2021届高考英语二轮创新复习-专题四-第三节-基础保分四-构词法学案.doc

2021届高考英语二轮创新复习 专题四 第三节 基础保分四 构词法学案

2021届高考英语二轮创新复习 专题四 第三节 基础保分四 构词法学案

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基础保分四　构词法

授课提示：对应学生用书第51页
正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中的生词进行辨识的能力，而且使其更加灵活地应对语法填空和短文改错对于词性转换的考查。
◎语法填空中的构词法
[高考这样考]
1．(2020·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Filled with ____________(curious)，the artist packed his bags and left.
2．(2019·高考浙江卷)Other American studies showed no ____________(connect)between uniforms and school performance.
3．(2018·高考全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain，you can run on soft surfaces，do exercises to ____________(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉)，avoid hills and get good running shoes.
[题目这么解]
根据语境及空格在句中作的成分判断词的正确形式
1．在形容词、形容词性物主代词或冠词(＋形容词)、介词之后要用名词(如T1)；
2．暗含比较的概念或有比较级结构要用比较级；
3．no后加名词表示“没……”(如T2)，加doing表示禁止；
4．修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子要用副词；
5．作谓语时用动词形式(en­、­ize前后缀构成动词)，不定式后面需用动词形式(如T3)；
6．表达否定意思时，需加相应的表示否定的前后缀。
自我诊断：1.curiosity　2.connection　3.strengthen
[类题对点练]
1．(2019·高考浙江卷)School uniforms are traditional(tradition)in Britain，but some schools are starting to get rid of them.
2．(2019·高考北京卷)No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various activities(activity)on Earth Day.
3．(2017·高考全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most successful(success)of these new lines，and was opened in 1900.
4．(2017·高考浙江卷)But something made her look closer，and she noticed a shiny/shining(shine)object.
◎短文改错中的构词法
[高考这样考]
1．(2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ)I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.____________
2．(2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Then，when I was in the five grade，I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.____________
3．(2018·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Immediate，I raised my hand.____________
4．(2017·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Beside，they often get some useful information from the Internet.____________
[题目这么解]
1．注意区分一些易混的词类，如名词后可加上­y构成形容词，thirst→thirsty，taste→tasty，sun→sunny，juice→juicy，health→healthy。但注意honesty，difficulty，safety是由形容词honest，difficult，safe加上­y/­ty构成的名词；
2．若动词原形、形容词、副词位于主语或宾语的位置，则错误；
3．定语从句、同位语从句前面的词通常为名词，如果是其他词性，则错误；
4．注意形容词和副词的修饰范围(如T3)；
5．注意基数词与序数词的混用(如T2)；
6．注意形相近，性/意不同的易错词，如hard 努力地/hardly几乎不，beside prep.在……旁边/besides prep.除……之外(还有)(如T1，T4)。
自我诊断：1.hardly→hard　2.five→fifth
3．Immediate→Immediately　4.Beside→Besides
[类题对点练]
1．Instead，he hopes that his business will grow steady.
答案：Instead，he hopes that his business will grow .
2．Reading more can broad our horizons and make our life colorful.
答案：Reading more can our horizons and make our life colorful.
3．Though he was willing to wait with patient until his mom was back on June 15th，the store's staff decided to do something extremely thoughtful after they noticed Leon's note.
