全球太空对抗能力报告（英）.pdf

G L O B A LC O U N TE R S P A C E C A P A BI L I T I E S An Open Source Assessment04 2024iGLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES A B O U TS E C U R E W O R L DF O U N D AT I O NSecure World Foundation(SWF)is a private operating foundation that promotes cooperative solutions for space sustainability and the peaceful uses of outer space.The mission of the Secure World Foundation is to work with governments,industry,international organizations,and civil society to develop and promote ideas and actions to achieve the secure,sustainable,and peaceful uses of outer space benefiting Earth and all its peoples.Global Counterspace Capabilities 2024 by Secure World Foundation is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International.To view a copy of this license,visit http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0iiSECURE WORLD FOUNDATION 04/2024Dr.Brian Weeden is the Chief Program Officer for Secure World Foundation and has more than two decades of professional experience in space operations and policy.Dr.Weeden directs strategic planning for future-year projects to meet the Foundations goals and objectives,and conducts research on space debris,global space situational awareness,space traffic management,protectionof space assets,and space governance.Dr.Weeden also organizes national and international workshops to increase awareness of and facilitate dialogue on space security,stability,and sustainability topics.He is a member and former Chair of the World Economic Forums Global Future Council on Space Technologies,a former member of the Advisory Committee on Commercial Remote Sensing(ACCRES)to the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration(NOAA),and the Executive Director of the Consortium forExecution of Rendezvous and Servicing Operations(CONFERS).Prior to joining SWF,Dr.Weeden served nine years on active duty as an officer in the United States Air Force working in space and intercontinental ballistic missile(ICBM)operations.As part of US Strategic Commands Joint Space Operations Center(JSpOC),Dr.Weeden directed the orbital analyst training program and developed tactics,techniques and procedures for improving space situational awareness.Respected and recognized as an international expert,Dr.Weedens research and analysis have been featured in The New York Times,The Washington Post,National Public Radio,USA Today,The BBC,Fox News,China Radio International,The Economist,The World Economic Forums Annual Meeting in Davos,academic journals,presentations to the United Nations,and testimony before the US Congress.A BO U T T H EE DI T O RSDr.Brian Weeden Chief Program OfficeriiiGLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES Ms.Victoria Samson is the Chief Director,Space Security and Stability forSecure World Foundation and has over 25 years of experience in military space and security issues.Before joining SWF,Ms.Samson served as a Senior Analyst for the Center for Defense Information(CDI),where she leveraged her expertise in missile defense,nuclear reductions,and