近代物理学史(英文版).pptx

近代物理学史近代物理学史 T The he M Modern odern H History of Physicsistory of Physics土木15-8班王康 杨程1.目目录ContentsContentsI.经典物理学II.现代物理学革命的序幕III.相对论IV.量子力学V.原子结构理论的发展2.一、一、经典物理学典物理学/Classical Physics/Classical PhysicsGalileo and Newton,who founded in the 17th century classical physics.After the expansion of the various basic sectors in nineteenth Century to eighteenth Century to get a comprehensive,systematic and rapid development reached its glorious peak由伽利略(15641642)和牛顿(16421727)等人于17世纪创立的经典物理学。经过18世纪在各个基础部门的拓展到19世纪得到了全面、系统和迅速的发展达到了它辉煌的顶峰。3.By the end of the 19th century,we had built a including force,heat,sound,light,electricity,the different disciplines of grand complete theoretical system.到19世纪末，已建成了一个包括力、热、声、光、电诸学科在内的、宏伟完整的理论体系。20 s of this century the theory of quantum mechanics describes the behavior of the micro object provides a new framework,changed our most basic measuring principle,and to understand the structure of atomic,molecular,and condensed matter paved the way.4.本世纪20年代创立的量子力学理论为描述微观物体的行为提供了一个全新的框架，改变了我们最基本的测量原理，并为了解原子、分子和凝聚态物质的结构铺平了道路。因而导致了诸如半导体、光通讯等新兴技术的崛起，并为研制奇异材料和激光器件开辟了道路Thus led to the rise of emerging technologies such as semiconductor,optical communication,and opened up a road to singular material and laser devices 5.经典力学典力学/Classical Mechanics/Classical Mechanics1.In l687 published the mathematical principle of natural philosophy,Newton put forward three basic principle of dynamics and the law of universal gravitation.2.在l687年出版的自然哲学的数学原理中，牛顿提出了动力学的三个基本原理和万有引力定律力学的三个基本原理和万有引力定律。6.3.Newton summed up it in a tightly unified theory,realized for the first time in the history of modern physics comprehensive theory.4.牛顿把它概括在一个严密的统一理论中，实现了近代物理学发展史上第一次理论大综合。7.热力学力学/Thermodynamics/ThermodynamicsThe establishment of the principle of conservation of energy,make the thought and theory of physics structure obtained brilliant progress is a great victory in 19th century natural science is also the second theory of large integrated in the development of modern physics 8.能量守恒原理的建立，使物理学思想和理论结构获得了辉煌的进展是19世纪自然科学上的一个伟大胜利也是近代物理学发展中的第二次理论大综合9.二、二、现代物理学革命的序幕代物理学革命的序幕The prelude of the modern physics The prelude of the modern physics revolution revolution Three discoveries at the end of the nineteenth Century19世世纪末的三大末的三大发现 1Discovery of X rays/X射线的发现 2Discovery of radioactivity/放射性的发现 3Discoverer of the electron/电子的发现10.1 1Discovery of X raysDiscovery of X raysWillhelm Konrad RotgenRoentgen discovered x-rays in November 1895,a new radiation has a strong penetrating power,it is produced by cathode ray hit on the glass wall;It can penetrate through the one thousand-page book,a few centimeters thick plank,15 mm thick aluminium,and photographic methods are available through the outline of human body bone and metal objects internal defects 11.1895年11月伦琴发现X射线，一种具有强穿透力的新的射线，它是由阴极射线打到玻璃管壁上所产生的；它可以穿透厚达一千页的书、几厘米厚的木板、15毫米厚的铝片，并可用照相的方法透过人体显示骨骼的轮廓和金属物体内部的缺陷12.Roentgen discovered x-rays in November 1895,the first won the 1901 Nobel Prize for physics 1895年11月伦琴发现X射线，获得了1901年首届诺贝尔物理学奖13.2 2 Discovery of radioactivity Discovery of radioactivityHalf awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1903 French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered by giving him the spontaneous radiation;Half awarded to the French physicist Pierre Curie(Pierre Curie,1859-1906)and Mary Mr Rove,Curie(Marie Sklodowska,1867-1934),for they found radiation phenomenon of Henri Becquerel made outstanding contributions.14.1903年诺贝尔物理学奖一半授予法国物理学家亨利贝克勒尔以表彰他发现了自发放射性；另一半授予法国物理学家皮埃尔居里（Pierre Curie,1859-1906）和玛丽斯可罗夫斯卡居里（Marie Sklodowska,1867-1934）,以表彰他们对贝克勒尔发现的辐射现象所作的卓越贡献。