答案：Though he was willing to wait with until his mom was back on June 15th，the store's staff decided to do something extremely thoughtful after they noticed Leon's note.
构词法的核心知识提炼
一、形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­age
short→shortage
不足；短缺
­cy
efficient→efficiency 效率；功效
fluent→fluency 流利；流畅
accurate→accuracy 准确性
private→privacy 隐私；私密
­dom
free→freedom 自由；自主
wise→wisdom 明智；智慧
­ence
different→difference 差异
silent→silence 沉默
­ness
weak→weakness 虚弱；弱点
kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意
dark→darkness 黑暗
­th
strong→strength 力气；强项
warm→warmth 温暖；热情
true→truth 真实
wide→width 宽度
­y
­ty
­ity
difficult→difficulty 困难
cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴
safe→safety 安全
disable→disability 无能；残疾
responsible→responsibility 责任
二、动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­al
approve→approval
arrive→arrival
survive→survival
propose→proposal
赞成；批准
到来；到达
幸存
提议；建议
­ance
appear→appearance
guide→guidance
perform→performance
出现；外貌
指引；指导
表演；节目
­ence
exist→existence
prefer→preference
refer→reference
存在；生存
偏爱
参考；查阅
­ion
attract→attraction
construct→construction
educate→education
evaluate→evaluation
graduate→graduation
吸引
建设
教育
评估
毕业
­ation
expect→expectation
explain→explanation
consider→consideration
imagine→imagination
starve→starvation
invite→invitation
期待；期望
解释
考虑
想象力
挨饿
邀请；请柬
­(s)sion
discuss→discussion
decide→decision
admit→admission
讨论；辩论
决定
接纳；准许入学
­ing
hear→hearing
begin→beginning
听力；听觉
开始
­ment
achieve→achievement
argue→argument
treat→treatment
equip→equipment
功绩；成就
辩论；论据
对待；治疗
设备
­ure
fail→failure
press→pressure
失败；没做到(应做之事)
压力
­ture
mix→mixture
depart→departure
混合；混合物
离开；出发
­y
recover→recovery
discover→discovery
恢复；痊愈
发现
其他
grow→growth
choose→choice
vary→variety
tend→tendency
成长；发展
选择
多样化；种类
趋向；趋势
三、动词、名词变形容词的后缀
后缀
例词
­able
accept→acceptable
comfort→comfortable
fashion→fashionable
suit→suitable
reason→reasonable
可接受的
舒适的
时髦的
合适的
有道理的
­al
music→musical
origin→original
person→personal
center→central
nature→natural
form→formal
nation→national
音乐的
最初的
个人的；私人的
中央的；中心的
自然的；天生的
正式的
全国的
­ful
doubt→doubtful
forget→forgetful
harm→harmful
hope→hopeful
peace→peaceful
care→careful
use→useful
help→helpful
怀疑的
健忘的
有害的
有希望的
和平的
细心的
有用的
有帮助的
­ed
scare→scared
confuse→confused
puzzle→puzzled
worry→worried
bore→bored
excite→excited
underline→underlined
感到恐惧的
感到困惑的
迷惑的
担心的
感到厌倦的
激动的；兴奋的
加下划线的
­ing
surprise→surprising
convince→convincing
satisfy→satisfying
worry→worrying
bore→boring
令人惊讶的
令人信服的
令人满意的
令人担心的
令人厌烦的
­ible
access→accessible
horror→horrible
terror→terrible
容易到达的；容易取得的
可怕的；恐怖的
可怕的
­ive
act→active
effect→effective
attract→attractive
impress→impressive
instruct→instructive
expense→expensive
积极的；活跃的
有效的；生效的
有吸引力的
给人深刻印象的
有教育意义的
昂贵的
­ous
continue→continuous
anxiety→anxious
caution→cautious
curiosity→curious
humor→humorous
不断的；持续的
忧虑的
十分小心的；谨慎的
好奇的
幽默的
­some
tire→tiresome
trouble→troublesome
令人厌倦的
麻烦的

