翻译技巧.doc

2.十种翻译技巧了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice changes)，引申法和句子成分转译法。2.2.1重复法(repetition)重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。例子：1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then theyll understand and see that youre speaking to them in German. （重复谓语动词）你一定要问一问家庭主妇们，问一问街头玩耍的孩子，问一问集市上做买卖的百姓，听听他们说些什么，他们如何说，你就如何译；这样他们就会理解，就会明白：你是在用德语和他们讲话。2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)我们必须分析问题，解决问题。3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分)无知是畏惧之源，羡慕之根。4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)但我们仍有不足，而且是很大的不足。5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth.(指代内容的重复)那条狗在追着那只猫，而猫又在追着一只老鼠，老鼠的嘴里衔着一块奶酪。6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or failure of our work in various fields is whether it helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen the overall capacity of the country and to improve the peoples living standards.7.And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the figures of thoughts, but in language which conforms to our usage.(重复主语)我翻译这些演说词，不是作为译者而是作为演说家。我保留了原作同样的意思和形式（或者像有人所说的思想的形象），而使用的语言与我们的语言习惯一致。8.Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object.” (重复谓语)女人是罪恶之门、邪恶之径、毒蛇之牙，总之，女人是件危险的东西。9.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。(重复谓语动词)10.I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词）11.The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。12.Alternating stress not only varies in magnitude but also in direction.角变应力不仅大小不同，而且方向不同。13.This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the suns UV rays.这是良性臭氧，因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。14. This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the suns UV rays. (UV: ultraviolet)这是良性臭氧，因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。2.2增词法(amplification)在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂，或是为了行文生动，更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。1. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”参考译文：九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝，它们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会因而记住我，“越来越欣赏”我。2. The subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too many gifts to opera girls, all of which led to their losing face and their property.参考译文：在接下来的几代中，因为遭遇旱灾，被人勒索，再加上给优伶的封赏太多，这个家族便最终资财耗尽，风光不再了。3.The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.参考译文：男人们穿着深色的袍裙，蹲坐在那里，嘴里总是叼着烟。4.His consideration of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his translation.他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经，注重为目的语和目的语文本的读者考虑，这两点在他的翻译中很关键。5.Formal education for girls historically has been secondary to that for boys.历史上，先有男孩子接受正规教育，之后才有女孩子接受正规教育。6.When she began her career as a nightclub singer, she took the professional name Maya Angelou, combining her childhood nickname with a form of her husbands name.她的职业生涯是从夜总会的女歌手开始的，那时她给自己起了个艺名玛雅 安琪露，这个名字融合了她孩提时代的绰号以及丈夫的名字。7.This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.尽管有种种不周全之处，这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。8.Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花满院盛开。10. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人严谨。11. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义，临到社会主义跑来找他，她又害怕起来了。（毛泽东选集，第五卷）The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should not be repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for years and then suddenly turn pale when socialism comes knocking at the door.12. 只是晚上躺在床上的时候，她才感到神志清醒。It is only during the night when she lies in bed that she feels she has a clear mind.14.Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天来干活扫地，擦桌椅，清理房间。15.一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三人帮。A bamboo fence needs the support of three stakes, and an able man needs the help of three other persons.Stakes make a bamboo fence stand, and supporters help an able man succeed.2.3省略法(omission)省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯，将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法，而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the doctors for a checkup, she felt relief.她无法抉择，心情压抑，而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接受检查，她就会有一种轻松感。2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose in imitation of the natives.鲁珀特年龄小，双膝柔韧，学着当地人的样子，弓背缩身地跪坐着。3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.译文：不锈钢硬度大，强度高。4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this year.今年，我们的装机容量增加了30%。7. 在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。We must avoid making mistakes in our work.9.质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither.10. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他双手插进口袋，耸了耸肩。10.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.仓库重地，严禁吸烟。2.4词类转换法(conversion)词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同，在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964, with the intention of helping Malcolm build his new Organization of African American Unity.玛雅 安琪露于1964年返回美国，打算帮助马尔科尔木新建立一个非裔美籍人联合会。2. Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm was assassinated, and his plans for a new organization died with him.马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀，他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭亡。3. His (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) assassination, falling on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated（蹂躏，破坏；使荒废）.1968年她生日那天，小马丁路德金被人暗杀，她痛不欲生。4. There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.译文：学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。5. He was popular among young people.译文：他在年轻人中很受欢迎。6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.译文：给我们留下极深印象的是：即便那些没有被告知其病情的病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。7. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.(名词转副词)8. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, ourcomprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)9. The imitation of living systems, be it direct or indirect, is very useful for devising machines, hence the rapid development of bionics.对生物系统的模仿，不管是直接的还是间接的，对机械设计都很有用，因此仿生学得以快速发展。10. Abraham Lincoln wanted to build a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.林肯想建立一个民有民治民享的政府。11. A valuable instrument may be damaged beyond repair in a few seconds of carelessness.由于疏忽大意，贵重的仪表可在几秒钟之内被损坏到无法修复的程度。疏忽几秒钟，贵重的仪表就可能会彻底损坏，无法修复。11.Some of my class-mates are good singers.我的同班同学中有些人唱歌唱的很好。12.Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。党的干部长时间地工作，而他们吃的是粗陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷的窑洞，点的是昏暗的油灯。13.Stevenson was eloquent and elegant but soft.史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。14.The Wilde family were religious.王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。15.He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他不抽烟，可他爸爸却是个老烟枪。2.5顺序调整法(inversion)为避免字对字，行对行翻译所产生的弊端，翻译中要根据目的与习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整，但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文的句子重心。1. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions.在美国早期历史上，男人就像拥有个人物质财产一样完全拥有自己的妻子和孩子。2. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women.关于什么是适合于女人的工作，19和 20世纪的人们态度发生了转变，其中一例就是对于医疗职业态度的转变。3.It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, aswarmocean currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise be quite cold.由于温暖的洋流能把温暖的气候带给那些本来十分寒冷的地区并使之变暖, 因此, 海洋在使我们这个地球更适合人类居住方面也扮演一个重要的角色（原因状语从句 ）4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you catch!当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇的接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！要是你和一群可爱的孩子在池塘中捉鱼摸虾，有位天仙般的姑娘站在池边，快活地捡起你们的“战利品”，你若知美，定会觉得时间如白驹过隙，一晃即逝。(逆序法)5. while the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkertons academy for a young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，启斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹马套着锃亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫戴了假发和三角帽子，赶车的速度是一小时四英里。（分译法）6. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe.麦琪的姐姐不走麦琪就不会不紧张：她会无助的蜷缩在角落里，她相貌平平，双臂双腿上尽是烧伤的疤痕，让她羞于见人。她打量着姐姐，眼神很复杂，既羡慕她又畏惧她。(顺译法)7. The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.摆摊的高声吆喝，兜售自己的商品，赶驴的小伙和脚夫扯开嗓门，叫前面的人开道儿让路，买主和店家争来争去、讨价还价，人声喧噪，持续不断，让人头昏脑晕。8. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译就是在译入语中用最贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息，首先要考虑的是意思，其次才是形式。（顺译法）9. Baker is typical of many translation scholars who make detailed use of the terminology of functional grammar and discourse analysis in that she devotes by far the most attention to the textual function.在详细运用功能语法和语篇分析术语的众多翻译学家中，贝克很有代表性，因为到目前为止她是最关注语篇功能的学者。10.Linguistic differences are of course indicative of cultural differences, and Venuti is one critic who sees linguistics-oriented approaches as projecting a conservative model of translation that would unduly restrict (translations) role in cultural innovation and change.语言的差异当然表明着文化的差异，韦努提批评语言学导向的研究方法使用的保守翻译模式，它限制了翻译促进文化创新和发展的作用。11. Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.合成材料通常称为人造材料。许多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然材料，这或许是因为天然制品的数量不能满足人们日益增长的需求，但更多的则是因为人们看中了合成材料的某种物理性能，并充分发挥这些性能，以便使合成材料在其应用领域中最大限度地发挥作用。（综合法）12. From radio-active water and soil around a nuclear-weapons plant in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighborly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us all.如果人们受教育不够或不能善待环境，他们会对人类赖以生存的这个星球做出些什么事来呢？全世界到处都有这样的例子：从科罗拉多州核武器工厂周围幅射活跃的水土到原苏联中亚地区的人为沙漠。（逆译法）2.6拆译法(division)与合译法（combination）这种方法是指为符合汉语流水句的习惯而将英语中过长的句子结构进行拆解或合并的翻译方法。1. This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance of our denying real influences upon us, for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction.这种认为外貌并不重要的直觉行为，也许是我们否认对我们真正有影响的事物的又一个例子，因为有大量的调查研究的结果表明，外表是最初是否引人注意的重要决定因素。2. The president, in giving to his most powerful and most distinguished rival the greatest place which a president has in his power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of the nobleness of his own spirit.译文：那位总统把自己的权力所能授予的职位，给予了他的最有势力、而又最为卓越的敌手。 这便是他的崇高精神的最好证据。3. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了, 而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。4. .He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.他不记得他父亲了, 父亲死时他才三岁。5. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。6. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。7. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。阳光所到之处，黑暗尽消，幽影全无。8. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）9. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.父亲认为我太年轻，难当重任。他的判断不错。10.She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。11.The military is forbidden to “kill” the vessel, a relative easy task.(政府)禁止军方“击毁”这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁该艇并不怎么费事。12.He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适。13.He was very clean. His mind was open.他为人单纯而坦率。14.芸作新妇，初甚缄默，终日无怒容，与之言，微笑而已。As a bride, Yun was very quiet at first. She was never sullen or displeased, and when people spoke to her, she merely smiled.15.如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几两银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。（吴敬梓儒林外史）Theres no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbours buffalo. Youll make a little money every month, and youll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.2.7正说反译和反说正译法(negation)这种方法是指为照顾目的语习惯，原语中肯定的或否定的表达可以转换成目的语中否定的或肯定的表达。1.One by one, these friends, acquaintances, and strangers from the different times of my shortened life stood by the casket to say farewell,adieu,zaijen.参考译文：在我提前结束的生命里，我在不同时期所结交的朋友，认识的熟人，还有一些陌生人，都一一走到我的棺材前，操着不同的语言跟我说“再见”。2. And before Marlena could lash into him for such a callous remark , he aimed