreleased or releasedplosive.These different realizations of the same phoneme are not incomplementary distribution.T【答案】本题考查自由变体的含义。在“top”这个单词中，末尾的发音根据地区和发音习惯的不同会有所差异，但并不属于互补分布。因此该表述正确。【解析】10.The words“loose”and“books”have a common phoneme and acommon morpheme as well.F(they have a common phoneme/s/but without any commonmorpheme)【答案】本题考查音素和词素。两个单词具有共同的音素/u/和/s/，但没有共同的词素。因此该表述有误。【解析】11.It is characteristic of Hallidays theory that more attention is paid toparadigmatic relations than to syntagmatic relations,which is the mainconcern of Chomsky.T【答案】本题考查纵聚合和横组合关系。韩礼德语言研究的重点是意义，因此更多的关注纵聚合关系，而乔姆斯基研究的重点是形式，因此更多的关注横组合关系。因此该表述正确。【解析】12.According to the innateness hypothesis,infants are born able tospeak a language.F(infants are born with an innate faculty for language ingeneral;that is,they are born with some basic knowledge on grammar)【答案】本题考查天赋假说。天赋假说认为儿童生来就具备语言能力，而非生来就能说话。因此该表述有误。【解析】13.In the sentence“Money is often said to be the root of a11 evil”,“root”is used in its conceptual meaning.F(reflected meaning)【答案】本题考查联想意义中的反射意义。反射意义是指通过同一表达方式的其他意思所传达的意义。而概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。因此该表述有误。【解析】14.Of the three cavities,pharynx cavity is the most variable and activein amplifying and modifying speech sounds.F(oral cavity)【答案】本题考查语音学中的发音器官的相关知识。口腔是发音器官中最活跃的部分。因此该表述有误。【解析】15.The description of a language at some point in time is calleddiachronic study.F(synchronic study)【答案】本题考查共时性语言学的含义。共时性语言学研究的是某一特定时间点或段的语言的特征。因此该表述有误。【解析】16.Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb,and theywere separated in traditional grammar.F(they were not separated in traditional grammar)【答案】本题考查时态和体的关系。时态与体是动词的两个重要范畴，传统语法没有对它们加以区分。因此该表述有误。【解析】.Fulfill the following requirements.(18 points)17.Distinguish between the two possible meanings of the phrase smallchilds cot by means of IC analysis.(4)small(childs cot)(small childs)cot【答案】本题考查直接成分分析法的运用。直接成分分析法便于处理和分析含糊性句子和词组。【解析】18.Tell whether each of the underlined parts is endocentric orexocentric.(4)a.the professor who plagiarizedb.the design out of the questionc.the year to followd.the man who did come【答案】exocentric:who plagiarized;out of the questionendocentric:did come;the year to follow本题考查向心结构和离心结构。向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。离心结构是指一个其成分功能不等于它的任何一个成分，没有明显的主词或中心词的结构。【解析】19.Give the phonetic term according to the following description:(2)the sound made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.velar【答案】本题考查软腭音。【解析】20.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to GricesCooperative Principle:(2)A:Where is X?B:Hes gone to the market.He said so where he left.In this dialogue,the second maxim of Quantity is violated,which requires ones utterance not to be over informative.The first part ofBs answer is enough for As question,but by adding the second part,thespeaker may implicate that he is not sure whether X has really gone to thelibrary.【答案】本题考查合作原则。根据对话可知，B违反了数量原则。【解析】21.Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:(2)1)a entails b;2)b presupposes a【答案】本题考查蕴涵和预设关系。句一中，由a可以推导出b，且若a为真，b也为真，因此a蕴涵b；句二中，由b可以得出a,但若b为假，a不一定为假，因此b预设a。【解析】22.Classify the following pairs of antonyms.(4)【答案】gradable:arrogantbashfulcomplementary:evenodd;presentabsentconverse:abovebelow本题考查反义关系的分类。等级反义词是分等级的，也就是说，每个反义词的成员表示性质是程度上的差别。对一方的否定并不一定是对另一方的肯定。互补反义关系的成员彼此互补。也就是说它们把一个语义领域完全切分成两半。反向反义关系典型地表现在两两相对的社会角色、亲属关系、时间和空间系等方面，它总是涉及两个实体，一个预设了另一个。