language-change大学英语语言学-语言的变迁.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Language Change,语言的变迁,1,Introduction,Language change is one of the subjects of,historical linguistics,which studies the language change and language relationships.,Diachronic linguistics,(,历时语言学,):,the study of language changes through times,Synchronic linguistics,(,共时语言学,):,the study of language at some certain point of time,2,3,Origin of human language,The divine-origin theory,:,language is the gift from God to mankind.,The invention theory:,the imitation of natural sound,the cries of pain,fear,surprise,pleasure,etc.,the gestures,The evolutionary theory:,the complexity of human brains and the nervous system,4,Beowulf,The image above contains the first line and half of,Beowulf,from the first leaf of the manuscript:,HWT WE GARDEna in gear dagum eod cyninga,“,What!We Spear-Danes in yore-days tribe-kings,”Because there were sounds in Old English(600-1100 AD)that were not thought to be represented by the Roman alphabet,Old English used runic characters for those sounds.The runes were asc(pronounced ash)(),eth(),thorn(),and wen(looks similar to a p but with a smaller curved bow).,6,English History Overview,Middle English:,1066 AD Norman Conquest:,French,influence,1200 AD,Normandy,and England are separated,13,th,-14,th,c.Growing sense of Englishness,1340-1450,Chaucer,7,English History Overview,1450-1700 Early Modern English,1476 First English book printed,1564-1616,Shakespeare,(Greek and Latin borrowings),16,th,-19,th,c.Imperialism(Swahili,Hindi,Tamil,Chinese,etc.via the colonies),1700-Present Modern English,8,Sound change,u,is pronounced u,as in Modern English,t,oo,l.E.g.:fl foul.,o,is pronounced o,as in Modern English,b,oa,t,.E.g.:,God,God.,y,is pronounced y,like the,in German,ber,or,Fe.E.g.:Cyning king,.,10,Sound change,The diphthong/au/was pronounced as the long vowel/u:/in Middle English time,e.g.mus /mu:s/mouse /maus/,hus /hu:s/house /haus/,ut /u:t/out /aut/,11,Sound change,13,Morphology changes,Morphology change can be seen,in,derivation,e.g.didst did,hath has,speakest speaks,sayd said,saith says,sprung sprang,15,Morphology changes,The,plural forms of nouns,have also changed.,e.g.seed seeds,instead of,seedes,way ways wayes,In Old English,causative verbs could be formed by adding the suffix,yuan,to adjectives.,e.g.red red,-yuan,redd,en,16,Syntactic change,The English speakers today no longer use the fifteenth centurys double comparative,such as“more gladder”,“more lower”,“moost royallest”,In Old English negation was expressed by particles,such as“ne”and“na”.,At the time of Shakespeare,negation was expressed by putting“not”at the end of the sentence,such as“I saw you not”.,18,Syntactic change,Auxiliary Verbs versus Main Verbs,Middle English didnt make a distinction between Auxiliary Verbs and Main Verbs.,e.g.,Revolt our subjects?(Do our subjects revolt),Give not him money.(Dont give him money),19,Vocabulary change,Addition of new words,新词的增加,a)Coinage,新造词、创新词,Examples:,Discman,Mp3,MD,MP4,Kodak:a brand of film,camera,Digital camera,Xerox:photocopier,施乐牌复印机,Polaroid:“,宝丽来,”(,一次成像的照相机,),Ford,福特,(a brand of a car),Benz,奔驰,Toyoda,Toshiba,Haier,，,BMW,宝马,20,Addition of new words,b)Clipped words,缩略词,Fax:facsimile,Tel:telephone,Add:address ,bike:bicycle,21,Addition of new words,c)Blending,紧缩法,telecom:telecommunications,maglev train:magnetic levitation,磁悬浮列车,Chunnel:channel tunnel,Smog:smoke+fog,Motel:motor+hotel,Camcorder:camera+recorder,22,Addition of new words,e)Back-formation,逆生成法、逆构词法,e.g.,editor edit,peddler peddle,enthusiasm enthuse,laser lase,24,Addition of new words,f)Functional shift,功能性变化,words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.,25,Addition of new words,g),Borrowing,借用,e.g.Greek:electricity,atom,obstetrics,Latin:cancer,tumor,pp.(pages),French:mortgage,entail,extraodinaire,Chinese:wok,kung-fu,Japanese:Jodo,karate,In the realm of food and cooking,English has borrowed many words from French.,In the realm of music,English has borrowed,many words from Italian.,26,Loss of words,词的丧失,The Old English word,wer,meaning man,now is not used in modern English.,The Old English word,rice,meaning kingdom,has been lost in the modern language.,28,Changes in the meaning of words,1.Widening of meaning,词义的拓宽,a process to extend the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one,e.g.,offend,:,to strike against to create anger,bird,:,young bird any kind of bird,companion,:,a person with whom you shared bread a person who accompanies you,task:,tax imposed a piece of work,29,Changes in the meaning of words,3.Meaning shift,词义的转移,e.g.,lust:,pleasure sexual craving,silly:,happy naive,nice:,ignorant good,bead,:,prayer small,ballshaped piece of glass,mental,Pigtail,:,the tail of pigs braid,(,辫子,),31,Some recent trends,新的变化趋势,1.Moving towards greater informality,倾向于非正式,2.The influence of American English,美国英语的影响,3.The influence of science and technology,科学技术的影响,a)Space travel,Splash down,溅落,sunrise-earthrise,sunset-earthset,G-suit gravity suit,32,b)Computer and internet language,计算机与网络,Examples:,download,surfing on-line,e-commerce,e-business cyber space,cybercafes=internet bars,virus,update,homepage,frontpage,website,netizen(citizen,),c)Ecology,生态学,33,Causes of language change,The rapid development of science and technology,The way children acquire the language,Economy of memory,Regularization of exceptional plural forms,34,