医学Diabetes糖尿病英文.ppt

*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,Diabetes糖尿病英文医疗课件,2026/11/7,Term,inology,2,Combining form prefix and suffix,meaning,terminology,meaning,aden/o,gland,腺,adenitis,adenoma,adenopathy,腺炎,腺瘤,腺病,crin/o,secrete,分泌,endocrinology,hypercrine,crinogenic,内分泌学,内分泌机能亢进的,促分泌的,hormon/o,hormone,激素,hormonal,hormonogenesis,hormonology,激素的，激素性,激素生成,内分泌学,adren/o,adrenal glands,肾上腺,adrenitis,adrenolytic,adrenopathy,肾上腺炎,抗肾上腺素的,肾上腺病,2026/11/7,Term,inology,3,Combining form prefix and suffix,meaning,terminology,meaning,pancreat/o,pancreas,胰腺,pancreatic,pancreatin,pancreatogram,胰腺，胰脏的,胰酶,胰造影摄片,gluc/o,sugar,糖,glucagon,glucogenesis,glucolysis,胰高血糖素,葡萄糖生成,糖酵解,glyc/o,sugar,糖,glycopenia,glycosuria,hyperglycemia,低糖，糖过少,糖尿,高血糖症,insulin/o,insulin,胰岛素,insulinase,insuloma,hyperinsulinism,胰岛素酶,胰岛素瘤,高胰岛素血症,2026/11/7,Term,inology,4,Combining form prefix and suffix,meaning,terminology,meaning,endo-,within,内,endoderm,endoscope,endoplasm,内胚层,内镜,内质,thyroid/o,thyroid,甲状腺,thyroiditis,thyroidectomy,hypothyroidism,甲状腺炎,甲状腺切除术,甲状腺功能减退,ovari/o,ovary,卵巢,ovariotomy,ovaritis,ovariopathy,卵巢切开术,卵巢炎,卵巢病,-trophic,nutrition,growth,nourishment,营养（的）,neurotrophic,thymotrophic,adrenotrophic,神经营养性的,促胸腺的,促肾上腺的,01 Brief Introduction,02 Classification,03The major factors,04Pathogenesis,05,Clinical Manifestations,06,C,omplications,07,D,iagnosis,08Antidiastole,09,T,herapy,contents,Figure1,：,Main symptom of diabetes,6,Diabetes,mellitus,or simplydiabetes,is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has highblood sugar,either because the pancreas,does not produce enoughinsulin,or because cells,do not respond to the insulin,that is produced.This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms ofpolyuria(frequent urination),polydipsia(increased thirst),andpolyphagia(increased hunger).,01 Brief Introduction,7,02 Classification,2.1,Type,1 diabetes,The pancreas,undergoes an autoimmune attack by the body itself,and is rendered incapable of making insulin.Abnormal antibodies have been found in the majority of patients with type1 diabetes.Antibodies are proteins in the blood that are part of the bodys immune system,the patient with type1 diabetes must rely on insulin medication for survival.,02 Classification,2.2Type 2,diabetes,It p,reviously referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus,or adult onset,diabetes mellitus.patients can still produce insulin,but do so relatively inadequately for their bodys needs,particularly in the face of insulin resistance as discussed above.In many cases this actually means the pancreas produces larger than normal quantities,of insulin.A major feature of type2 diabetes is a lack of sensitivity to insulin by the cells of the body.,02 Classification,2.3,Other type of diabetes,gestational diabetes,occurs when pregnant women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level.It may precede development of type 2 DM.,Other forms of diabetes mellitus,include congenital diabetes,which is due togeneticdefects of insulin secretion,cystic fibrosis-related diabetes,steroid diabetes induced by high doses ofglucocorticoids,and several forms ofmonogenic diabetes.,2026/11/7,meta-变化的,metabolism n.新陈代谢,metabolite n.代谢物,metabolize v.使新陈代谢,metabolic adj.变化的，新陈代谢的,poly-多的，多个的，聚合的,polydipsia 多饮,polyuria 多尿,polyphagia 多食,Word Analysis,2026/11/7,uri-尿的，与尿有关的,urine n.尿,polyuria 多尿,uric adj.尿的,urinal n.尿壶,urinate v.小便,urination n.排尿,glucosuria,糖尿,Word Analysis,2026/11/7,Birth weight:,Fat,Irregular menses(menstruation),I,nflammation,Obesity,and a sedentary,lifestyle,Smoking,Metabolic syndrome,03The major factors,03The major factors,3.1,Birth weight,There is a relationship between birth weight and developing diabetes.The,high,er the birth weight the higher the risk of type 2 diabetes.At the other end of the spectrum,a very high birth weight(over 8.8 pounds or 4 kg)also is associated with an increased risk.Additionally,mothers of infants who had a higher birth weight(over 9 pounds)are at increased risk for developing diabetes.,03The major factors,3.2,Fat,The distribution of fat is important.The classic pear shape person(smaller waist than hips)has a lower risk of developing diabetes than the apple shape person(larger around the waist).The exact reason for this difference is unknown,but it is thought to have something to do with the metabolic activity of the fat tissue in different areas of the body,.,03The major factors,3.3,Irregular menses(menstruation),There is an association between the lengthening of the menstrual cycle and the risk for