剑桥初级语法-整理笔记.docx

现在时3、现在进行时：I am doing以下动词不可用于现在进行时：likelovewantknowunderstandrememberdependpreferhateneedmeanbelieveforget4、现在进行时的疑问式：Are you doing?5、一般现在时：I do/work/like等一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情：I like big cities.Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用：I never eat breakfast.6、一般现在时的否定式：I dont/he doesnt + 动词原形I dont have a bath every day.【every day 表每天，作状语; everyday 表每天的，形容词】7、一般现在时的疑问式：Do you?Do/does主语动词原形Doyouworkon SundaysDoyour friendslivenear hereDoesAnneplaytennisWheredoYour friendsliveHow oftendoyouwashyour hairWhatdoesThis wordmeanHow muchdoesitcostto fly to Rome*What do you do? 表示“你是做什么工作的？”8、have/have got（1）have=have gothas=has gotDont have=havent gotDoesnt have=hasnt gotDo you have=have you gotDoes he have=has he got（2）have 表“吃、喝、拿”时，不能用have got代替havehave breakfast/lunch/dinnerhave a meal/a pizza/a sandwichhave a cup of coffeehave sth to eat/drink（3）下列短语中，要用havehavehave a bath/a showerhave a rest/a holiday/a partyhave a nice time/a good trip/funhave a walk/a swim/a gamehave a dream/an accidenthave a babyhave a look15、现在完成时（1）have done（2）just/already/yetJust表“刚才”：weve just arrived.Already表“已经”（在预料之前）：theyve already arrived. （=before you expected）Yet表“直到现在”（用于否定句和疑问句中）：they havent arrived yet.（3）现在完成时与ever（用于疑问句中）/never连用：Have you ever played golf？（4）gone表“去而未归”：she has gone to China. Been表“去而已归”：he has been to China.（5）How long have you?She has been in Ireland since Monday/for three days.一般现在时现在完成时Dan and Kate are married.They have been married for four years.Are you married?How long have you been married?现在进行时现在完成进行时Im learning English.How long have you been learning English?25、what are you doing tomorrow?I am doing something tomorrow 表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”I am going to do something.同上（be going to 与 will 的区别）注意现在进行时通常指人；一般现在时通常指物，比如时间表之类的：用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等：The train arrives at 7.30.注意英文时间的写法27、will/shall（1） I shall =I will、we shall=we will ：I shall be late tomorrow. = I will be late tomorrow.在构成将来时的时候，不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用：Tom will be late. (而不能 Tom shall be late.)（2）Ill 表“提议或决定做某事”:Ill phone you tomorrow.I think Ill/I dont think Ill表“决定做某事”：I think Ill go to bed early tonight.（3）Shall I/Shall we? 表“你认为好吗？”28、might=may29、can/could：could为过去式30、must/mustnt/dont need to（1）表示过去时，用had to而不用must：We had to walk home last night.（2）dont need to = dont have to31、should（1）I thinkshould/I dont think.should/do you thinkshould?（2）ought to =should32、I have to（1）表过去时，用had to（2）表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时，must或have to都可以不是表个人看法时，只能用have to：Eg: You cant park your car here for nothing. You have to pay. （非个人看法） Its a fantastic film. You must see it./You have to see it.33、I used to/I didnt used to/did you use to？38、there has been/there have been一般过去时现在完成时There was an accident last night.Look! Theres been an accident.When we arrived at the theatre, there was a long queue outside.This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents.Why are those policemen outside the bank?Theres been/there was a robbery. 41、反义疑问句Have you?/are you?/dont you? 表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”：Ive bought a new car.Oh, have you?记住：前否后肯，前肯后否Its a nice day, isnt it?That isnt your car, is it?42、too/either so am I/neither do I（1）句尾too（肯定）Im happy too.either（否定）Im not happy either.I m happy.So am I(so was he/so do I/so would I)Im notIm not happyNeither am I(可用nor代替neither)I am （2）both+复数名词 either/neither单数名词，谓语动词用单数both（of）theeitherneitherofthese/thosemy/your/Pauls44、疑问句（1）is it?