英语语法4——动词.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015/10/18,#,英语语法,动词,2015-10-11,动词,动词的分类,动词的各种形式,动词的时态,动词的语态,非,谓语动词,动词的时态,1,.,一般,现在时,概念：,表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。,构成形式：,am/is/are,或实义动词的原形,(,主语是第三人称单数时，动词要用第三人称单数形式,),。,时间状语：,always,，,often,，,usually,，,sometimes,，,once a week,，,every day,等,。,(,1),表示经常性、习惯性的动作；,He always helps others.,他总是帮助别人。,(2),表示现在的情况或状态；,He is a teacher.,他是个老师。,(3),表示客观事实和普遍真理。,The sun rises from the east.,太阳从东边升起。,(4,),表示,十分确定会发生,(,如安排好的事情,),或按照时间表进行的,事情,句子中可以有将来时间,。,如,：,The train for Haikou leaves at 8,：,00 in the morning.,(,开往汉口的列车上午,8,点开车,),(5),人,的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：,like,love,hate,dislike,want,wish,hope,think(,认为,),understand,remember,forget,mean,need,hear,feel,see.,I,think it is going to snow.(,我想天要下雪了,),I,really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(,我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿,),4.,现在,进行时,现在,进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。,结构：,“,be,(am is are)+,现在分词,”,时间,状语有：,now,this,these,等,但经常不用,。,What,are you doing up in the tree?(,你在树上干什么？,),I,am writing a long novel,these days,.(,我最近在写一本长篇小说,),表示,即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：,come,go,stay,leave,spend,do,等,。,I,m,coming,now.(,我就来,),What,are,you,doing,tomorrow?(,你明天干什么？,),He,is leaving,soon.(,他就要走了,),表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与,always,等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩,。,He,is always borrowing,money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(,他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净,),go,，,leave,，,arrive,，,start,等位移词用现在进行时表将来。,The train is coming soon.,火车一会就来了。,当,时间状语为,now,，,these days,等时或当句子中含有,look,，,listen,，,can you see,，,cant you see,之类的暗示词时，要使用现在进行时,。,注意,下列,这些动词一般不用于现在进行,时态的,句子中：,表示感觉的动词。如：,see,，,hear,等。,表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如：,like,，,love,等。,表示希望的动词。如：,want,，,would like,等。,表示状态的动词。如：,be,等。,表示归属的动词。如：,have,等。,表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如：,know,，,think,等,。,5.,过去进行式,过去,进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段,正在进行,的动作。,结构：,“,was,或,were+,现在分词,”,时间,状语有：,then,at that time,this time yesterday,at(eight)yesterday(morning),(a year)ago,以及由,when,引出的时间状语从句,。,He,was cooking supper,this time yesterday,.(,昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭,),The,little girl was playing with her toy,when I saw her,.(,我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具,),用于,宾语从句,或,时间状语从句,中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语,。,She,was it happen,when she was walking past.,(,她路过时看到事情的发生,),They,sang a lot of songs,while they were walking in the dark forest.,(,他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌,),也,可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与,always,等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩,。,He,was always borrowing,money from me when he lived here.(,他住在这里时老向我借钱,),(6),现在完成时,现在,完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。,结构,“,have,(has)+,动词的过去分词,”,表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：,already,yet,just,once,twice,ever,never,three,times,before,等,。,I,have never seen such fine pictures before.(,我以前从来没有看过这么好的画,),He,has just gone to England.(,他刚去英国,),表示在过去开始一直延续到现在,(,可能延续下去,),的动作或状态时,时间状语有：,for(two years),since 1990,since(two weeks ago),和,since,引导的状语从句,。,I,have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(,我离开家乡有,30,年了,),Uncle,Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(,自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作,),口语中,have got,往往表示,have(,有,),的意思。,They have got thousands of books in their library.(,他们图书馆有上万本书,),have been to,与,have gone to,的区别：,have gone to(“,已经去了”,),表示人不在这里,have been to(“,去过”,),表示人在这里。,-Where is Mr Li?He has gone to the UK.(,李先生在哪里？他去了英国。,),-Do you know something about Beijing?Yes,I have been to Beijing three times.(,你知道北京的情况吗？是的,我去过那里三次。,),在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词,(,一次性动作,),不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词,。,瞬间性动词的完成时,延续性动词或状态动词的完成时,have,(already),gone to,have,been in/at,for(two years),has,come to,has,been here,since(1990),(had),left,(had),b,een,away,from,arrived,been in,died,been dead,begun,been on,ended,been over,bought.,had,borrowed,kept,joined,been in,或者使用下面这个句型,：,It is/has been +(,多久,)+since+,主语,(,人,)+,谓语,(,过去时,)+,过去时间,状语,She has gone to America ten years ago.,It has been ten years since she has gone to America.,（,7,）过去完成时,过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之,过去完成时所表示的时间是“,过去的过去,”。