一般现在时用法.doc

一般现在时的用法1) 表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的副词连用。常用的频度副词有： always、often、 usually、seldom、never。频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。例如: He often goes swimming in summer.他夏天经常游泳。I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2)表示现在的状态。例如：My father is at work.He is very busy. 我父亲在工作，他很忙。The boy is twelve. 这男孩十二岁。3)表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。例如：All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。4)表示客观真理，客观存在，自然现象。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。5)表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。6)在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如： Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。巩固练习：1、Lucy likes going skating with her friends. (改写成否定句)_2、Aunt Lis son has ten toy bears. (对划线部分提问)_3、His watch costs 300 yuan. (变成一般疑问句并否定回答)_4、I like being a nurse for the old. (变成一般疑问句)_5、张叔叔每天乘坐地铁上班。_6、我们每周日常花三小时在图书馆看书。_7、我爷爷常常晚饭后出去散步。英语的动词时态这一语法现象与我们母语的语法差别较大，学起来也较乏味。如何教学这些语法，从而使学生更好、更有效地掌握它们，是经常困扰教师的问题。笔者在教学实践中进行了努力的尝试和探索，并依据信息加工的学习理论，总结出较为行之有效的“三元”教学法：从“标志”信息输入着眼，经过“概念”思维加工，达成“结构”形式输出，从而使师生摆脱枯燥的时态教学，掌握动词时态的规律，形成有效的语法教学策略。一、从“概念.结构.标志”三个方面把握动词时态“概念.结构.标志”三个方面是学习一种时态所必须把握的，三者相互联系，相互制约，共同表述一个完整的时态含义。“概念”清楚地说明了一种时态的用法。对于概念的把握一定要全面、准确，表述严密，如对于一般现在时的用法，不能只表述为“表示经常性或习?下面列举两种时态进行说明。（一）一般现在时1.概念：一般现在时的基本用法有四种。(1)表示现在的状况，如Mr. Green has two children. (2)表示主语所具备的性格或能力，如Ann enjoys listening to the radio. Miss White speaks Chinese very well. (3)表示经常性、习惯性或反复出现的动作或状态，如I usually rest on Sundays. Mr. Brown always gets up early. LiLei goes to see Uncle Wang once a month. (4)表示客观事实和普遍真理，如It never snows in Australia in December. Light travels faster than sound.2.结构：一般现在时的结构在一般情况下用动词原形，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词也要相应变成单数形式，其否定式、疑问式要加助动词do或does。例如：Miss Gao teaches us English. Does your mother work in a factory?3.标志：一般现在时常与下列表示频率的副词或短语连用：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, twice a week, on Sundays等。一、 一般现在时 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week(day, year, month), on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式） 4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words.编辑本段二、 一般过去时 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式 4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didnt know you were so busy.编辑本段三、 现在进行时 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen 3.基本结构：主语+be +doing +其他 4.否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+其他 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons.编辑本段四、 过去进行时 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其他 4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其他 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写） 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.编辑本段五、 现在完成时 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（过去分词）+其他 4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他 5.一般疑问句：have或has。 6.例句：Ive written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.编辑本段六、 过去完成时 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：Before, by the end of last year (term, month), etc. 3.基本结构：主语+had + p.p（过去分词）+其他 4.否定形式：主语+had + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 基本结构：主语+had+p.p（过去分词）+其他 肯定句：主语+ had+p.p（过去分词）+其他 否定句：主语+ had+ not+p.p（过去分词）+其他 一般疑问句：Had+主语+p.p（过去分词）+其他 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句编辑本段七、 一般将来时 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其他；主语+will/shall + do+其他 4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ；主语+will/shall not do+其他 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.编辑本段八、 过去将来时 1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语：The next day (morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本结构：主语+was/were +going to + do+其他；主语+would/should + do+其他 4.否定形式：主语+was/were/not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there .编辑本段九、将来完成时 1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态 2.时间状语：by the time of; by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来） 3.