英语课件-非谓语动词.pdf

专题六右彳非谓语动词Nonf i n i teVerbs（非谓语动词）谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。e.g.He works.1 单谓语或动词 短语He takes care of the baby.JHe will go to Shanghai.He didnt go to Shanghai.He has gone to Shanghai.You are students.情态动词/助 动词+v.系动词+表语You look smart.非谓语：主要包括不定式(to do),ving形式以及过去分词(done)o无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词 特点，可以有宾语或状语。e.g.He works.He wants to work here.He is working now.He has done his work.You are students so you dont work in the factory.Being students,you dont work in the factory-三、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别 高考题点击：1.Cant you read?”Mary said A to the notice.(93 N)A.angrily pointing B.and point angrilyC.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing两个动作之间用and连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的 形式的一致性，故B、D皆错；不用and连接时称之为状语，只能用非 谓语动词作状语，故C错。2.Suddenly,a tall man driving a golden carriage_pthe girl andtook her away,into the woods.(04上海春季)A.seizing.disappeared B.seized.,disappearedC.seizing,disappearing D.seized,disappearingseized和took是并列谓语，disappearing是伴随状语。此题的关 键是and的位置，如果and在disappear前，则三个动词并列。V.-i ng形式非谓语动词不定式 过去分词(一)动词不定式 to do 作用(The function of“t。d。”)1.What does it mean to be a scientist?(subject)2.Nothing in life is to be feaied predicative3.People who listen to Hawkings lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him.(object)4.The doctor told him that he might not have more than twelve months to ljve,(attribute)5.He travelled around the world to give lectures,(adverbial)6.He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(adverbial)7.The teacher asked us to write a composition about a famous scientist.(object complement)7.Nor did he let the disease stop him from living.(object compement)(二)不定式的形式、时态与语态1.John stepped forward so as to be introduced to the visitors.2.Anne stepped forward so as to introduce the visitors to us.3.They seem to have met each other before.Didnl you notice that.4.They seem to knew each other.5.When mother came into my room,I pretended to be reading a letter.6.Ill write down your name and address so as not to forget them.(not)to do小结(not)to be done(not)to have(been)done(not)to be doing一、动词不定式OL不定式作定语作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面须有相应的介词。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家在一个温馨舒适的家生活。但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或wav时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。He had no money and no place to live(in).他没钱，也没有安居之所。当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作 的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是“你）Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent的 动作执行者是我或别人）用不定式作定语的几种情况：不定式表将来。The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中 心词。He was the best man to do the job.他是做这个工作最好的人选。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in theOlympic Games.她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女选手。用来修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常见的有：ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason9 moment,time等。Do you have the ability to read and write in English?你具备读写英语的能力吗？I have no chance to go sightseeing.我没有机会外出观光。2.不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因或结果。不定式表示目的时，常可用in order to（为了）或so as to（以便）来替换。so as to不可用于句首。He got up early so as to catch the first bus.为了赶头班车他起得很早。（2）不定式作状语，其逻辑主语与句子的主语必须一致。To learn English well,he needs a good dictionary.为了学好英语，他需要一本好词典。（而不能说：Tolearn English welL a good dictionary is needed.）/典例坤征1/（2009天津高考）the project in time,the staff were working at weekends.A.Completing B.Having completedC.To have completed D.To complete选 句意:为了使项目及时完工，全体员工周 末都在加班。不定式一般式作目的状语。故选D。有些不定式短语可以作独立成分，通常位于句首，有 时位于句中或句尾，需要用逗号同其他句子成分隔开。To be honest,I know nothing about it.说实话，我对那件事一无所知。常见的这类短语有：to tell the truth,to be frank（坦率 地说），to be exact,to begin with。不定式作结果状语时，常表示一种意外的结果，尤其是和only连用时，常用only todooHe ran to the station only to find the train had left.他跑到火车站却发现火车已开走。(5)不定式用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后表示原因。