试论《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》中女主人公人生悲剧的根源英语.doc

本科生毕业论文（设计）

On the Roots of the Heroine’s Tragedy in Long Day’s Journey into Night

试论《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》中女主人公人生悲剧的根源

学 院 西方语言学院
专 业 英语
姓 名 陆娜
学 号 12204340416
指导教师 曹敏 职称 讲师

2016年 5 月 20 日

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1.本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业论文（设计），题目《 》此处手写论文中文题目
是本人在指导教师指导下独立完成的，没有弄虚作假，没有抄袭、剽窃别人的内容；
2.毕业论文（设计）所使用的相关资料、数据、观点等均真实可靠，文中所有引用的他人观点、材料、数据、图表均已注释说明来源；
3. 毕业论文（设计）中无抄袭、剽窃或不正当引用他人学术观点、思想和学术成果，伪造、篡改数据的情况；
4.本人已被告知并清楚：学校对毕业论文（设计）中的抄袭、剽窃、弄虚作假等违反学术规范的行为将严肃处理，并可能导致毕业论文（设计）成绩不合格，无法正常毕业、取消学士学位资格或注销并追回已发放的毕业证书、学士学位证书等严重后果；
5.若在省教育厅、学校组织的毕业论文（设计）检查、评比中，被发现有抄袭、剽窃、弄虚作假等违反学术规范的行为，本人愿意接受学校按有关规定给予的处理，并承担相应责任。

学生（签名）： 手写

日期： 年 月 日和封面日期保持一致，统一写5月4号

Acknowledgments

In preparing and writing this thesis, I have got a lot of help from my supervisor and friends. I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to those people who have helped me during this period.
First of all, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Ms. Cao Min. She patiently read and drafted my thesis. I benefit a lot from her careful revision, valuable suggestions and guidance.
Secondly, I would also like to express my gratitude to all my teachers in School of Western Languages, to whom I owe much of my knowledge in the English language, linguistics, literature and translation theories during the four-year study. They are Ms. Xv Xiaoyan, Ms. Wu Jingjing and Mr. Zhu Cheng. Their lectures have broadened my knowledge and horizon. I have benefit a lot from their earnest teaching and enlightening which are of great help for my study.
Finally, my deepest gratitude to all my family members who take good care of my life and give a lot of encouragement when I was working at this thesis. They always share my weal and woe. I feel much grateful and heartily owe achievements to them.

On the Roots of the Heroine’s Tragedy in Long Day’s Journey into Night

Lu Na, School of Western Language

Abstract: Eugene O’Neill was the first great playwright of America. Before he became famous in drama, drama in America had been, for the most part, an undistinguished affair. After he received wide acknowledge, the phrase “America drama” began to take on significance. Long Day’s Journey into Night is a family tragedy, which marks the climax of O’Neill’s literary career. It represents the human’s struggle for the meaning of life.
This thesis includes four parts. The first part is introduction. It deals with the author and his works、 related researches at home and abroad、 reasons and significance of the study. Chapter two from the social factors in capitalism、intrinsic quality of human nature、family member’s influence three aspects to discuss the reasons of the heroine’s tragedy. And this part is the key to the thesis. Chapter three discusses what should the contemporary woman do to avoid the tragedy. The final part of the thesis summarizes the main parts in the previous chapters and points out the limitation and problems that exist in research.
Key Words: Eugene O’Neill; Tragedy; Woman

试论《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》中女主人公人生悲剧的根源

陆娜，西方语言学院

摘 要：尤金.奥尼尔是美国一位伟大的戏剧家。在他之前，美国只有剧院、没有戏剧，他的出现使美国开始有了自己的戏剧。《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》是一出家庭悲剧，标志着作者后期创作的一个高峰，反映了人类为寻找生活的意义而挣扎的主题。
论文由四部分组成。首先是综述部分，介绍作者及其著作、国内外的相关研究、本人选此课题的原因及研究价值。第二章则从资本主义中的社会因素、人性本身的内在品质、家庭成员的影响三方面讨论女主人公人生悲剧形成的原因。这是本文的重点。第三章则是通过分析女主人公悲剧形成的原因探讨当代女性应如何避免悲剧的重演。论文的最后一部分总结了前几章的主要观点，并指出了研究中存在的问题和局限。
关键词：尤金.奥尼尔；悲剧；女性