【解析】.Answer the following questions briefly.(16 points,4 points each)23.Mention a labiodental sound in English.Tell what speech organs areinvolved in producing labiodental sounds.(4)/f/(or/v/),the upper front teeth and the lower lip are involved.【答案】本题考查双唇音及其发音特征。【解析】24.How many syllables does the word“kinder”have?What are they?How many morphemes does it have?What are they?(4)There are two syllables:/kan/and/d/,and two morphemes:【答案】kind and-er.本题考查音节结构和词素，根据二者的定义即可得出答案。【解析】25.What linguistic theories do American linguist Chomsky andAustralian linguist Halliday represent respectively?(4)Chomsky:TG grammar and Halliday:systemic-functionalgrammar【答案】本题考查乔姆斯基和韩礼德代表性语言学理论。前者是转换生成语法，后者是系统功能语法。【解析】26.Do the suffixes-able in workable,-ness in workableness change theword class of the words to which they are attached?Are they boundmorphemes or free morphemes?Inflections or derivations?(4)Yes.They are bound morphemes,and also derivations.【答案】本题考查词缀的分类和特征。屈折词缀和派生词缀大多是黏着词缀，屈折词缀不改变单词的词性，只改变意义，而派生词缀不改变语义，但改变单词的词性。【解析】第二部分英美文学（50分）Part TwoBritish and American Literature(50 Points).Complete the following sentences by choosing and mark the bestchoice(A,B,C or D)in each bracket.(30 points,2 points for each)27.Generally speaking,it is in _ that the English Literary historystarts.A.6th.C.BC.B.5th.C.BC.C.6th.C.AD.D.5th.C.AD.D【答案】英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人定居英国，即公元450年，所以是五世纪。【解析】28.Knights of the Round Table are characters serving _ in legends,which depict chivalry in early literature.A.Sir LancelotB.Sir GodwinC.King ArthurD.King Henry C【答案】圆桌骑士是中世纪传说中亚瑟王宫廷里最高等的骑士，因聚会的桌子是圆桌而得名。【解析】29.Of the following works,which is not written by John Milton?A.Paradise LostB.My AntoniaC.Paradise RegainedD.Samson AgonistesB【答案】我的安东尼亚是美国女作家Willa Cather（薇拉凯瑟）的作品。其余选项都是弥尔顿的作品。【解析】30.As a literary trend in Britain,_ came as a result of discount ofcertain enlighteners in social reality in the middle of 18th Century.A.sentimentalismB.imagismC.Social CriticismD.modernismA【答案】感伤主义文学是18世纪60年代至80年代末发生在英国的一股文学潮流。产业革命以后，现实矛盾加剧，人们开始对理性社会产生怀疑，但又无可奈何，只得寄希望于艺术和情感来表达对现实的不满和逃避。【解析】31.“Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed.and some fewto be chewed and digested”could be found in _.A.Thomas Moores UtopiaB.Charles Dicksons Great ExpectationC.John Bunyans The Pilgrims ProgressD.Francis Bacons Of StudiesD【答案】题目中节选的是弗朗西斯培根论读书里面的句子，意为“书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化”。（王佐良译）【解析】32.British Renaissance breeds a lot of great writers,among whom are_.William Shakespeare John Milton Edmund Spencer Geoffrey ChaucerA.B.C.D.B【答案】莎士比亚、斯宾塞和乔叟都是英国文艺复兴时期的伟大作家，弥尔顿则是17世纪资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期的代表作家。【解析】33.The proposal of“art for arts sake”is given by _.A.Oscar WildeB.Henry JamesC.Henry FieldingD.Charles DickensA【答案】王尔德是英国唯美主义文学运动的倡导者。【解析】34.Thomas Hardys masterpiece setting on the British country life is_.A.PamelaB.EmmaC.Jane EyreD.Tess of the D UrbervillesD【答案】只有德伯家的苔丝是哈代的作品，以威塞克斯乡村为背景。选项A帕米拉的作者是Samuel Richardson（塞缪尔理查森）；选项B爱玛的作者是Jane Austen（简奥斯汀），选项C的作者是Charlotte Bront（夏洛特勃朗蒂解析】35.Early in _,the English settlements in Virginia andMassachusetts started the main stream of the American national history.A.14th.C.B.15th.C.C.17th.C.D.16th.C.C【答案】17世纪初，英国人在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞定居，这也是美国历史的开端。