同位语.doc

同位语当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。用法1由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。（Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。）Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。a friend of my brothers是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。用法2如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。（brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。）Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。（同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。）用法3同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。He is interested in sports, especially ball games.他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。以上所举的同位语例子都是同位语的基本形式，一般不会出错。但有有几种同位语，或由于本身结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下，希望引起同学们的注意。特殊同位语归纳1. 代词we, us, you等后接同位语Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗？They three joined the school team. 他们3人参加了校队。She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。2. 不定式用作同位语Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位)He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along与the instruction同位)3. -ing分词用作同位语Hes getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位)She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironing shirts与a place同位)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位)4. 形容词用作同位语The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如：The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.5. none of us之类的结构用作同位语We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。We have none of us large appetites. 我们谁饭量都不大。They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。Theyve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他们两人谁也没能赢得她的信任。【注】同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如：学生每人都有一本词典。正：The students each have a dictionary.误：The students each has a dictionary.请比较下面一句（谓语用了单数，因为each为句子主语）：正：Each of the students has a dictionary.6. 从句用作同位语（即同位语从句）They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息说她可能晚到。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。【英语语法分类汇总】同位语从句编辑点评：在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。一、同位语从句的定义和特点在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish, promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句引导同位语从句的连接词功能例词从属 连词 只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分。that, whether连接 代词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语）。who, what ，whose, which连接 副词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（状语）。when, where, why, how 复合代词 & 复合副词既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分（主语、宾语、表语或定语、状语）。whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加是否的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back.析：he will be back意义不完整，应加什么时候的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.析：he went home意义不完整，应加如何的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位 语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。1. 定于从句中的that 既可代替先行词，同时又可在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），that作宾语时常省略；而同位语中的that是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当句中的任何成分，that一般不可省(the fact that 结构中that有时可省略)2. 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征，同位语从句等于先行词，是名词性的，起功能是对名词作补充说明。3. 同位语从句的先行词应是表示抽象概念的词，如idea, belief, conclusion, impression等，而定语从句的先行词可以是各种表示抽象概念或具体概念的词。The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.(定语从句，that在从句总作宾语)The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.（同位语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分）区分时可以在先行词与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。如：The report that he was going to resign was false.因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。在on condition that, on the suppositions, on the grounds, with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the understanding, on the assumption, on the pretence等后可以跟同位语从句。四、典型例题1. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt_ a cure for AIDS will be found.A. which B. that C. what D. whether2. A warm thought suddenly came to me _ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthdayA. if B. when C. that D. which3. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. A. why B. thatC. where D. because 4. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. that C. what D. whether5. Danby left a word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon.A. who B. that C. as D. which