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements
Abstract
摘要
Table of Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 The Significance of the Study
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Research Methods
Chapter Two The Roots of The Heroine’s Tragedy
2.1 Social Factors in Capitalism
2.1,1 The Second Industrial Revolution in the US
2.1.2 The Development of Monopoly Capitalism
2.1.3 The Influence of Male Chauvinism
2.2 Intrinsic Quality of Human Nature
2.3 The Family Members’ Influence
2.3.1 Before Marriage, Her Father’s Education
2.3.2 After Marriage, the Isolation and Injury of Her Family
Chapter Three What Should the Modern Woman Do
3.1 Establish the Correct Gender Concept
3.2 Correct Understanding of Feminism
3.2.1 What is Feminism
3.2.2 The Development of Feminism
Chapter Four Conclusion
4.1 Major Findings of the Study
4.2 Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for the Further Study
Bibliography

Chapter One Introduction
1.1 The Significance of the Study
As we all know that Eugene O’Neill, the author of Long Day’s Journey into Night, is one of the most famous playwrights of America. Before he became famous in the field of drama, there was no drama in America. After he became famous, the “America drama” began to take on significance. During his lifetime, O’Neill won three Pulitzer Prizes and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1936. In 1956, three years after his death, he was granted another Pulitzer Prize due to the success of his autobiographical play Long Day’s Journey into Night.
Eugene O’Neill was born in New York into an Irish-Catholic family. His early life was restless. He was the son of James O’Neill, one of the most popular American actors of his day, who spent most of his life in the lead role of the popular melodrama The Count of Monte Cristo. Long Day’s Journey into Night is unanimously regarded as O’Neill’s masterpiece. Although this work was not made public until 25 years after his death, in 1956 Carlotta arranged for his autobiographical masterpiece Long Day’s Journey into Night to be published and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1957. The whole play covers about eighteen hours on a summer day in 1912. The shabby living-room and poorly furnished house of the Tyrones. The four Tyrone participate in a series of discussions, arguments and disputes. Mary Tyrone, the mother, a beautiful Irish woman who for love gives up her original desire of serving God and get married with a popular Irish actor, then she gets addicted to drugs. James Tyrone, the father, a promising Shakespearean actor, who for earning money buy a melodrama and for saving money refuse to use good medicine when his family members fall ill. Jamie Tyrone, who was the elder son and deserted spiritually by his mother and indulge himself among whores and on drinking. Edmund Tyrone, the younger son, who got all the love of his mother, but has been suffering from a severe cold, the deadly tuberculosis. The play focuses on the Tyrone family, whose once-close family has worsened over the years due to a lot of reasons: Mary’s drug addiction, Jamie and Edmund’s alcoholism, Tyrone’s stinginess, and a variety of other reasons. The play is a tragic because it leaves little hope for the future; in addition to this, the future for the Tyrones can be seen as a long cycle of repeated by alcohol and morphine.
O’Neill’s play’s style from satire to tragedy, they often represent people who have no hope of controlling their destinies and breaking the fetter. This paper will explore the roots of the heroine’s tragedy in Long Day’s Journey into Night. We know that the heroine’s tragedy was influenced by the social factors in capitalism, intrinsic quality of human nature and so on. In many aspects, the reason of Mary’s tragedy was under the patriarchal society women have the low social status and they could not control their own destiny. In other words, man was the master of a woman. Nowadays, we are living in an environment of political stability and social harmony, whether we should establish the correct gender concept and realize the real equality of men and women, this is a significant question.
1.2 Literature Review
As one of the most successful autobiographical drama in literature, Mary’s tragedy in Long Day’s Journey into Night has been studied from various perspectives. For example, with the appearance of Sophus Winter’s O’Neill: A Critical Study (1934), O’Neill’s position as a major and significance figure in America theatre as well as in world drama was established.（Manheim236）Ever since, books of numerous topics on O’Neill and his works have been published one after another, such as Doris V. Falk’s Eugene O’Neill and the Tragic Tension (1958), Normand Berlin’s Eugene O’Neill (1982), Doris Alexander’s The Tempering of Eugene O’Neill (1962). In China, the studies of Eugene O’Neill began in 1930s, about ten years later then in America. The earliest studies were translation of his play and literary review. From the ending of 20th century, the study of O’Neill brought into a new stage in China. Many collections of O’Neill’s essays were published by Liao Kedui, Wang Yiqun, Long Wenpei and others, and the articles on Eugene O’Neill written were divided into many groups by various Chinese scholars. In the following part the writer will have an overall analysis of Mary’s tragedy from O’Neill tragic thought. To sum up, through the different comment shows various understanding of Mary’s tragedy, this character can be analyzed further and deeply.
1.3 Research Methods
This paper is going to research the main heroine in Long Day’s Journey into Night. The research will resort to the literature criticism of male chauvinism and base on the viewpoints of various scholars. It will also relate to the social environment and historical background of the drama. The paper will research on the life background of Mary Tyrone and her attitude for life from young to old. Besides, the papers will also analysis the influences of patriarchal society, analysis are going to be used as research methods.