developing diabetes,particularly in obese women.those who had a cycle length of greater than 40 days were twice as likely to develop diabetes than those who cycled every 26 to 31 days.The association is thought to be linked with,polycystic,ovarian syndrome,(PCOS)which is also known to be associated with insulin resistance.Insulin resistance may be a precursor for type 2 diabetes.,03The major factors,3.4,inflammation,In recent years we have begun to understand the importance of inflammation and heart disease.We now know that inflammation may play an important role in the development of diabetes as well.An inflammation marker known as C-reactive protein has been shown to be increased in women at risk for developing the metabolic syndrome,and in both men and women at risk for developing type 2 diabetes.,03The major factors,3.5,Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle,Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are the biggest risk factors that are controllable.This is in part due to the fact that obesity increases the bodys resistance to insulin.Studies have shown that reversal of obesity through weight reduction improves insulin sensitivity and regulation of blood sugar.,03The major factors,3.6,smoking,Smoking is harmful in many ways including increasing the risk of cancer and heart disease.,It also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes,.,2026/11/7,men/o 与月经有关的,menstruation n.月经,menstrual adj.月经的,dysmenorrhea n.menstrual pain,amenorrhea/Menopause n.no menstruation,metr/o 子宫,metrorrhagia n.uterine bleeding,metrostaxis n.Small uterine bleeding,Word Analysis,2026/11/7,metabolic 代谢的,metabolic syndrome 代谢综合征,lipid metabolism 脂代谢,glucose metabolism 糖代谢,metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒,basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率,precursor,:prodromal symptoms of disease,C-reactive protein,：It is a sharply rised protein，when tissues injury and infect.,Word Analysis,04 Pathogenesis,4.1,The Pathogenesis,of Type 1,Is related to genetic factors,environmental factors and autoimmunity,1,）genetic predisposition,2,）start autoimmune response,3,）immumological abnormalities,4,）,progressive loss of islet B cell function,5),clinical diabetes,6,）,islet B cells destroyed,diabetes clinical manifestations,04 Pathogenesis,4.2,The Pathogenesis of Type 2,Its occurrence and development can be divided into four stages,1,）,Genetic susceptibility,2,）,Hyperinsulinism,and/or insulin resistance,3,）Glucotoxicity(糖尿病毒性),lipotoxicity(脂毒性),4,）,Clinical diabetes,2026/11/7,immune 免疫,autoimmunity,自身免疫,immumological,免疫学的,hyper-高,Hyperinsulinism,高胰岛素症,Hyperglycemia 高血糖,toxic 毒的，中毒的，有毒的,Glucotoxicity,糖尿病毒性,lipotoxicity,脂毒性,Word Analysis,05,Clinical Manifestations,5.1,Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus,Polyuria,Polydipsia,Polyphagia,Weight loss,05,Clinical Manifestations,5.2,Type,2,Diabetes Mellitus,Non-specific symptoms,Fatigue,Recurrent infections,Prolonged wound healing,Visual,changes,2026/11/7,proteolysis,蛋白质水解,lipolysis,脂类分解,arthrolysis,关节松解术,-lysis,松解术，分解，溶解,prote-,蛋白质,lipo-,脂肪的,arthro-,关节,Word Analysis,06,Complications,6.1,Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA),It is the most common acute complication of diabetes mellitus.The early manifestations of DKA is that the symptoms being more serve ,such as polydipsia、polyuria、polyphagia and so on.The DKA is characterized by different degrees of disturbance consciousness in the advanced stage.,06,Complications,6.2,H,yperglycemic hyperosmolar status(HHS),Main clinical features:,hyperglycemia crisis(高血糖危象),higher plasma osmotic,pressure(高血浆渗透压),dehydration(脱水).,Minor clinical manifestation:,varying degrees of disturbance consciousness or coma,unconspicuous DKA.,06,Complications,6.3,Infectious complications,Pyogenic inflammation:,furuncle,carbuncle,pustule,etc.,Fungal infection,:,tinea pedis,tinea corporis,etc.,P,ulmonary tuberculosis,Figure2,：,Infectious complications,06,Complications,6.4,Macroangiopathy:,The main histopathological,change is atherosclerosis,(AS).It is most like to accompany with aorta,coronary artery,cerebral artery,renal artery,peripheral artery,etc.The AS leads to ischemic,changes of heart,brain,kidneys and limbs.,06,Complications,6.5,Microangiopathy,It is the specific complications of DM.It,s typical histopathological changes are microcirculation disturbances and the thickness of basal membrane,of vessel.The microangiopathy most like to affects retina,nerves，nephridium,and myocardium,06,Complications,6.6,Neurological