space security issues to conduct in-depth analysis and media commentary.Prior to her time at CDI,Ms.Samson wasthe Senior Policy Associate at the Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers,a consortium of arms control groups in the Washington,D.C.area,where she worked with Congressional staffers,members of the media,embassy officials,citizens,and think-tanks on issues surrounding dealing with national missile defense and nuclear weapons reductions.Before that,she was a researcher at Riverside Research Institute,where she worked on war-gaming scenarios for the Missile Defense Agencys Directorate of Intelligence.Known throughout the space and security arena as a thought leader on policy and budgetary issues,Ms.Samson is often interviewed by multinational media outlets,including The New York Times,Space News,The BBC,and NPR.She is also a prolific author of numerous op-eds,analytical pieces,journal articles,and updates on space security matters.She is also the head of the International Astronautical Federations task force on security and a member of the Space Security Working Group of the National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicines Committee on International Security and Arms Control.Ms.Victoria SamsonChief Director,Space Security and StabilityivSECURE WORLD FOUNDATION 04/2024T A B L E O FC O N T E N T SSECTION 1 COUNTRIES THAT HAVE CONDUCTED DESTRUCTIVE ASAT TESTS01.The United States.01-01 02.Russia.02-01 03.China.03-01 04.India.04-01 05.Orbital Debris Created by Destructive ASAT Testing.05-01 SECTION 2 COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTERSPACE TECHNOLOGIES06.Australia.06-01 07.France.07-01 08.Iran.08-01 09.Israel.09-01 10.Japan.10-01 11.North Korea.11-01 12.South Korea.12-01 13.The United Kingdom.13-01 SECTION 3 CYBER COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES14.Global Cyber Counterspace Capabilities.14-01 APPENDIX I HISTORICAL ANTI-SATELLITE TESTS IN SPACE.15-01APPENDIX II IMAGERY OF COUNTERSPACE RELATED FACILITIES.16-01 vGLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES LIS TO F FIG U R ESFIGURE 1-1 MINOTAUR UPPER STAGE.01-03FIGURE 1-2 ORBITAL EXPRESS MISSION PLAN.01-04 FIGURE 1-3 X-37B OTV 7 HIGHLY ELLIPTICAL ORBIT.01-06FIGURE 1-4 GSSAP SATELLITES.01-08 FIGURE 1-5 SATELLITE INTERCEPTOR PROGRAM GROUND TEST.01-13FIGURE 1-6 ASM-135 FLIGHT PROFILE.01-14 FIGURE 1-7 UPLINK VS.DOWNLINK JAMMING.01-19FIGURE 1-8 SPACE FORCE GUARDIAN IN FRONT OF A PAIR OF COUNTER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM ANTENNAS.01-20FIGURE 2-1 MiG-31BM CARRYING A BUREVESTNIK LAUNCHER.02-08FIGURE 2-2 LUCH(OLYMP)ORBITAL HISTORY.02-13FIGURE 2-3 LUCH 2 ORBITAL HISTORY.02-14FIGURE 2-4 TEL-MOUNTED NUDOL.02-18 FIGURE 2-5 RUSSIAN COUNTERSPACE EW SYSTEMS.02-24FIGURE 2-6 KRASUKHA-4 .02-28 FIGURE 2-7 THE PERESVET LASER SYSTEM.02-31FIGURE 3-1 RPO/ROBOTIC ARM DEMONSTRATOR SY-7.03-03FIGURE 3-2 LONGITUDINAL HISTORY OF THE SJ-17.03-07FIGURE 3-3 LONGITUDINAL HISTORY OF THE TJS-3.03-08 FIGURE 3-4 DF-21 MRBM.03-13FIGURE 3-5 XICHANG SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX ON APRIL 3,2013.03-14FIGURE 4-1 MISSION SHAKTI ASAT.04-03 FIGURE 8-1 IRANIAN BALLISTIC MISSILES.08-04viSECURE WORLD FOUNDATION 04/2024FIGURE 11-1 KWANGMYONGSONG-4.11-03FIGURE 16-1 FORT GREELY GBI FIELD.16-01FIGURE 16-2 VANDENBERG SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 6.16-02FIGURE 16-3 CAPE CANAVERAL X-37B HANGAR.16-03FIGURE 16-4 KAPUSTIN YAR MOBILE MISSILE LAUNCH SITE.16-04FIGURE 16-5 PLESETSK SPACE LAUNCH CENTER MOBILE MISSILE LAUNCH COMPLEX.16-05FIGURE 16-6 PLESETSK SPACE LAUNCH CENTER SITE 133.16-06FIGURE 16-7 PLESETSK SPACE LAUNCH CENTER SITE 43.16-07FIGURE 16-8 PLESETSK AREA 141 BUREVESTNIK FACILITIES.16-08FIGURE 16-9 SARY SHAGAN ABM SILOS.16-09FIGURE 16-10 BAIKONUR COSMODROME SITE 90.16-10 FIGURE 16-11 JIUQUAN SUBORBITAL LAUNCH COMPLEX.16-11FIGURE 16-12 KORLA WEST TEST COMPLEX.16-12 FIGURE 16-13 KORLA WEST LAUNCH PAD.16-13FIGURE 16-14 TAIYUAN SPACE LAUNCH CENTER MOBILE PAD.16-14FIGURE 16-15 WENCHANG SPACE LAUNCH CENTER.16-15FIGURE 16-16 XICHANG SPACE LAUNCH CENTER NORTH ASAT PAD.16-16FIGURE 16-17 XICHANG SPACE LAUNCH CENTER SOUTH ASAT PAD.16-17FIGURE 16-18 SATISH DHAWAN SPACE CENTRE.16-18FIGURE 16-19 ABDUL KALAM ISLAND LAUNCH COMPLEX.16-19FIGURE 16-20 SEMNAN SPACE CENTER.16-20FIGURE 16-21 SHAHRUD LAUNCH SITE.16-21FIGURE 16-22 TANEGASHIMA SPACE CENTER.16-22viiGLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES FIGURE 16-23 TONGHAE SATELLITE LAUNCHING GROUND.16-23FIGURE 16-24 SOHAE SATELLITE LAUNCHING STATION.16-24 FIGURE 16-25 MIRACL LASER.16-25 FIGURE 16-26 PERESVET DEPLOYMENT SITE NEAR BARNAUL.16-26FIGURE 16-27 KALINA LASER COMPLEX NEAR ZELENCHUKSKAYA.16-27FIGURE 16-28 TOBOL ELECTRONIC WARFARE COMPLEX NEAR ULAN-UDE.16-28FIGURE 16-29 LASER TEST SITE NEAR MIANYANG.16-29 FIGURE 16-30 LASER TEST SITE NEAR BOHU.16-30FIGURE 16-31 CAPE COD MISSILE WARNING RADAR.16-31FIGURE 16-32 FYLINGDALES MISSILE WARNING RADAR.16-32FIGURE 16-33 EGLIN SPACE SURVEILLANCE RADAR.16-33FIGURE 16-34 KWAJALEIN S-BAND SPACE FENCE.16-34FIGURE 16-35 LINCOLN SPACE SURVEILLANCE COMPLEX.16-35FIGURE 16-36 GLOBUS II RADAR.16-36FIGURE 16-37 REAGAN TEST SITE.16-37FIGURE 16-38 GEODSS DIEGO GARCIA.16-38FIGURE 16-39 HOLT C-BAND RADAR IN EXMOUTH.16-39FIGURE 16-40 SPACE SURVEILLANCE TELESCOPE IN EXMOUTH.16-40FIGURE 16-41 AIR FORCE MAUI OPTICAL AND SUPERCOMPUTING OBSERVATORY.16-41FIGURE 16-42 VORONEZH RADAR AT ORSK.16-42FIGURE 16-43 DARYAL RADAR AT PECHORA.16-43FIGURE 16-44 DNEPR SITE RADAR AT SARY SHAGAN.16-44FIGURE 16-45 DON-2N SITE AT SOFRINO.16-45viiiSECURE WORLD FOUNDATION 04/2024FIGURE 16-46 DUNAI-3M RADAR AT CHEKHOV.16-46FIGURE 16-47 RAZVYAZKA RADAR AT CHEKHOV.16-47FIGURE 16-48 KRONA COMPLEX NEAR STOROZHEVAYA.16-48FIGURE 16-49 30J6 COMPLEX NEAR STOROZHEVAYA.16-49FIGURE 16-50 OKNO COMPLEX NEAR NUREKE.16-50FIGURE 16-50 LPAR SITE NEAR KORLA.16-51FIGURE 16-52 PURPLE MOUNTAIN OBSERVATORY.16-52FIGURE 16-53 GRAVES RADAR TRANSMITTER.16-53FIGURE 16-54 GRAVES RADAR RECEIVER.16-54FIGURE 16-55 TAROT-CALERN TELESCOPE.16-55FIGURE 16-56 SWORDFISH RADAR NEAR GARHBANGOR.16-56 FIGURE 16-57 DELIJAN SPACE TRACKING CENTER.16-57FIGURE 16-58 BISEI SPACEGUARD