­y
taste→tasty
health→healthy
wealth→wealthy
dirt→dirty
rain→rainy
sun→sunny
cloud→cloudy
美味的；可口的
健康的
富裕的；丰富的
有灰尘的；脏的
有雨的
阳光明媚的
多云的，阴天的
­ern
east→eastern
west→western
东方的；向东的
西方的；向西的
­ish
child→childish
fool→foolish
self→selfish
孩子气的
愚蠢的；可笑的
自私的
­ic
science→scientific
economy→economic
history→historic
科学的
经济的
历史上著名的
­ary
imagine→imaginary
想象中的
续表
四、表示“人”的名词后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成表示具有某种职业或动作的人的名词。常见的表示“人”的名词的后缀有：
后缀
例词
­er
clean→cleaner
report→reporter
strange→stranger
清洁工
记者
陌生人
­or
invent→inventor
visit→visitor
direct→director
发明家
游客
导演
­ar
lie→liar
beg→beggar
说谎者
乞讨者，乞丐
­ee
employ→employee
interview→interviewee
train→trainee
雇员
参加面试者
受训者，学员
­ess
host→hostess
act→actress
女主人
女演员
­ian
music→musician
politics→politician
history→historian
音乐家
政治家
历史学家
­ist
art→artist
science→scientist
piano→pianist
艺术家
科学家
钢琴家
­ant
serve→servant
participate→participant
assist→assistant
仆人
参加者
助手；助理；助教
五、表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词
前缀
dis­
agree→disagree
advantage→disadvantage
appear→disappear
comfort→discomfort
honest→dishonest
不同意
缺点
消失
不舒适的
不诚实的
il­
legal→illegal
logical→illogical
不合法的
不合逻辑的
im­
polite→impolite
patient→impatient
moral→immoral
无礼的
不耐烦的
不道德的
in­
formal→informal
convenient→inconvenient
direct→indirect
非正式的
不方便的
间接的
ir­
regular→irregular
responsible→irresponsible
不规则的
不负责任的
mis­
lead→mislead
understand→misunderstand
误导
误解
un­
usual→unusual
willing→unwilling
happy→unhappy
known→unknown
不寻常的
不愿意的
不高兴的
不出名的
后缀
­less
hope→hopeless
end→endless
care→careless
help→helpless
use→useless
绝望的
没完没了的
粗心的
无助的
无用的

