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实用卫生统计学复习题(一)
一、 名词解释(每题5分,共20分)
1.抽样研究
2.卫生服务需要
3.概率
4.等级相关
二、选择题(每题3分,共30分)
1.四格表资料的卡方检验,其校正条件是( )
A.总例数大于40
B.有实际数为0
C.有实际数小于1
D.有一个理论数小于5大于1,且n>40
2.某日门诊各科疾病分类资料,可作为( )
A.计算死亡率的基础 B.计算发病率的基础
C.计算构成比的基础 D.计算病死率的基础
3.医学人口统计学应属于卫生统计学中的哪部分内容?( )
A.健康统计
B.卫生统计学基本方法
C.卫生统计学基本原理
D.卫生服务统计
4.三个率比较的卡方检验,若p<0.05,则结论是( )
A.三个样本率各不相同
B.总体率之间两两有差别
C.至少有两个总体率有差别
D.p1、p2、p3不全相等或完全不相等
5.配对计量资料,差值分布不接近正态分布,宜用何种检验?( )
A.配对t检验 B.秩和检验
C.x2检验 D.u检验
6.比较身高与体重的变异程度,适宜的指标( )
A.极差 B.标准差
C.四分位数间距 D.变异系数
7.某日门诊各科疾病分类资料,可作为( )。
A.计算死亡率的基础 B.计算构成比的基础
C.计算发病率的基础 D.计算病死率的基础
8.假设检验中的把握度是( )
A.α B.1-α
B.β D.1-β
9.可用于偏态或不明分布的资料的各评价指标诸等级分值的确定方法是( )。
A.综合评分法 B.专家评分法
C.离差法 D.百分位法
10.下面哪一个不是问卷的顺序( )
A.时间顺序 B.内容顺序
C.字母顺序 D.类别顺序
三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)
1.请总结直线相关系数r与直线回归系数b的意义及特点?
2.应用相对数时有哪些注意事项?
四、计算或分析题(每题15分,共30分)
1.某市100名7岁男童的身高均数为120.0cm,标准差为4.80cm 。
问:(1)该地7岁男童身高的95%参考值范围?
(2)若一男童身高为135.0cm,怎样评价?
2.下表为某医院医生和护士的年龄分布调查结果统计表,请根据统计表制表原则和注意事项指出该表问题所在,并予以修改。
实用卫生统计学复习题(一)
参考答案及评分标准
一、名词解释(每题5分,共20分)
1. 抽样研究:从所研究的总体中随机抽取一部分有代表性的样本进行研究,抽样研究的目的是通过用样本资料计算的指标去推论总体。
2. 卫生服务需要是人们因疾病影响健康,引起人体正常活动的障碍,实际应当接受各种卫生服务的需要。(预防保健、治疗、康复)。
3. 概率:是指某随机事件发生的可能性大小的数值,常用符号P表示。
4. 等级相关是对等级数据作相关分析,它又称为秩相关,是一种非参数统计方法。
二、选择题(每题3分,共30分)
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.B
6.D 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.C
三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)
1.直线相关系数r是说明具有直线关系的两个变量词,相关关系的密切程度与相关方向的统计指标。(1分)总体相关系数用ρ表示,样本相关系数用r表示,的是ρ的估计值。(1分)相关系数没有单位,取值范围是-1<r<1。r值为正,表示两变量呈正相关,x与y变化趋势是正向的。(1分)r值为负,表示两变量呈负相关,x与y呈反向变化,(1分)通常r的绝对值越大,表示两变量相关关系越密切。(1分)
直线回归系数b即回归直线的斜率,(1分)b>0表示直线从左下方向右上方,y随x增大而增大;(1分)b<0表示直线从左上方走向右下方,y 随x增大而减小;(1分)b=0则直线与x轴平行,x与y无直线关系。(1分)b的统计学意义是x每增加(减少)一个单位,y平均改变b个单位。(1分)
2.(1)构成比和率是意义不同的两个统计指标,应用时不能混淆。(2分)构成比说明事物内部各组成部分所占的比重,而率则说明某事物或现象的发生频率或强度,不能以构成比代替率来说明问题。(2分)(2)样本含量太小时,不宜计算相对数,最好用绝对数来表示。(2分)(3)对各组观察例数不等的几个率,不能直接相加求其总率。(2分)(4)在比较相对数时应注意资料的可比性。(2分)
四、 分析或计算题(每题15分,共30分)
1. 答:(1)x±1.96s=120±1.96×4.80=(110.59,129.41)(5分)
该地7岁男童身高的95%参考值范围为(110.59cm,129.41cm).(5分)
(2)男童身高135cm,高于95%参考值范围上限,可认为该男童身高偏高。(5分)
2.表中的问题主要有:
(1)标题不确切;(3分)
(2)主谓语设置不当;(3分)
(3)表中数字不明;(3分)
(4)线条过多;(3分)
建议修改的表如下表(3分)
实用卫生统计学复习题(二)
一、名词解释(每题5分,共20分)
1、抽样误差
1. 区间估计
3.检验效能
4.可比性
二、 选择题(每题3分,共30分)
1.下列统计方法中属于非参数检验的是( )
A.u检验 B.t检验
C.秩和检验 D.方差分析
2.总体率可信区间的估计符合下列( )情况时,可以借用正态近拟法处理。
A.np和n(1-p)大于5时 B.样本率p不太大时
C.样本例数n足够大时 D.p接近1或0时
3.关于标准差,下面哪个说法是正确的?( )
A.标准差可以是负数
B.标准差必定大于或等于零
C.标准差无单位
D.同一资料的标准差一定比均数小
4.来自正态总体且方差齐性的多个样本均数比较时,通常选择的方法是( )
A.u检验 B.t 检验
C.q检验 D.方差分析
5.下列有关等级相关的说法,错误的是( )
A.等级相关是一种非参数统计分析方法
B.总体分布型未知的双变量资料适宜作等级相关分析
C.等级相关分析计算简便,使用面广
D.等级相关分析是用相关系数r来说明两变量相关关系的密切程度与相关方向
6.用某年全市的出生数和婴儿死亡数计算婴儿死亡率,这种方法是属于( )。
A.统计描述 B.统计推断
C.抽样研究 D.参数估计
7.直条图适用于( )
A.构成比资料 B.连续性资料
C.各自独立的分类资料 D.数值变量的频数表资料
8.要减小抽样误差,最切实可行的方法是( )
A.适当增加观察倒数
B.控制个体变异
C.严格挑选观察对象
D.考察总体中每一个个体
9.直线回归系数假设检验,其自由度为( )。
A.n B.n-1
C.n-2 D.2n-1
10.随机抽取上海市区120名男孩作为样本,测得其平均体重为3.20kg,标准差0.50kg。则总体均数95%可信区间的公式是( )。
A.3.20±1.96×0.50 B.3.20±1.96×0.5 0/
C.3.20±2.58×0.50 D.3.20±2.58×0.5 0/
三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)
1.率的标准化法的基本思想是什么?直接标准化法的条件是什么?
2.假设检验的结论为什么不能绝对化?
四、计算或分析题(每题15分,共30分)