Im sorry to hear your mother is ill.听说你母亲病了我很难过。3.不定式的主动和被动不定式的主动形式表示被动意义不定式作定语，和被修饰的名词有动宾关系,又和句子的另一名 词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系时。Please lend maen to write with.请借给我一支钢笔写字。不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了forsb。The book is difficult to understand.这本书难于理解。This kind of fish is nice to eat.这种鱼很好吃。English is easy to learn.英语很容易学。小”龚例砰征2入（2008全国卷 I）1 like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good A.to be breathed B.to breatheC.breathing D.being breathed选_ 句意：在夏季我喜欢早点起床。能呼吸到早上的新鲜空气真好。to breathe在句中作状语，和主语the morning air之间存 在逻辑上的动宾关系，故选B。在形容词easv,difficult,comfortalbe,heavv,expensive等词后常用不定式作斗犬语，主动表 被动。在“疑问代词+不定式结构中Who do you think can tell us what to do?你认为谁可以告诉我们做什么？某些动词的不定式与be连用时，如be to blame（为.be to seek（寻找），be to let（出租）等。None of them is to blame.他们之中谁都不应该被责备。承担责任）,加善例用衽3勿”（2008上海高考）lf theres a lot of work,Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.A.to do B.to be doingC.done D.doing选 句意：如果有很多事要做的话，我会很高兴 能留下来直到工作结束。to do可用来作a lot of work的定语,表示“将来。故选A。(3)不定式符号t。的去留问题，一感二听三使让，四看一注意半帮助，后接不定式作宾补时,主动不带to,被动to复位feel;listen to,hear,let,make,have,watch,look at,see,observe,notice,help=I saw her come.She was seen to come.（一）.不定式用作主语要在一天内完成这个工作是不可能的.finish the worin one day is impossible.对于外国人来说,要学好汉语很难的.It 5 difficuCt for foreigners to earn Eng 伉sh weCC.1.不定式作主语时,可以用it作形式主语.It is important fo Tbm to get that job.It is kind you to heCp me with my ngCish.2.It+形容词+for/ofs6 to do s的结构中,若此形容词是说明的是不定式的性 质吐则用加仁若说明的是s6特性时则用好It was not right the South to Breakaway from the Vnion.Jfow dever it is of him to do sol（二）.不定式用作宾语1.后常接 a A 作宾语的动词；adrd,offer,agree,arrange 9 deci de,choose,determine,decide,expect,propose（提议）,happen,learn,manage,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,tend我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。I Happen to now the answer to your question.2.Ive worked with children Before,so I now what in my job.ejected（B.to e（pect C.to 6e ejecting.ejects疑问词+不定式可充当宾语.二.动词不定式的时态1.1 wouCcC Cove 刀 to the party Cast night but I had to woretra hours tofinish a report.to go(B.having gone C-going D.to have gonewould love(like)to是固定搭配。would love+不 定式一般灰，表示“想，希 望”，而接不定式完成式则表示“原本希望，而未曾实现”的意思。常和不定式究成式连用的动同还育：wouCd Cove/meant/hoped/planned/ejected/promised/wishto have done表不原打算/希望2.Egbert is said A abroad,But I dont now what country fie studied in.4.to have studied(B.to studyC to 6e study(D.to have been studyingto Have done也可用于表示先于谓语动词发生的动作.二、v.-ing形式和V.-ed分词oL作宾语补足语v.-ing形式与v.-ed分词作宾语补足语时，v.-ing形式 与句子宾语之间有主动或进行意义；v.ed分词与句 子宾语之间具有被动或完成意义。Revision:The function of V-ing leLearning a foreign language is very useful.(subject)c w.i.i1(object)2.1 enjoy learning English,3.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.(jec04.The music sounds exciting.(Predicative)(predicative)5.My job is teaching.6.There is a swimming pool in our school.(attribute)(attribute)7.The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.8.W watchlhe children,diving.into the water from the top board(丽ject complement9.Hearing a sound,the baby stopped crying.(adverbial)V-ing as Adverbial1.Hearing a sound,the baby stopped crying.2.He cut off the electricityopreventing an accident.3.Having been told her daughter was sick,she hurried to the school to take her home.4.Having cut off the electricity,he prevented an accident.5.Having lived in the country for many years,she knows how to grow vegetables.6.Not having received any news from home for a long time/he is becoming more and more homesick.(not)V-ingV-ing 的形式(not)having done(not)having been done判断下列句子中过去分词(done)的成分：1.Folded in his pocket,the letter wasn5t found until twenty years later,adverbial2.No matter how hard he tried,he couldnt make himself believed.Object complement3.We can see excited expression on her face.attribute3.When heated,ice will be changed intowater.adverbial4.She had her bike repaired yesterday.object complement5.We were all inspired by her inspiring speech,predicative6.Given an apple,the child stopped crying.7.The boy named Tom is an orphan.adverbialattributeJenny found a wallet lying on the ground.