/have you?/do they?why isnt?/why dont?（2）who saw you?/who did you see?（3）以特殊疑问词开头的句子，介词位于句尾：where are you from?（4）whats it likeLike是介词不是动词?/what are they like? 表询问某事物的情况新旧、好坏、大小等（5）疑问词whatWhat+名词What time/what size不加名词Whats your name?whichWhich+名词这里的名词用单数形式（物/人）Which train did you catch?不加名词时，不指代人Which is biggest?howHow+形容词/副词How tall are you?How deep/how heavy/how high/how bigWhat （范围更广）Which（选择较少）Whats the capital of Argentina?Which colour do you prefer, pink or yellow?52、不定式与-ing形式动词+不定式wantplandecidetry+to(to work/to do/to be)hopeexpectofferforgetneedpromiserefuselearn动词+-ingenjoystopsuggest+-ing(doing/working)mindfinish动词+-ing或不定式likelovestartcontinue+-ing/topreferhatebegin55、go togo to workgo to schoolgo to universitygo to hospitalgo to prisongo to bedgo to sleepgo to churchgo to the bank/the theatre/the airportgo homego to the doctor/dentist(be)at work(be)at school(be)at university(be)in hospital(be)in prison(be)in bed(be)in/at church(be)at homego ongo on holidaygo on a tripgo on a tour go on an excursiongo on a cruisego on a strikego forgo for a walkgo for a rungo for a swimgo for a drinkgo for mealgo(going/went/gone)shoppingswimmingfishingsailingskiingjogging56、get + 名词（收到/买到/找到某物）get a job/get a letterget + 交通工具get a busget a trainget a taxiget + 形容词（变得.）get hungryget coldget tiredget to + 地点 （到达）get to workget to NY(get here/get home)get的短语get in a car上自己的车用in，坐公共汽车那种公共交通工具用onget out of a carget on a busget off a busget married（结婚）get dressed（穿衣）get lost（迷路）57、do 与 makedodo an examdo a testdo a coursedo homeworkdo houseworkdo somebody a favourdo an exercisedo the shoppingdo the washing 洗衣服do the washing-up 洗碗do the ironing 熨烫do the cookingmakemake a mistakemake an appointmentmake a phone callmake a listmake a noisemake a bedmake a film 拍电影take a photograph 拍照66、名词在英语中，下列词语以复数出现：scissors glasses trousers jeans shorts tights pyjamas people police以下名词通常不可数advice bread furniture hair information news weather worka bottle of watera cartonn.尤指装食品或液体的)硬纸盒;塑料盒;硬纸盒（或塑料盒）所装物品;纸板盒vt.用盒包装 of milka bar of chocolate/ a box of chocolatesa piece of cheesea bottle of perfumea piece of musica bowl of ricea cup of coffeea game of tennis73、the的用法the sun the moon the world the sky the sea the countrythe police the fire brigade the armythe top the end the middle the leftthe piano the guitar the trumpetthe radiothe Internet注意：1. television/TV 不用the ：I watch TV a lot. 但是 can you turn off the TV(=the TV set)2. breakfast/lunch/dinner等不加the3. next/last + week/month/year/summer等不加the4. 球类名词前不加the5. 学科名词前不加thethe（地名）1.地域名称前一般不用theFrance/Japan/Peru2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形式连用the Alps/the Philippines/the Netherlands/the Canary Islands3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用thethe Atlantic/the Amazon/the Nile/the Black sea4.街道、广场等名称前不用thelives in Newton Street/Highfield Road/Times Square5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用theKennedy Airport/London Zoo/Victoria Station6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前要用thethe Regent Hotel/the National Theatre/the Science Museum7.表方位时用thethe north/south/east/west of77、not + any/no/more（1）not + any=no.=not a（2）no通常用于have（got）与there is/are之后（3）动词否定形式+any =动词肯定形式+no（4）no之后接名词、none可单独使用 None表示“无”；no-one表示“没人nobody = not + anybodyno-one =not + anyonenothing = not + anything80、every/all（1）every +单数名词，谓语动词用单数（2）everywhere 是副词allmostsomeanyno+citieschildrenbooksmoneyall(of)thethis/thatthese/thosemy/yourmost someany noneof83、a lot/ much/many/(a)little/(a)few（1）a lot of + 可数/不可数，也可不跟名词（2）much+不可数，用于否定句与疑问句，也可不跟名词（3）many+复数（4）a little+不可数 表“有一点但不多”a few+复数 表“有一点但是不多”little+不可数 表“几乎没有”few+复数 表“几乎没有”88、a bit older/ much olderA bit older than.A bit more difficult thanMuch better thanMuch more expensive than89、not asasNot as much as.Not as many asThe same as.90、the oldest/ the most expensive可用最高级+Ive ever./ youve ever.