【解析】36.Benjamin Franklin is not merely an outstanding politician,a talentedinventor but also a famed literary giant.His autobiography set the example ofpracticing _ moral disciplines which gave profound influences as thenational spirit.A.QuakersB.PuritanC.Anglican ChristianD.EastersB【答案】富兰克林是一位虔诚的清教徒，他的自传是奉行清教道德标准的典范，对塑造美国精神产生了重大影响。【解析】37.James Fennimore Coopers novel _ is the first to reveal the westand Native Americans life in a passionate way.A.Go Down,MosesB.The Last of the MohicansC.Winesburg,OhioD.O,Pioneers!B【答案】最后的莫西干人是库柏皮袜子五部曲之一，描写的是美国西部边疆和美洲土著印第安人的生活。选项A去吧，摩西的作者是William Faulkner（威廉福克纳）；选项C小城畸人的作者是Sherwood Anderson（舍伍德安德森）；选项D的作者是女作家WillaCather（薇拉凯瑟）。【解析】38.Realism in American literature stretches from _ to the end of19th.C.A.early 17th.C.B.early 18th.C.C.American Civil WarD.Spanish-American WarC【答案】美国的现实主义阶段是从南北战争到19世纪。【解析】39.West Humor is best represented in _s short story writing.A.O HenryB.Flannery OConnorC.Henry JamesD.Mark TwainD【答案】美国西部幽默的代表人物是马克吐温。【解析】40._ are not only poets but also literary critics.Edgar Allan Poe Carl Sandburg T.S.Eliot Ezra PoundA.B.C.D.A【答案】爱伦坡、艾略特和庞德都既是诗人，又是文学评论家，只有桑德堡只是诗人。【解析】41.“The lost generation”refers to the writers who relocated to Paris inthe post WW years to reject the values of American materialism.All thefollowing but _ are involved in this group.A.F.S.FitzgeraldB.Ernest HemingwayC.Theodore DreiserD.John Dos PassosC【答案】菲茨杰拉德、海明威和帕索斯都属于“迷惘的一代”，选项C德莱塞则是一位自然主义作家。【解析】.Explain the following literary phrases and indicate at least onerepresentative writer with one of his major works respectively.(9 points)42.Harlem Renaissance3 points)The Harlem Renaissance refers to the flowering of AfricanAmerican cultural and intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s.At thetime,it was known as the“New Negro Movement”,named after the 1925anthology The New Negro edited by Alain Locke.Centered in the Harlemneighborhood of New York City,the movement impacted urban centersthroughout the United States.Challenging white paternalism and racism,African-American artists and intellectuals rejected imitating the styles ofEuropeans and white Americans and instead celebrated black dignity andcreativity.【答案】43.Black Humor(3 points)Black humor is a major literary trend popular in 1960s inAmerica.Coined by French writer Andr Breton,the term is mostlyemployed to describe baleful,naive or inept characters in a fantastic or【答案】nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in a“tragic farce”,in whichthe events are often simultaneously comic,horrifying and absurd.The greatrepresentatives of Black Humor works are Joseph Hellers Catch-22,KurtVonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five and so on.44.American Naturalism(3 points)American Naturalism appears in the late 19th to early 20thcentury.The movement was inspired by the principles and methods of naturalscience,especially Darwinism,which were adapted to literature and art.Inliterature,naturalism extended the tradition of realism,aiming at an evenmore faithful,pseudoscientific representation of reality,presented withoutmoral judgment.Characters in naturalistic literature typically illustrate thedeterministic role of heredity and environment on human life.TypicalAmerican Naturalism is represented by Stephen Cranes The Red Badge ofCourage,Frank Norriss McTeague and Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrier.【答案】.Read the following poem and answer the questions.(11 points)Lord Byrons“She Walks in Beauty”is among the most memorable andmost quoted poems in romantic poetry.In June,1814,Byron attended a partywhere he was inspired by the sight of his cousin,the beautiful Mrs.Wilmot,who was wearing a black spangled mourning dress,and it became the essenceof this poem about her.She Walks in Beauty45.Summarize the charm of the lady who“walks in beauty”(3 points)She walks in beauty like the night of cloudless climes and starryskies,with her aspect and her eyes combing all that is best of dark and bright.The glow of her face is perfect with shades and rays in the right proportion.She possesses a nameless grace that is pure and dear.There are smiles andtints on her soft,calm,yet eloquent cheeks,showing her inner beauty.【答案】46.What figures of speech are used in this poem?Could you give someexamples?(4 points)Simile and Contrast are used in the poem.For example,in thefirst two sentences,the lady walks in beauty,“like the night of cloudlessclimes and starry skies”.It is a simile.Contrast is repeated along the poem.【答案】For example,the poet uses words referring to the light,like“bright”,“light”,“ray”or“glow”,and their opposite words referring to darkness like“night”,“dark”,“shade”or“raven”47.How does this poem reflect features of romantic poetry?(4 points)The poem reflects the features of romantic poetry from severalaspects:Beauty,love and nature are the main themes of romantic poetry.In this poem,the speaker uses natural elements such as night,light and starryskies to describe the beauty of the young lady.The romanticists believethat the poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.In thispoem,Byron expresses his instant feeling at the moment when he sees theyoung lady.To the romanticists,the pure,dear and innocent heart is themost precious thing.In She Walks in Beauty,the beauty of the lady lies in theinnocence and purity of her mind,rather than her appearance.【答案】【参考译文】她走在美的光影里，好像/无云的夜空，繁星闪烁；/明与暗的最美的形相/交会于她的容颜和眼波，/融成一片恬淡的清光/浓艳的白天得不到的恩泽。/多一道阴影，少一缕光茫，/都会损害那难言的优美：/美在她绺绺黑发上飘荡，/在她的腮颊上洒布柔辉；/愉悦的思想在那儿颂扬/这神圣寓所的纯洁、高贵。/那脸颊，那眉宇，幽娴、沉静，/情意却胜似万语千言；/迷人的笑容，灼人的红晕，/显示温情伴送着芳年；/和平的、涵容一切的灵魂！/蕴蓄着真纯爱情的心田！（杨德豫译）第三部分英美社会文化（50分）Part ThreeBritish and American Society and Culture(50 points)Instructions:You are required to answer all the following questions inEnglish.Explain the following(30 points,10 points each)48.the Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movementthat started in 1517,when the German monk Martin Luther posted for debatea series of theses that challenged Roman Catholic teaching.Those whoseparated themselves from Catholic Church were called Protestants.Most ofthe Protestants stress the Bible as the source and norm of teaching instead ofthe Pope as the source of authority.【答案】49.the separation of powersInfluenced by Montesquieus theory of division of powers,theUS Constitution ruled that political structures should share out politicalpower between legislative,executive and judicial authorities.These threeauthorities should exercise checks against each other,and they are thus inbalance.Separation of powers is the most important principle of the politicalsystem of the US.【答案】50.child-centered cultureThe Americans are so devoted and permissive toward theirchildren that they create a child-centered culture.The ambitions