六、变动词的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词
前缀
en­
able→enable
large→enlarge
rich→enrich
danger→endanger
courage→encourage
使能够
扩大
使充实；使丰富
危及
鼓励
后缀
­en
broad→broaden
ripe→ripen
sharp→sharpen
wide→widen
short→shorten
deep→deepen
dark→darken
hard→harden
使变宽
使成熟
使尖锐
加宽
变短
加深
使变暗
使变硬
后缀
­ify
class→classify
just→justify
simple→simplify
beauty→beautify
把……分类
证明……正确
简化
美化
­ize
apology→apologize
emphasis→emphasize
memory→memorize
real→realize
道歉
强调
记住
意识到；实现

授课提示：对应学生用书第54页
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It looked like I was healthy(health)；however，I was not.
2．Currently(current)，the Chinese government and the WWF are doing all that is possible to save the giant panda.
3．So the advice is that if you don't struggle with your sleep，you can nap regularly (regular)—then naps are just fine.
4．I disagreed(agree)with what he said，because the case was not that.
5．Bringing together Western Medicine and TCM，rather than being in competition (compete)，is where the potential for great effects lies.
6．Compared with the traditional trade mode，they don't have to spend money in renting a house.However，there are still some disadvantages(advantage)to online shopping.
7．Three factors have greatly contributed to the growth(grow)：the depth of the story，traditional Chinese elements and emotions of the characters.
8．When his mom couldn't afford to buy him a toy panda he badly wanted，he wrote a pitiful note on the toy's box begging other shoppers(shop)not to buy it.
9．Various(vary)cheers started to resound through the school，wave after wave.“Believe in yourself！You deserve to win！”
10．Although these ads seem unusual(usual)to us now，perhaps future generations may consider some of today's ads to be just strange.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．To my happy，she could cook some delicious food for me.
答案：To my ，she could cook some delicious food for me.
2．In keeping a diary in English，we certainly run up against many difficult.
答案：In keeping a diary in English，we certainly run up against many.
3．Having passed the final exams，I am busy planning a two­weeks trip to the UK during this winter holiday.
答案：Having passed the final exams，I am busy planning a trip to the UK during this winter holiday.
4．Recently，a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall.
答案：Recently，a famous basketball player has caused public by writing on the Great Wall.
5．Besides，people should use natural resources more effect.
答案：Besides，people should use natural resources more .
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·河北高三六校联考)As is known to all，practical exercises using textbooks and classroom materials are valuable 1.____________ it comes to language learning.For me，however，if language learning is fun and 2.____________(access)，it will keep up my motivation.I've found enjoyable ways of connecting language learning 3.____________my everyday life.
First，4.____________(change)the language of your smartphone to your target language.By changing the language of your smartphone，you will increase 5.____________(expose)to many different words and phrases in your target language，many of them easily 6.____________(add)to your vocabulary.Besides，listening to music is workable.You can find lyrics(歌词)online and write them down 7.____________(learn)them off by heart，which will help not only with vocabulary but also with grammar as you will begin to notice sentence patterns.Finally，8.____________(simple)reading short stories makes you feel as if you have accomplished something.For those of you who are ready to move on to 9.____________advanced levels than the beginner level，you could even try to find books you 10.____________(read)in your mother tongue，because you already know the storyline.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。作者在文中介绍了三种不用课本和课堂材料就能学习语言的方式。
1．解析：考查固定句式。when it comes to...是固定句式，表示“当涉及……”。
答案：when
2．解析：考查词性转换。本空所填词在从句中作表语，与fun“有趣的”并列用来说明language learning的特征，故填形容词accessible。
答案：accessible
3．解析：考查介词。“我”找到了把语言学习与“我”的日常生活联系起来的有趣的方式。connect...with...表示“把……和……联系起来”。
答案：with
4．解析：考查祈使句。分析句子结构可知，本句没有主语，因此是一个祈使句，祈使句要用动词原形开头，故填change。
答案：change
5．解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的will increase和空后的介词to可知，本空要填名词作increase的宾语，故填exposure，exposure是不可数名词，在此为“接触”的意思。
答案：exposure
6．解析：考查独立主格结构。分析句子结构可知，many of them...vocabulary前的句子有谓语动词，两个句子之间没有连词，由此可以判断，many of them...vocabulary是独立主格结构，them指代主句中的words and phrases，add与many of them是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用过去分词。
答案：added
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。由句意可知，找歌词并写下歌词的目的是把这些歌词记住，故此处用不定式作目的状语。
答案：to learn
8．解析：考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，该空修饰动名词短语reading short stories，故用副词形式。
答案：simply
9．解析：考查比较级。根据后面表示比较含义的than the beginner level可知，这里指提升到更高的水平，应用advanced“高级的，高等的”的比较级形式more advanced。故填more。
答案：more
10．解析：考查时态。根据下文的“because you already know the storyline”可知，此处强调已经完成的动作对现在的影响，表示找到你已经读过的用母语写的书，故用现在完成时。
答案：have read
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2020·广东普通高中综合测试)Skipping rope is a sport suitable for people of all age.People skip rope for fun and exercise.
Every student are able to learn to skip.You can skip alone or with your classmates.If you skip alone，you will need short rope about double the length of your high.You should turn the rope slow so that you can skip safely.It might help with if you can sing a rhyme while skips.When you skip alone，your heart beats fast than usual and your body is stressed.Therefore，stop for a rest after you injure yourself.
So，pick up a rope，finding a silly rhyme and start skipping.
答案：
Skipping rope is a sport suitable for people of all .People skip rope for fun and exercise.
Every student able to learn to skip.You can skip alone or with your classmates.If you skip alone，you will need short rope about double the length of your .You should turn the rope so that you can skip safely.It might help if you can sing a rhyme while .When you skip alone，your heart beats than usual and your body is stressed.Therefore，stop for a rest Vafter you injure yourself.
So，pick up a rope， a silly rhyme and start skipping.