等：The film was very bad. I think its the worst film Ive ever seen.What is the most unusual thing youve ever done?91、enough/tooenough for sb/sthenough to do sthenough for sb/sth to do sthtoofor sb/sthtooto do sthtoofor sb to do sth93、词序（1）地点状语位于时间状语之前：we went to a party last night.（2）always/never/often等词用于动词之前，be动词之后，两个动词之间：always often ever rarely also already allusually sometimes never seldom just still bothe.g. I always drink coffee in the morning. I am always tired. I will always remember you. / I can never find my keys.96、give/ lend/pass/send/show/buy/getgive sth to sbgive sb sth注意：当某物为代词it或them时，用第一种结构比较好：I gave it to my father.98、when（1）当以when开头时，两部分用逗号隔开：When I went out, it was raining.（2）一般现在时用于when之后表示将来：Lisa will be in Mexico when Sarah is in New York.When I get home this evening, Im going to have a shower.（3）before/while/after/until的用法类似：Please close the window before you go out.Ill wait here until you come back.99、if（1）if之后常用一般现在时：If you see Ann tomorrow, can you ask her to call me?What shall we do if it rains?（2）if I/you/he/she/they/it hadI/you/he would.if I/it/he/she was或if I/it/he/she were.(这里的动词都是过去式)IfIyouittheyhad/knew/lived/wentdidnt have/didnt knowwerecouldIyouittheywould(nt)could(nt)buybehavego.在这种句子里，句意表示事实上这个假设不成立：If I had the money, I would buy a fast car.事实上我没有钱买车。I wouldnt go out if I were you.事实上我不是你。（3）比较if I have/ if it isI must go and see Helen. If I have time, I will go today. (=maybe Ill have time, so maybe Ill go)Ill help you if I can.(=maybe I can help you)if I had/if it wasI must go and see Helen. If I had time, I would go today. (=I dont have time today, so I will not go)Id help you if I could, but I cant.103、at/on/in（1）at（时间点）8 oclock10.30midnighton（星期、日期、节日）Sunday/Monday25 April/6 JuneNew Years Dayin（月份、年份、季节）April/June2003/1998summer/spring（2）固定搭配at the weekendat nightat Christmasat the end ofat the momentin the morningin the afternoonin the eveningin five minuteson Monday morningon Tuesday afternoon注意：this、last、next、every等前不用介词，如next year106、in/at/on(1)inin a roomin a shopin the waterin Brazilin the fieldatat the bus stopat the doorat the traffic lightsat her deskat the top/bottom/end of(at the age of 21/at 50kilometres an hour/at 100 degrees)onon a shelfon a plateon a balconyon the flooron a wallon a dooron the ceilingon a horse/bicycle/motorbikeon footon holidayon televisionon the phoneon timeon fire(2)inin bedin hospitalin the skyin the worldin a newspaperin a carin the middle ofatat homeat work/schoolat university/at collegeat the station/airportat Janes houseat the doctorsat the hairdressersat a concertat a partyat a football matchonon a bus/train/planeon the ground floor/first flooron the way (to)/on the way home备注：in或at可用于建筑物（宾馆、餐馆前）：We stayed at a nice hotel. / We stayed in a nice hotel.with 可用 a man with a beard/ a woman with glasses/a house with a big garden等结构112、动词短语（1）afraid ofangry with sbangry about sthdifferent from=different tofed up with（厌烦）full ofgood atinterested inmarried tonice/kind of sb tobe nice/kind to sbsorry aboutsorry for/about doing sthbe/feel sorry for sb（2）look atlisten toask (sb) forbelong tohappen tospeak/talk to sb about sththank sb forthink about/think ofwait forwrite to sblook for(寻找)look after(照顾)depend on注意：phone/call sb（3）get in a carget on the busgo awayran away/run offdrive away/drive offturn over and look at the next page