基本结构：主语+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p（过去分词）+其他 4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.编辑本段十、现在完成进行时 1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。 2.基本结构：主语+have/has +been +doing+其他 3.时间状语：since+时间点，for+时间段等。 4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour. The children have been watching TV since six oclock.编辑本段十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.编辑本段十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing.编辑本段十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon.（二）现在完成时1.概念：基本用法有两种。(1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(2)表示从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。2.结构：助动词have(has)动词的过去分词。3.标志：用法(1)常与下列词语连用：already, yet, just, ever, never, before, recently等；用法(2)常与“since时间点”或“for时间段”所构成的表示一段时间的状语连用，也可与包括“现在”在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如this morning, these days等。其他几种时态不再一一列举。在平时的教学中，只要我们从上述三个方面去把握动词时态，学生就会逐渐发现其规律，做到有章可循，主动地学习，从而变以教师为主体的讲语法为以学生为主体的学语法，收到事半功倍的效果。二、要善于进行各种时态的用法比较学习了几种时态以后，就容易出现混淆、错用的情况，这就要求我们要不断地将一些时态加以比较，以便能够更好地把握其本质。其实，动词时态的比较也是以“概念.结构.标志”三元为依据比较的。试看下面几种时态的比较。（一）一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较1.一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用；而现在完成时既涉及过去又联系现在，但它强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。试比较：I have posted the letter（说明现在信不在这里）。I posted the letter yesterday（只说明昨天寄信这一事实）。2.有些时间状语（标志），如this morning, tonight等，既可用于一般过去时，也可用于现在完成时，但所表示的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时的表示“现在”在内，而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：I have read the book this May（讲话时仍是五月）。I read the book this May（讲话时五月已过）。（二）一般过去时与过去完成时的用法比较1.一般过去时表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态；而过去完成时则表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态，其标志是“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在过去另一动作之前时，常用此时态。例如：The film had already begun when I reached the theatre.2.一般过去时与过去完成时都可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用，但侧重点有所不同。试比较：They had done the work at five oclock. They did the work at five oclock.第一句说明工作在五点钟已完成，并未说明是什么时候完成的；第二句说明工作是在五点钟做的。3.在带有before或after引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于主、从句动作发生的先后顺序已非常明确，所以可用一般过去时代替过去完成时，如The train had left before I got to the station.也可以说：The train left before I got to the station.其他时态的比较，如一般现在时与现在进行时，一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较不再列举。时态的混合使用是以掌握好每一种时态的用法以及各时态的比较用法为基础的，在中学阶段使用较少，在此不做详谈。三、注意时态与时间不一致的特殊情况如前所述，判断时态要从“标志”（时间状语）着眼，这是一般规律。但有些情况下，时态与时间（标志）并不一致，在教学中应引起足够的重视，做到灵活使用，可视之为“特殊标志”。1.一些表示来往动作的动词（动向动词）常用进行时表示将来时，常见的这类动词有arrive, come, go, leave, set off, start等、例如：The Browns are leaving for Paris next month.2.一般现在时有时可以表示预定的近期将发生的动作或状态，也可用来表示说话时正在进行的动作。例如：Are you free tomorrow? The train starts at 7:50 in the evening. Here comes the bus! There goes the bell!3.一般过去时可以表示目前非真实的情况或不能实现的愿望（即虚拟语气）。例如：I wish I could fly to the moon by spaceship. Its high time you went home. If I were you, I would go with him.4.在含有状语从句的复合句中，当主句是将来时态或是祈使句时，状语从句应用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：I will go to town if it doesnt rain tomorrow. He said he would come to see us if he had time. Please tell him about it as soon as he comes back. Are you going to play with us when you have finished your homework?5.在含有宾语从句的复合句中，主从句动词时态有如下不一致情况。(1)当宾语从句表示科学真理、客观事实、格言或其他不受时间影响、限制的客观存在的事物时，如：Long ago people didnt know that the earth moves round the sun. She told hers on that practice makes perfect.(2)当宾语从句用来解释、表达科技内容时，如：The teacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies is called gravity.(3)当宾语从句表示一种反复出现或目前习惯性动作时，如：He said he does morning exercises everyday.(4)当宾语从句中谓语动词的动作在转述时仍在继续，或表示现在时刻仍存在的状态时，如：LiLei said his father is attending a meeting in Shanghai. She told me the other day that she is only seventeen.6.其他从句，如比较状语从句、定语从句等不受主句时态的影响，应根据实际需要，选择适当的时态。例如：It was colder yesterday than it is today. Last night I read the book which you are reading now.对于这些特殊情况，在平时的教学中，应特别注意。其实，我们也可以把上述情况视为一种特殊的“标志”，进而判断相应的时态形式。