现代英语语言学理论-CHAPTER.ppt

,语言社会与文化,Language,Culture and Society,Modern English Linguistics Studies,L 7,Language and Culture,SWH,Culture in ELT,Exercises,Intercultural Communication,Language and Society,1.,Language and Culture,Language is an essential and important part of a given culture and that the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensable.,Studying the relationship of language and culture in a social situation could provide learners a different perspective to the study of language in terms of some new tendencies and developments in the field of sociolinguistics.,1.,Language and Culture,1.1,What is Culture?,Culture,lexically,is cultivation of the soil,production,development,or improvement of a particular plant,animal,commodity.It is the ideas,customs,skills,arts,etc of a given people in a given period;civilization.,Linguistically,it means the total way of life of a people,including the patterns of belief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,and language that characterizes the life of the human community.In a narrow sense,it refer to local or specific practice,beliefs or customs,for example,folk culture,food culture.,1.,Language and Culture,1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture,It has become axiomatic to state that there exists a close relationship between Language and culture.,Language is related to cognition,and cognition is related to the cultural setting.,1.,Language and Culture,1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture,More evidence can be gathered to substantiate this claim if we have a brief survey of what has happened in the field of linguistics over the past century.,1.,Language and Culture,1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture,S,ince the beginning of the 18th century,the linguistic inquiry of Language has been either comparative and historical or structural and formalized in nature,some change,however,was observed at the start of the 20,th,century:AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ORIENTATION in the study of Language was developed both in England and in North America.,What characterized this new tradition was its study of Language in a sociocultural context.,2.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(SWH),Hypothesis,:,Edward Sapire and Benjamin Whorf,proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and believe.Language will mould our view of the world.,The strong version of the theory emphases the decisive role of Language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.,The weak version of this hypothesis suggests that there is a correlation between Language,culture,and thought,but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative,rather than categorical.,2.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(SWH),Insights:,1.There is nowadays a recognition that language,as code,reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.,2.Context is important in comprehending the meaning encoded in the language.,3.Intercultural Communication(IC),It centers on significant differences regarding social relations and concept of universe from different perspectives such as language,food,dress,attitude toward time,work habits,social behavior that can cause frustration in communication and contacts.Some illustrations of the cultural differences in language use which we may often come across in daily life.,3.Intercultural Communication(IC),English and Chinese Culture Differences in Intercultural Communication(IC),Differences in,Chinese Culture,English Culture,Addressing terms,Greetings,Thanks,Compliments,Introduction,Departing,Offering,Inquiries,Taboos咒语,性,人体器官,生老病死Euphemism,ass(donkey),(arse)die,French disease,4.Culture Elements Teaching and Learning,Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.That is,we should not only learn the imitation of the pronunciation,grammar words and idioms,but also learn the world as native speakers do.,Principally,there are at least three,objectives,for us to teach culture in our Language class.,To get the students familiar with cultural differences;,To help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will;,To emphasize the inseparability of understanding Language and understanding culture through various classroom practices.,5.Language and society,The relationship between Language and society has long been recognized and examined.,During the whole 20,th,century,a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a MONISTIC science.,Strongly influenced by this dominant view of linguistic science,a separation of the structural study of Language from its social context of usage was claimed,justified,and reinforced.,5.Language and society,Dell Hymes:SPEAKING,S:setting and scene;,P:participants;,E:ends(goal);,A:act sequence,K:key(means),I:instrumentalities(language or dialect),N:norms(rules of speaking),G:Genres(style),5.Language and society,Social factors that influence language behave in social context:,Class,Gender,Age,Ethnic identity,Education background,Occupation,Religious belief,5.Language and society,In 1960s,William Labov investigated the relationship between speakers social status and phonological vitiations.He found that,class and style,are two major factors influenced speakers choice of phonological variants.,In 1970s,Robin Lakoff studies gender difference in American English.She found gender affects upon speakers linguistic behavior,and there exists a,Woman Register,in the language.,5.Language and society,The features are(because of womens place in society):,Women use more“fancy”color terms;,Women use less powerful curse words;,Women use more intensifiers;,Women use more tag questions;,Women use more statement questions;,Womens linguistic behaviors is more indirect and polite.,5.Language and society,Sociolinguistics and implications:,Sociolinguistics has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching;,It has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom;,It has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use;,It has contributed to a more fruitful research in the field.,6.Questions for Discussion,1.Explain the following terms.,communicative competence gender difference,linguistic sexism linguistic relativity,culture difference culture literacy,culture awareness social competence,2.Answer the following question.,1)Why do we need to teach culture in language classroom?,2)What will you say to a statement like”one cultures meat is another cultures poison”?,3.Group the following English names.,Smith,Jackson,Green,Johnson,Richardson,Hill,Black,Lincoln,Stern,Knight,Wood,Baker,Young,Ford,French,York,White,Kent,Lake,Williamson,Little,Robertson,Cook,Taylor,Cornwall,(Occupation,Geography,Place Name,Features,Fathers name),