1.用两种方法做实验,物理方法用了30只小白鼠,10天内死亡17只;用化学方法处理31只小白鼠,同期内死亡9只,问两种方法对小白鼠的致死作用是否相同?
提示:x2值在自由度=1,α=0.05和α=0.01分别为3.84和6.63。
2. 某防疫站观察3种药物驱虫的疗效,在服药7天后查粪中虫卵的阴转率如表,问三种药物的疗效是否相同?
实用卫生统计学复习题(二)
评分标准及参考答案
一、 名词解释(每题5分,共20分)
5. 抽样误差:在同一总体中随机抽取样本含量相同的若干样本时,样本指标之间的差异以及样本指标与总体指标的差异,称为样本误差。
6. 按一定的概率估计总体参数所在的可能范围的方法称为区间估计。
7. 检验效能又称把握度(1-β)。它的含义是:当两总体确实有差别时,按规定的检验水准α,能够发现两总体间差别的能力。
8. 可比性指除了处理因素外,其它可能影响结果的非处理因素在各组间应该尽可能相同或相近,即“齐同”。
二、 选择题(每题3分,共30分)
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D
6.A 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.B
三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)
1.当不同的人群的总率进行比较时,(2分)若其人群的内部构成(如年龄,性别等)存在差异,(2分)而这些内部构成对率有影响,为消除构成不同的影响,要按照统一标准构成对两个人群进行校正。(2分)这种选择统一构成,然后计算标准化率的方法称为率的标准化法。
直接标准化法需要两个条件:(1)资料条件,已知实际人群的年龄别(组)率,且各年龄率无明显交叉,(2分)(2)选择标准,可选择标准人群的年龄组人口数或构成比。(2分)
2.假设检验的结论不能绝对化,因为无论拒绝H0或不拒绝H0,假设检验的结论都有可能有犯错误的可能。(2分)假设检验的结论通常可能发生两类错误。(2分)I型错误:拒绝了实际上成立的H0,犯I型错误的概率是α,α通常为0.05。(2分)II型错误:接受了实际上不成立的H0,犯II型错误的概率是β,一般情况下,β的大小是未知的。(2分)假设检验的结论是建立在小概率反证法的基础上的,因此结论具有一定概率的性质,不是绝对的肯定或否定。(2分)
四.分析或计算题(每题15分,共30分)
2. 该资料可以整理为如下表格形式(5分)
(1) 建立检验假设,确定检验水准(1分)
H0:两种方法对小白鼠的致死率相同,即π1=π2;(1分)
H1:两种方法对小白鼠的致死率不同,即π1≠π2;(1分)
α=0.05(1分)
(2) 计算统计量x2值。(1分)
本题中全部格子的理论频数大于5,同时n=61>40,故可用四格表专用公式计算x2值。(2分)
x2=(17×22-13×9)261/(30×31×26×35)=4.76(1分)
(3) 确定P值,作出推断结论
ν=(2-1)(2-1)=1
查x2界值表,本例x2=4.76>3.84,故P<0.05,可以认为两种方法对小白鼠的致死率不同。(2分)
2.这是完全随机设计的三个样本率的比较,该资料可整理为如下表,用行×列表资料的x2检验。(2分)
(1)建立检验假设,确定检验水准(1分)
H0:三种药物驱虫阴转率相同,既π1=π2=π3(1分)
H1:三种药物驱虫阴转率不相同或不完全相同(1分)
α=0.05(1分)
(2)计算统计量x2值(1分)
x2=15.56 (2分)
查x2表,统计量x2=15.56>5.99 (2分)按α=0.05检验水准,拒绝H0,接受H1,(2分)认为这三种药物的阴转率不相同。(2分)
Visa-free policy brings Chengdu biz, tourism boost. Making national headlines several times, Chengdu's 72-hour visa-free policy has attracted wide attention from both Chinese and foreign experts and businessmen since it took effect on Sept 1 last year. The program permits citizens from 51 countries and regions including the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan who have valid visas and flight tickets to a third country to spend three days in the city. The capital of Sichuan province is the first city in the western region of China to offer foreign tourists a three-day visa and the fourth nationwide to adopt the policy following Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Li Zhiyong, deputy dean of the tourism institute at Sichuan University, said the move "contributes to a large increase in the number of overseas tourists and raises the city's level of internationalization". "The policy will also bring direct economic revenue," Li said. "Chengdu has many cultural legacies and is also a paradise for panda lovers with the world's largest breeding and research center. Three days are long enough for foreign visitors to visit those iconic tourist spots," he noted. The city is home to the remains of the Jin sha civilization that dates back more than 3,000 years as well as the Qing cheng Mountains and the Du jiang yan irrigation system. Qing cheng has long been recognized as the birthplace of Taoism, China's ancient indigenous religion, while Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning water-control project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, improve English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest China, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. "A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods," she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. "My life was like a running race moving from place to place. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before," she said. "But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown," she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72-hour visa-free policy and compelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the company has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the three-day visa "has an immediate and positive influence on the company's business development". Rudy Buttignol, president of the public broadcasting company in British Columbia, Canada, said his work requires frequent travel to Chengdu and the policy "makes the trips easier". Data from the city's public security bureau shows some 100 foreign visitors enjoyed the 72-hour policy by the end of March, most of them from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chengdu also reported robust growth in its overall tourist industry last year. Official statistics show that it received some 150 million tourists last year, an increase of 28 percent from 2012. Around 1.7 million came from abroad, an increase of 12 percent. Total revenue from tourism surpassed 133 billion yuan ($21.7billion). During his visit to Kazakhstan in September, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed that China and Central Asia join hands to build a Silk Road economic belt to boost cooperation. The idea has been widely echoed in Central Asian countries, becoming an encouraging blueprint for Chinese areas along the Silk Road that has linked Asia and Europe for more than 2,000 years. In the next three weeks, China Daily reporters will travel through the belt in China and in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. They will show the progress and expectations of the countries, businesses and peoples on the route. Shaanxi - the start of the ancient Silk Road - has positioned itself as the new starting point for the development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, which will strengthen China's cooperation with Central Asian countries, a senior official said.
Shaanxi Governor Lou Qinjian said the province is fresh, rich and unique, as it was when it anchored one end of the ancient Silk Road.
"It is the best option for accommodating industrial transfers from East China or the world at large," he said on Wednesday in Xi'an.
Lou held a joint interview with 27 media, including China Daily, the first in a series of interviews entitled Chinese Media Along the Silk Road. The interviews will be in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, as well as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey.
The media group held the first interview on Wednesday morning in Xi'an, the starting point of the ancient Silk Road, a trade channel established more than 2,000 years ago linking China, Central Asia and Europe.
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