complications:,1),central nervous system complicati,on(CNSC):,altered mental status,ischemic stroke,senile dementia.,2),peripheral neuropathy:,paresthesia,decreased of muscle,areflexia,3),autonomic neuropathy:,gastroparesis,diarrhea,astriction,abnormal sweating.,06,Complications,6.7,Diabetic foot,Related to distal lower neurological disorder and different levels peripheral vascular disease.,Symptoms of light:foot abnormal,skin cold,high-risk foot,Severe symptoms:foot ulcer,necrosis,Diabetic foot is the main reason of disability and amputation,06,Complications,6.8,Other diseases,eye complications：,such as retinal macular,disease,cataracts,glaucoma,Iridocyclitis,skin lesions :,like Skin infections,skin itch,chapped,skin,rash.,Figure4,：,skin lesions,Figure3,：,eye complications,2026/11/7,Macroangio,p,athy,大血管病变,macro-large,micro-small,angi-,arteries,动脉血管,-pathy,the suffix,of,“diseases”,Athersclerosis,动脉粥样硬化,ather/o plaque of fatty substance,动脉粥样,-sclerosis hardening硬化,Word Analysis,2026/11/7,Peripheral,angiopathy 周围血管病,Peri-,surrounding 周,angi-means vessel,-pathy means disease,Neurological,神经病学的,Neur-means nerve,-ological discipline,学科的,Dementia,痴呆,De,脱，去，减，除，离,-mentia spirit,Word Analysis,07 diagnosis,Fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 7 mmol/L.,Two hours postprandial blood glucose greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L,3)The symptoms of diabetes and any time plasmatic glucose greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L,07 diagnosis,7.1 Type 1 diabetes mellitus,1.The age of onset is young,the age 30 years old.,2.The symptoms come on abruptly,3.The symptoms of Polydipsia,Polyphagia and Polyuria are obvious.,4.The blood glucose level is high,and many patients with ketosis acid toxic as the first symptom.Low serum,level of insulin and The low level of C peptide,07 diagnosis,7.2,Type 2 diabetes mellitus,The common in the elderly,high incidence of obesity,often accompanied by hypertension,dyslipidemia,atherosclerosis and other diseases.,Insidious onset,has no early symptoms,or only mild fatigue,thirst,hyperglycemia is not obvious.,Glucose tolerance test to confirm the diagnosis,Serum insulin level in early normal or increased,The advanced is low,2026/11/7,Plasmatic 血浆的,plasm-血浆 -atic 性质的,Dyslipidemia 血脂异常,dys-不良的，困难 lip-脂肪的-emia血症,Gluc(o)葡萄糖,glucagon 胰高血糖素,glucokinase 葡萄糖激酶,glucocorticoids 糖皮质激素,enteroglucagon 肠高血糖素,Word Analysis,08 Antidiastole,8.1,Liver diseases:,Liver cirrhosis,patients often have abnormal glucose metabolism,the fasting blood glucose of the typical patient is normal or low,postprandial blood glucose rise rapidly.The duration of the elderly,the fasting plasma glucosecan also be elevated.,2026/11/7,Diabets health education,Medical nutrition therapy,Condition monitoring,Drugs therapy,09 Therapy,09 Therapy,9.1 Medical nutrition therapy,Calculate the total quantity of heat;,Nutrient content;,Reasonable distribution;,Follow-up,09 Therapy,9.2 condition monitoring,Regular checks blood sugar to adjust the treatment plan,Proper exercise regularly,Every year or two comprehensive review,complications,early detection and treatment,09 Therapy,9.3,Diabets health education,Medicai staff adhere to follow up,according to the need to adjust the treatment plan;,Life should be regular,quit smoking and dring;To prevent infection.,09 Therapy,9.4 Drugs therapy,:Alpha glucosidase inhibitor（AGI）,AGI defers absorption of carbohydration by means of inhibiting -glucosidases activity,thereby debasing postprandial hyperglycemia.,Indication:,AGI is useful in patients having carbohydration diet daily and those whose blood sugar are normal or slightly higher on empty stomach but rising significantly after meal.,Contraindication,:,pregnant and lactant women,children and patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction.,Representative drugs:,acarbose,voglibose,miglitol,09 Therapy,9.4,Drugs therapy,：,Insulin therapy,Insulin is an important and effective medicine of controlling,hyperglycemia.,Insulin promotes the oxidation,composition and storage of glucose to reduce the blood sugar,and helps fat and protein synthetising,and inhibits their decomposing as well.,Indication:,(,1,),T,1,DM;,(2)Apply to the acute and chronic complication of diabetes,(3),surgery,pregnant and accouchment;,(4)some special type of diabetes etc.,2026/11/7,Gluco-glucosidase 葡萄糖苷酶,Post-postprandial餐后的,Carbo-carbohydration 碳水化合物,Contra-contraindication 禁忌症,indication 适应症,Gastro-gastrointestinal 胃肠道的,Dys-dysfunction 功能紊乱,De-decompose 分解,Word Analysis,