初中英语动词时态专项训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空： 1He_swimming in the river every day in summer. (go) 2.It_you are right. ( seem ) 3.Look, the children _ basketball on the playground. ( play ) 4.He_to the radio when I came in, ( listen ) 5.It is very cold .I think it _. ( rain ) 6. I need some paper . I _some for you . ( bring ) 7.I cant find my pen . Whoit _? ( take ) 8.He said that he_back in five minutes . ( come ) 9.I didnt meet him. He _when I got there. ( leave ) 10.I_my bike, so I have to walk to school. ( lose ) 11.He_down and began to read his newspaper. ( sit ) 12.He is not here. He _to the post office. (go) 13.He is very hungry. He_anything for three days. ( not eat ) 14.I_with you if I have time . ( go ) 15.We will go to the cinema if it_tomorrow . (rain ) 16.I will tell her the news when she_to see me next week. (come) 17. “ When you_the _car ?” “ In 1998 . ”( buy ) 18.We_good friends since we met at school . （be） 19.What_you_ at five yesterday afternoon ? (do) 20.The bike is nice . How much _it_? (cost) 二、选择最佳答案填空 （ ）1.Well go swimming if the weatherfine tomorrow. A. is B.was C. will be D.is going to be （ ）2.Itfive years since he has left for Beijing. A. was B. have been C.is D.is going to be （ ）3.Please dont leave the office until your friendback. A.came B.comes C.have come D.will come （ ）4.By the end of last year heabout 1500 English words. A. learns B.learned C.was learning D.had learned （ ）5.Listen ! Someonein the next room . A.cried B.crying C.is crying D.has cried （ ）6.You must tell him the news as soon as youhim. A.see B.sees C.will see D.is seeing （ ）7.He told me that heto see us the next day. A.comes B. came C. will come D. would come （ ）8.We cant find him anywhere . Perhaps hehome. A. is going B. went C. has come D. would come （ ）9.The teacher told us that the sunbigger than the earth. A. is B. was C. has been D.will be （ ）10.Could you tell me where the railway station? A. was B. is C. will be D. would be （ ）11.Weto the Great Wall several times. A. go B. were going C. have gone D.have been （ ）12.It seemed that the old manfor something over there. A. looks B. looked C. was looking D. has looked （ ）13.He was sure that hehis wallet in the office . A. left B. would leave C. had left D. has left （ ）14.You must study hard if you want to fail the exam. A. wont B. dont C. havent D. hadnt （ ）15. Im afraid you cant sit here . Sorry , Iknow. A. dont B. wont C. cant D. didnt （ ）16. As shethe newspaper , Grannyasleep. A. read , was falling B. fell C. was reading , was falling D.read , fell （ ）17. my glasses ? Yes , I saw them on your bed a minute ago. A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. Have you seen （ ）18. Jim is not coming tonight . But he ! A. promises（许诺） B. promised C. will promise D. had promised （ ）19. Whats her name? I. A. forget B. forgot C. had forgotten D. am forgetting （ ）20.Youyour rurn so youll have to wait. A. will miss B. have missed C. are missing D. had missed 三、动词时态能力综合测试 （ ）1.He oftenhis clothes on Sundays. A. washing B. washes C. has washed D. wash （ ）2.Im Chinese. Wherefrom? A. do you come B. you are coming C. you come D. are you coming （ ）3.Mayto school. A. never walks B. is never walking C. walk never D. never is walking （ ）4.We will start as soon as our teacher . A. comes B. will come C. come D. is coming （ ）5.How long agoplaying football? A. have you stopped B. had you stopped C. did you stop D. do you stop （ ）6.It hard when I left my house . A. is raining B. rains C. was raining D. will rain （ ）7.I think this questionto answer. A. easy B. is easy C. was easy D. will easy （ ）8. Dont talk so loudly . Your father A. sleeps B. is sleeping C. slept D. had slept （ ）9.How many people does the doctor know whoof the disease (疾病)？ A. are dying B. is dying C. has died D. dies （ ）10.Imy homework now. A. finish B. finished C. have finished D. had finished （ ）11.Itten years since his father died. A. is B. was C. had been D. will be （ ）12.Hefor three years. A. has joined B. has been in the army C. joined D. has served the army （ ）13.His grandfatherfor thirty years. A. died B. wa