Chapter Two The Roots of The Heroine’s Tragedy
2.1 Social Factors in Capitalism
2.1.1 The Second Industrial Revolution in America
After the first industrial revolution, North American economy developed rapidly, but the south economic still keeping slowly development. The American broke out the Civil War due to the unbalanced economic development. So at the ending of 19th century, the United States began the second industrial revolution, which has greatly promoted the development of social productivity in America and had a profound impact on America’s economy, politics and culture. After the second industrial revolution, American capitalism has a further development and free capitalism began to develop to the monopoly capitalism. The special interest group brought by monopoly was destroying the foundation of American individualism and personally belief gradually.
At the beginning of 20th century, with the completion of the second industrial revolution, America appeared immigration boom. On the one hand, due to the difference of ethnic religious and social habits there were various conflicts between the influxes of immigrations. On the other hand, with the rapidly development of industrialization, great desire of wealth makes more and more Americans no longer think about how their actions affect society and they just focus on how to gain great wealth in such a prosperous and blind era. Therefore, after the second industrial revolution the American people had gradually lost their faith, they thought money was the most important and they became the slave to money. Such as, in the Long Day’s Journey into Night James Tyrone brought the right to play melodrama in order to earn money. In that era, money was the highest which result in the heroine’s tragedy.
2.1.2 The Development of Monopoly Capitalism
Monopoly capitalism, which is imperialism, is the highest stage of the development of capitalism. Based on the further development of the contradiction between the productive forces and the production relations of capitalism, it is formed in the process of production and capital acceleration concentration. The characteristics of monopoly capitalism include five aspects. Firstly, the concentration of production and capital development to such a high level, resulting in the monopoly capitalism play a decisive role in the economic life. Secondly, bank monopoly capital and industrial monopoly capital have been integrated into the formation of financial capital. Thirdly, capital output, which is different from commodity output has a special significance. Fourthly, the international monopoly alliance has been formed to carve up the world. Fifthly, the greatest capitalist powers have divided the world’s territory.
In Capital Marx (688)said: “If you have to wait for some of the individual capital to grow to be able to build the railway, then I am afraid that there is no railway in the world today.” Along with the completion of industrial revolution, the American monopoly capitalism development rapidly and had became a great power in the world economy. America is a place where makes money became the regnant power of society, which human nature was distorted seriously，people became indifferent and ruthless，the traditional moral collapse and there was a serious of social problems such as violence、murder、drug abuse、racial conflicts and so on. And due to the threat of war, people had a deep sense of insecurity and loneliness feeling. The heroine lives in such an era which belief collapse and loss of a sense of belonging, so the formation of the tragic life is inevitable.
2.1.3 The Influence of Patriarchal Society
All the time, we were live in a patriarchal society. We regarded the male body and life pattern as formal and ideal social organization form. This is a systematic、structured and unfair system that male control of female. In the patriarchal society: first is male domination, all authoritative positions are left to man, women cannot develop any standards for themselves, especially for men. Besides is male identity, the value of the identification is always linked to the male. Therefore the community generally does not agree with the housework which was done by female. Then is female object, in the male affairs the female becomes the object. The right of women to acquire knowledge was depraved and restricted. Last is the thinking model of patriarchal society which involved in dichotomous thinking and hierarchy thinking that think male are at the top class and female under male.
In Political Science Aristotle (4) said: “ That man born noble, and woman born beneath them. Men rule of women, women are ruled.” In the Bible’s Book of Genesis(22-23): “God made a woman use a man’s rib, and brought her to man. Adam said: this is one of my bones, flesh of flesh, to call her a woman, because she was taken out of a man.” Buddhism also think of female is the root of all evil. The Da Zheng Buddhist (633) said: “Every women is the place of evil.” We can see that both in the West and in China it is the patriarchal society, women can only be attached to men and they were always destroy by men. For a long time penetration