CENTER.16-58FIGURE 16-59 KAMISAIBARA SPACEGUARD CENTER.16-59ixGLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES LIS TO F TA B L ESTABLE 1-1 SATELLITES APPROACHED BY GSSAP THROUGH 2022.01-09TABLE 1-2 RECENT US RPOs.01-10TABLE 1-3 HISTORY OF US DA-ASAT TESTS.01-15TABLE 1-4 MAXMIMUM ALTITUDE REACHABLE BY SM-3 VARIANTS.01-17TABLE 2-1 IS TESTS CONDUCTED BY THE SOVIET UNION.02-03TABLE 2-2 SUSPECTED NARYAD FLIGHT TESTS.02-05TABLE 2-3 RECENT RUSSIAN RPOs.02-14TABLE 2-4 NUDOL FLIGHT TESTS TO DATE.02-19TABLE 3-1 RECENT CHINESE RPOs.03-09TABLE 3-2 HISTORY OF CHINESE DA-ASAT TESTS.03-15TABLE 4-1 INDIAN DA-ASAT TESTS IN SPACE.04-04TABLE 5-1 ORBITAL DEBRIS CREATED BY ASAT TESTS IN SPACE.05-01TABLE 15-1 HISTORICAL US ASAT TESTS IN SPACE.15-02TABLE 15-2 HISTORICAL RUSSIAN ASAT TESTS IN SPACE.15-03TABLE 15-3 HISTORICAL CHINESE ASAT TESTS IN SPACE.15-04TABLE 15-4 HISTORICAL INDIAN ASAT TESTS IN SPACE.15-04xSECURE WORLD FOUNDATION 04/2024L I S T O FA C R O N Y M SAADAdvanced Area DefenseABLAirborne LaserABMAnti-Ballistic MissileACCRESAdvisory Committeeon CommercialRemote SensingADFAustralian Defence ForceADRVAdvanced DebrisRemoval VehicleAEOSAdvanced Electro-Optical SystemAISAutomatedIdentification SystemAKMApogee Kick MotorALCORARPA Lincoln C-band Observables RadarAMSAcademy of Military SciencesANGELSAutomated Navigation and GuidanceExperiment forLocal SpaceAPOSOSAsia-Pacific Ground-Based Space Object Observation SystemAPSCOAsia-Pacific Space Co-operation OrganizationAPSSOAsia-Pacific SpaceScience ObservatoriesAPTAdvanced Persistent ThreatASATAntisatelliteASDFAerospace Self-Defence ForceASPOS OKPAutomated Warning System on Hazardous Situations in Outer SpaceATBMAnti-Tactical Ballistic MissileAWACSAirborne Early Warning and Control SystemsBMDBallistic MissileDefenseBMEWSBallistic Missile Early Warning SystemC2Command-and-ControlC4ISRCommand,Control,Communications,Computers,Intelligence,Surveillance andReconnaissanceCASCChina AerospaceScience and TechnologyCorporationCASICChina AerospaceIndustrial CorporationCCAFSCape Canaveral Air Force StationCCDCharge-coupled DeviceCCSCounterCommunications SystemCDICenter for Defense InformationCFSCCCombined Force Space Component CommandCICCommercialIntegration CellCMCCentral MilitaryCommissionCMOSComplementaryMetal-oxideSemiconductorxiGLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CNEComputer Network ExploitationCNESCentre national dtudes spatialesCOILChemical Oxygen Iodine LaserCOMINTCommunicationsIntelligenceCOMSATCommunications SatelliteCSpOCCombined SpaceOperations CenterCSRSCounter Surveillance and Reconnaissance SystemDA-ASATDirect-Ascent ASATDARCDeep Space Advanced Radar CapabilityDARPADefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDARTDemonstrationfor Autonomous Rendezvous TechnologyDAASData as a ServiceDDOSDistributed Denialof ServiceDEWDirected EnergyWeaponsDHSDepartment ofHomeland SecurityDIADefense Intelligence AgencyDNSDomain Name SystemDRDODefence Researchand Development OrganisationDSADefence Space AgencyDSCDefensive Space ControlDSSDefence Space StrategyEAGLEESPA AugmentedGeostationary