,结构：,“,had+,过去,分词,”,时间,状语有：,by(yesterday),by then,by the end of(last),或者由,when,before,等引出状语从句,。有时句子中会有,already,just,once,ever,never,等词语,也会有,for,或,since,构成的时间状语。,They had,already,finished cleaning the classroom,when their teacher came,.(,当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室,),The woman had left,before he realized she was a cheat,.(,在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了,),过去完成时常用于宾语,从句,中、,after,引导的,从句,中,或者从句是,before,when,引导,的,主句,中,。,After,I had put on my shoes and hat,I,walked into the darkness.(,我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中,),He,said,that he had never seen a kangaroo before,.(,他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠,),（,8,）,过去,将来时,过去,将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。,结构：,“,should,(,第一人称,),或,would(,第,一、,二、三,人称,)+,动词原形,”,时间,状语有：,later,soon,the next(day).,在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时,。,（,主将从,现）,If I had time,I would go to the party.,表示纯粹的将来时用,would,或,should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用,was/were going to(+,动词原形,),。,She,told me she,would be,18 the next,month.,She,told me that she,was going to have,a walk with her pet dog,.,过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作,。,When,it rained in the day,he would bring an umbrella with,him,When he had time,he would sit down and read books.,动词的语态,主动语态,&,被动语态,动词和主语的关系决定用主动语态还是用被动语态,主动语态：主语是动作的执行者,被动语态：主语是动作的承受着,Eg:,Lu Xun wrote the book.,The book was written by Lu Xun.,They took her to the hospital.,She was taken to the hospital.,被动语态的,用法,不知道谁是动作的执行者,(,即不知道谁做,),时用被动语态,省略,by,短语,。,A,man,was killed,in the accident.(,一个人死于事故,),This,window,was broken,yesterday.(,这扇窗子是昨天被打破的,),不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略,by,短语,。,Rice,is,also,grown,in this place.(,这个地方也种水稻,),A,railroad,will be built,here in three years.(,三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路,),强调动作的承受者,句尾加,by,短语,引出执行者。,It,was written,by Lu Xun.(,它,(,书,),是鲁迅写的,),A,pet dog,is,never,killed,by its owner.(,宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的,),其他情况：出于客气或者圆通，避免说出执行者。也用于公告、通知、科技文章等。,I,am not supposed disclose the details of the plan.,Visitors,are requested not to tell anyone about it,.,一些特殊结构的被动形式,Be+,过去分词,+,不定式,He is said to pay less income tax than he should.,据说他所得税交得不够。,He was considered to be a genius.,他被认为是一个天才。,He is supposed to be at work at the moment.,此刻他应当在工作。,It+be+,过去分词,+,从句,It is said that there is plenty of oil off our coast.,It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.,There+be+,过去分词,There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.,There is bound to be someone who remembers him.(bound to do,一定做某事,),主动语态变被动,语态,“动词,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的,主语,。,His,teacher,gave,him a,dictionary.,He,was given,a dictionary by his teacher,.,(,老师给他一本字典他得到老师一本字典,),也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用,to,或者,for,引出原句的间接宾语,。,His,teacher,gave,him a,dictionary.,A,dictionary,was given,to,him by,his teacher,.,(,老师给他一本字典一本字典由老师送给了他,),His,father made him a,kite.,A,kite was made,for,him by his,father.,(,他的父亲给他做了一个风筝一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他,),“动词,+,宾语,+,动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加,to.,The,boss,made,the poor man work 12 hours a,day.,The,poor man,was made,to,work 12 hours a day,.,(,老板让这个可怜的人一天工作,12,小时这个可怜人被迫一天工作,12,小时,),“动词,+,介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动,。,The,girl,takes good care,of her little,brother.,The,girls little brother,is taken good care,of,by her,.,(,女孩照顾小弟弟女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着,),“,be+,过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：,He,is pleased/worried/tired/,.(,系表,)(,他高兴,/,焦虑,/,疲劳,),He,was hit/knocked down/told/shot/.(,被动,)(,他被击中,/,撞倒,/,关照,/,射中,),非谓语动词,动词不定式,：,to do,动名词,:doing,分词,：,现在,分词和过去,分词,(doing/done),它们,在句子中,不能单独作谓语,。,动词不定式,结构：,to+,动词原形,否定形式：,not to+,动词原形,疑问,形式：,wh-/h-+to+,动词原形,被动形式：,to be+,过去分词,完成形式：,to have+,过去分词,动词不定式的用法,动词,不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作,主语,、,宾语,、,定语,、,状语,、,表语,和,宾语补足语,。,主语,：,To talk to him is to talk to the wall.,和他说话是对牛弹琴。