15.3 3Discoverer of the electronDiscoverer of the electronJoseph Thomson made important contribution to gas discharge theory and experiment research and found that electronic and won the 1906 Nobel Prize for physics 约瑟夫汤姆生（J.J.汤姆逊）（英国）对气体放电理论和实验研究作出重要贡献并发现电子而获得了1906年诺贝尔物理学奖16.三、相三、相对论/Relativity/Relativity Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was acknowledged to be the greatest physicist since Galileo and Newton爱因斯坦被公认为是继伽利略、牛顿以来最伟大的物理学家。On December 26,1999,Einstein is the United States time magazine named the great man of the century 1999年12月26日，爱因斯坦被美国时代周刊评选为“世纪伟人”。17.Slovenia physicist Joseph Francisco and Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann,respectively in 1879 and in 1884 put forward independently 斯洛文尼亚物理学家约瑟夫斯特藩（Joef Stefan）和 奥地利物理学家路德维希玻尔兹曼（Ludwig Edward Boltzmann）分别于1879年和1884年各自独立提出Stefan-Boltzmann law四、量子力学四、量子力学（Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics）18.Max Plank 1858-1947 Plancks radiation law Plancks radiation law Due to the Plancks law,the Planck won the 1918 Nobel Prize for physics.由于普朗克定律，普朗克获得了1918年诺贝尔物理学奖。19.Allbert Einstein 1879-1955Photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect 20.In June 1905,Einstein the journal chronicle of physics in Germany on the generation and transformation of light of an inspiring view,to study the radiation problem poses a new point of view.In Plancks theory,he thought,and only consider the cavity wall oscillator quantization of energy,but the processing of electromagnetic radiation within the cavity,or use of Maxwells electromagnetic wave theory,this view is not complete.21.In Einsteins opinion,the electromagnetic field energy itself is quantized,the radiation field is not continuous,but composed of discrete can quantum.He can take this quantum called photon.American physicist Louis later made it renamed photon 22.1905年6月，爱因斯坦在德国物理学纪事上发表的关于光的产生和转化的一个启发性观点，为研究辐射问题带来了一个崭新的观点。他认为，在普朗克的理论中，只考虑了腔壁上振子能量的量子化，但对空腔内电磁辐射的处理，还是用的麦克斯韦电磁波动理论，这种观点是不彻底的。在爱因斯坦看来，电磁场能量本身也是量子化的，辐射场不是连续的，而是由分立的能量子组成的。他把这种能量子称为“光量子”。后来美国物理学家路易斯把它改称为“光子”23.Albert Einstein,worked in the Max Planck institute of physics,was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921,in recognition of his found in theoretical physics,in particular,discovered the law of the photoelectric effect.1921年诺贝尔物理学奖授予德国柏林马克斯普朗克物理研究所的爱因斯坦以表彰他在理论物理学上的发现,特别是发现了光电效应的定律.24.Louis-victor de Broglie 1892-1987Matter WMatter Wave ave 物物质波波1929年诺贝尔物理学奖授予法国巴黎索本大学的路易斯.德布罗意以表彰他发现了电子的波动性.In 1929,Louis-victor de Broglie was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of the electrons volatility.25.Ernest RutherfordErnest Rutherford is known as the father of nuclear physics.Academia recognized him as the greatest experimental physicist.卢瑟福是原子核物理学之父,学术界公认他为继法拉第之后最伟大的实验物理学家。五、五、Atomic Atomic S Structure Theorytructure Theory原子原子结构理构理论的的发展展26.The Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Niels Bohr,in recognition of his in the atomic structure,especially the radiation emitted from atoms contribution.1922年诺贝尔物理学奖授予丹麦哥本哈根的尼尔斯玻尔以表彰他在研究原子结构,特别是研究从原子发出的辐射所作的贡献。Niels Bohr1885-196227.28.