Laboratory ExperimentECSEnvironmental Control SystemsEELVEvolved Expendable Launch VehicleEOEarth ObservationEOSATElectronic OceanSurveillance SatelliteEKVExoatmospheric Kill VehicleELINTElectronic IntelligenceEMPElectromagnetic PulseESPAEELV SecondaryPayload AdapterESPCEarth SystemPrediction CapabilityEWElectronic WarfareFBIFederal Bureau of InvestigationFSBFederal SecurityServiceFYFiscal YearGBIGround-basedInterceptorGEOGeostationary Earth OrbitGEODSSGround-basedElectro-Optical Deep Space SurveillanceGLONASSGlobal NavigationSatellite SystemsxiiSECURE WORLD FOUNDATION 04/2024GMDGround-based Missile DefenseGNSSGlobal NavigationSatellite SystemsGPSGlobal Positioning SystemGRAVESGrand Rseau Adapt la Veille SpatialeGSOGeosynchronous OrbitGSSAPGeosynchronous Space Situational Awareness ProgramGTOGeosynchronous Transfer OrbitHEOHighly Elliptical OrbitHIMARSHigh Mobility Artillery Rocket SystemHPMHigh-Power MicrowaveHTKHit-to-killIADCInter-Agency Space Debris Coordination CommitteeICBMIntercontinentalBallistic MissileICSIndustrial Control SystemsILRSInternational Laser Ranging ServiceIMDOIsrael Missile Defense OrganizationIRBMIntermediate Range Ballistic MissileIRGCIslamic Revolutionary Guard CorpsISESInternational Space Environmental ServiceISONInternational Scientific Optical NetworkISRIntelligence,Surveillance,and ReconnaissanceISROIndian Space Research OrganisationITUInternationalTelecommunication UnionJASDFJapanese AirSelf-Defense ForceJAXAJapan AerospaceExploration AgencyJDAMJoint Direct Attack MunitionJFSCCJoint Force SpaceComponent CommandJICSpOCJoint InteragencyCombined Space Operations CenterJNWCJoint NavigationWarfare CenterJSpOCJoint SpaceOperations CenterJTF-SDJoint Task Force Space DefenseKARIKorea AerospaceResearch InstituteKCNAKorean Central News AgencyKIAMKeldysh Institute of Applied MathematicsKKVKinetic Kill VehicleKRITKorea ResearchInstitute for Defense Technology Planning and AdvancementKWKilowattxiiiGLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES LACLine of Actual ControlLACELow-PowerAtmospheric CompensationExperimentLEOLow-Earth OrbitLPARLarge Phased-Array RadarMDAMissile Defense AgencyMDOMultidomainOperationsMEOMedium Earth OrbitMIRACLMid-Infrared Advanced Chemical LaserMi-TExMicro-satelliteTechnology ExperimentMITMMan-in-the-middleMMWMillimeter WaveMOSSAICMaintenance of space situational awareness integrated capabilitiesMOTIFMaui Optical Tracking and Identification FacilityMUBLCOMMultiple PathBeyond Line of Site CommunicationNASANational Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationNASICNational Air and Space Intelligence CenterNavICNavigation with Indian ConstellationNAVWARNavigation WarfareNESDISNational Environmental Satellite,Data,and Information ServiceNETRANetwork for Space Object Tracking and AnalysisNOAANational Oceanicand AtmosphericAdministrationNOTAMNotice to Air MissionsNPTNuclearNon-Proliferation TreatyNRLNaval ResearchLaboratoryNSANational Security AgencyNSDCNational SpaceDefense CenterNSSNational SpaceStrategyOCSOffensiveCounterspaceOKNIntegrated ObservationComplexOSCOffensive S