詹妮发现地上有一个钱包。（主动）I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.我低头看了一眼我的脖子发现我的项链不见了。（不及物动词，状态）I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.发现我的家乡变化如此之大我感到很惊奇。（不及物动词，完成）I want to have my hair cut.我打算理发。（被动，完成或没有一定的时间性）典例印证4”（2009全 国卷 II）They use computers to keep the traffic smoothly.A.being run B.runC.to run D.running选 句意：他们运用电脑来保持交通畅通无阻。keep后常接复合宾语，如果宾补是动词，应 为doing（与宾语是主动关系）或done（与宾语是被动关 系）。故选D。2.作定语(l)v.ing形式作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主 谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。China is a developing country.中国是一一个发展中国家。Be quiet.Theres a sleeping boy.安静点，这儿有一个睡觉的男孩。ved分词作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成。The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world.发达国家也需要世界上其他国家的帮助。加善例砰征5勿（2009上海高考）With the governments aid,those by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.A.affect B.affectingC.affected D.were affected选 句意：在政府的援助下，那些受到地震 影响的人们已经搬到新的定居点。用affect的过去分词 形式作主语those的后置定语，表示“受到地震影响的 人们。故选C。3.作状语(l)v.ing形式可作时间、条件、原因、结果或伴随等状 语，它的一般式表示与谓语动词动作同时发生的动作,它的完成式表示在谓语动词动作之前发生的动作。They entered the theatre,talking and laughing.他们说笑着进入了剧院。Having won the championship he was awarded a million dollars.他获得了冠军，被奖励100万美元。典例坤征6（2008重庆高考）to reach them on the phone,we sent an email instead.A.Fail B.FailedC.To fail D.Having failed+选 句意：因为没打通他们的电话，我们只好 给他们发了一封电子邮件。句子的主语we和fail之间是主 动关系，不能用过去分词，故排除B项，而A项是动词原 形只能作谓语；C项不定式只能表目的；故D项正确。ved分词作状语时表示完成或被动的动作，它是由句 子的主语承受的。而不定式和v.ing形式作状语时，该 动作是由句子主语发出的。Built in the Ming Dynasty,the building is still in good condition.建造于明朝的那栋建筑物现在仍然处于良好状态。Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.倘若给予更多的关注，这些树会生长得更好。i三非谓语动词易错点二-oL感官动词see,watch,observe9 look at,hear,listen to,notice等和使役动词have后面的宾补有四种形式：当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系时，需用 动词原形（即不带to的不定式）及doing（v.ing形式一般主动 式）。不带to的不定式表完成，v.ing形式一般主动式表正在 进行；当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时，需用v.ed分词及being done（v.ing形式一般被动式）。v.ed分 词表完成或没有一定的时间性，“ing形式一般被动式表正 在进行。I heard her sing an English song just now.刚我听见她唱了一首英文歌。（主动，完成）I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。（主动，正在进行）I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。（被动，正在进行）I found him tied to a big tree.我发现他被捆在一颗大树上。/（2008江苏高考）To learn English welL we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.A.speak B.speakingC.spoken D.to spoken选 句意：为了把英语学好，我们应当尽可能抓住一切机会去听别人讲英语。本题关键要意识到English和 speak之间是被动关系，故选C。2.leave后接非谓语动词作宾补时，意为使.处于某种 状态。leave sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事（宾语与宾补之 间是逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行）Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）（2）leave sth.undone留下某事未做（宾语与宾补之间是逻 辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成），一般以undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched为 多。The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious.大部分的菜客人们没有动,因为它们不可口。（被动，完成）（sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事（不定式表示（3）leaver _;I sth.to be clone留下某事要做）将来的动作）He left,leaving me to do all the rest of the work.他走了，留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。（主动，将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问 题等待解决。（被动，将来）3.have,get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have,get表示“使、让、叫之意。（l）have sth.done=get sth.done使/让某事由另人去做（叫/让某人做某事）Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得（请人）修一下我的自行车。此外，have sth.done还表示“使遭受”之意。Tom had his leg broken while playing football.汤姆踢足球时，伤了腿。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生在度假期间，他家的房子被别人破门而入。have sb./sth.doing使/让某人/物持续地做某事（2）（u-ing形式表主动，正在进行）get sb./sth.doing使某人/物开始彳j动起来The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意have sb.doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容 忍”之意。I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。have sb.do sth.get sb.Io do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。一黑例印证8勿（2009重庆高考）With the world changing fast,we have something new with all by ourselves every day.A.deal B.dealtC.to deal D.dealing选 本题考查不定式作定语。句意：随着世界的快速变化，我们每天都有新的问题要独自处理。havesomething to deaL 动词deal逻辑上的主语是we,也就是 句子的主语。故选C。4.动词like,love,prefer后接不定式或ving形式作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为常用vng形式，如表示具体的行为 常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like,love,prefer前有 would/should时，后面则应接动词不定式作宾语。feel like 后接vng形式作宾语。I like swimming,but I dont like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天下午不想游泳。I would like to have a cup of coffee.我想喝杯咖啡。We all feel like celebrating.我们者B想庆祝番。5.在动词allow,advise,forbid,permit后直接是艮v.ing形 式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词 不定式作宾语补足语。I sb.to do sth.allow/permit/lorbicl/advise/I doing sth.Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke.这里禁止吸烟，但你可以吸。We dont allow smoking in the hall.我们不准在大厅内吸烟。6.动词need,require,want作“需要解时。其后必须用ving形式的主动形式或不定式的被动 形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时v.ing形式的 主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用ving形式 的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need表 需要，require表要求，want表“想要”这些意义 时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作 宾语补足语。/to be cloneneed/wanl/require（需要）/doing sb.to clo sth.J名词（钱数或表价格的名词）be worthI doingto be clonebe worthy（J 名词 I being cloneThe window needs/requires/wantsto be cleaned,cleaning.窗户需要擦一下。worth visiting.This place isworthyto be visited.(a visit.ofbeing visited.那个地方值得一去密例印证9么”（2007陕西高考）As a result of the serious flood,two-thirds of the buildings in the areaA.need repairing B.needs to repairC.needs repairing D.need to repair选 分数、百分数修饰名词，谓语动词的单复数取决于名词，此处twothirds修饰buildings,故谓语动 词取决于名词复数buildings,排除B、C两项；need doing=need to be done意为需要被做。故选A。7.动词不定式在介词but,other than后面时。如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to,否则就要带to。另外在can*tchoose but,cant help but（只好），cant but（只好），had better,would rather后面的不定式也要省略to。I cannot but agree to his terms.我只好赞同他的条件。All I could do was go home.我能做的事是回家。We could do nothing but/other than wait.除了等之外我们什么也不能做。We had nothing to do but/other than wait.除了等之外我们什么事也不能做。We h,ad no choice but to wait.除了等之外我们别无选择。8.独立主格结构独立主格结构，就是分词有其自己的独立主语，可以 不与句子的主语保持一致。独立主格结构没有主语和 谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。此结构在句子中起原 因、方式、时间、条件、伴随状语的作用。独立主格 结构应与句子的主体部分分隔开来。其功能和用法见 下表：表现形式意义例句名词/代词+v.-ing 形式/v.-ed 分词v.ing形式表主动进 行,v.-ed分词表被 动和完成Weather permitting,well go out for a walk.Homework finished,the boy went out to play.不定式表将来，计划安排 要做的事The exam to be held tomorrow,1 cant go to the cinema tonight.容胸形词词表明名词或代词所 处的状态Our lessons(being)over,we went to play football.介词 短语表位置The girl is walking in the field,packet on back.表现形式意义例句with 十名 词/代词+v.-ing 形式表主动、进行They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning.v.-ed分词表被动、完成She had to walk home with her bike stolen.不定式:表将来1 cant go out to play with so much homework to do.表现形式意义例句with+名词/代词+形容词表状态He used to sleep with windows open.副 词表状态He went up to sleep with lights on.介词 短语表位置The children came running toward us,with flowers in their hands.1.（2009山东高考）We are invited to a party inour club next Friday.A.to be held B.heldC.being held D.holding解析：句意：我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行 的聚会。hold与party为动宾关系，所以hold应用被动形 式；to be held作后置定语,表将来,修饰a party。答案：A2.（2009福建高考）not to miss the flight at 15:20,the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.A.Reminding B.RemindedC.To remind D.Having reminded解析：本题考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：有人提醒经 理不要错过15：20的航班，他匆忙出发去了机场。主句 主语the manager与remind之间的关系为逻辑上的动宾关 系，故排除A、C、D三项，因为这三项表主动，而只有 B项表被动。答案：B3.（2009福建高考）In April,2009,President Hu inspectedthe warships in Qingdao,the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.A.marking B.markedC.having marked D.being marked解析：句意：2009年4月，胡主席在青岛检阅了海军舰队，这也是中国人民解放军海军成立60年的标志。答案：A4.（2009浙江高考）and short of breath,Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.A.To be tired B.TiredC.Tiring D.Being tired解析：句意：虽然疲惫不堪，气喘吁吁，Andy和Ruby还 是第一批登上泰山山顶。分词和形容词短语作状语，说 明他们俩到达泰山山顶时的状况：又累又喘不过气来。A项表目的；