,宾语,：,动词,+,不定式一般形式,I would like,to have a rest,at the moment,.,相关动词：,want,/,try/decide,/would,like,/,hope,/,love,/,learn,/,afford,/,agree,/,fail,/,mean,/,prefer,help(to,可以省略,),begin/start/hate,（也可跟动名词,意义变化不大,）,forget,/,remember/like(,也可跟动名词,意义变化较大,),动词,+,疑问词,+,不定式,He does not know,which one to take,.,相关动词：,tell,/show,/,know,/,ask,/find out,/,understand,/,wonder,/,learn,/,forget,/,remember,/teach sb,.,/,discuss+where/what/how/who/which+,动词不定式,不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常,用,it,代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置,。,I found,it,not very easy,to learn to ride a bike,.(,我发现学骑车不很容易,),定语,：,放在名词或代词后面,Do,you have anything to declare?,在,这种情况下,如果不定式动词是,不及物动词,则后面必须加,介词,。,They,could not find a place to,live in,.,状语,：,放,在,不及物动词后面（,come,go,stop,finish,wait,等词,）,。,He,came to see her yesterday,.,放,在,完整的谓语,之后,(,即“谓语,+,宾语”、“谓语,+,宾语,+,补语”、“动词,+,表语”之后,),。,They,went to West Africa to see the wild animals,.,有时,表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首,。,To,arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(,为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时,)(,表示早起的目的,),表语,：,说明主语的具体内容或目的。,Marys,task is to set the table,.,有时,to,可以省略：,A,ll I did was(to)press the button./what you have to do is(to)fill the questionnaire.,宾,补：在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足,语,Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(,妈妈叫我帮助她做饭,),I,would like you to see my parents.(,我想要你见见我的父母,),The,boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(,老板常让工人们一天工作,14,小时,),Now,let me hear you play the violin.(,现在让我来听你拉小提琴,),省略,to,不定式,也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。,接宾语：,I asked him to tell,me,his name,.,接状语：,Id prefer to do,by bike,.,接表语,：,My dream is to be,a teacher,.,动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“,it,”作形式主语,(,有时在不定式的前面还会用,for sb.,表示不定式的逻辑主语,),。,To help animals,is helping,people.,It,is very difficult(for us),to learn Chinese,well.,It,took me half an hour,to work out this,problem,动名词,动词的,-ing,形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词。,动名词,有动词的特征,可以跟,宾语,可以被,状语,修饰,She is found of collecting,stamps,.,Excuse me for coming,late,.,它可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示逻辑上的主语,He doesnt like her(Janes)talking that way.,有些动名词也变得接近名词，可有复数形式，前面可加冠词，也可有定语修饰。,Dickens often gave readings of his work.,Who did the recording?,作为一种动词，它也有几种形式：,主动形式,被动形式,一般式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语,(,包括介词宾语,),等。,Walking in step is not easy.,Washing his car seems to be his main hobby.,有时也可用先行词,it,作形式主语，把动名词主语放到后面。,Its nice seeing her again.,Its been a lot of fun meeting you.,动名词作宾语,Your car needs repairing badly.,My hair needs cutting.,remember/forge/stop/finish,之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。,I forgot writing a letter to him.,They stopped looking back.,enjoy/mind/keep/hate,等词一般用动名词作宾语，与,用不定式意思相近或相同,Do you mind my closing the door?,She hates travelling by air.,动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆,。,My,job is putting these parts together.(,我的事情是把这些部件拼起来,),I,am putting these parts together.(,我正在把这些部件拼起来,),动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作,。,Eating,too much is not good for your health.(,动名词短语,作主语,),Seeing,is believing.(,动名词短语,分别作主语和表语,),He,ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(,现在分词,作定语,),His,father saw him sitting on some eggs.(,现在分词,作宾补,),分词,现在分词：构成各种进行时态和不定式的进行形式,They are playing badminton.,Ill be leaving tomorrow.,He pretended to be studing.,作表语,（特别是表现情绪状态的词）,The result is hardly inspiring.,The boy has been missing for three days.,Some films are misleading.,作定语,(,有很多现在分词已经成为形容词,),He is a most amazing person.,Its a rather boring book.,What a disgusting smell!,后置,定语,常可以改为定语从句,The road joining(which joins)the villages is very narrow.,The woman,running(who was running),after the thief shouted very loudly,“,Stop the thief,!”,现在分词作宾补,：,keep,make,see,hear,watch,hear,have,等,Mum kept me working all the week,.,When,I entered the room,I,saw Jack eating a big,pear,In,the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot,.,I saw him being taken away.,区别：,He saw her coming up the street.,He saw two men enter the bar.,现在分词作状语,：,They spending a lot of time watching TV.,The boys are busy packing.,时间状语：,Be careful when crossing the road.,Reading my newspaper,I heard the door bell ring.,Having finished her work,she went home.(,完成形式,),原因状语：,Being so ill,she cant go back to work yet.,表伴随：,Following Tom,they started to climb.,The teacher came into the classroom,holding a book in his hand.,独立结构：在绝大多数情况下，现在分词都表示句子主语的动作。如,She was lying in bed reading.(she was reading.),但有时现在分词前可有一个代词或名词表示它的逻辑主语。,It being holiday,all the shops were shut.,There being no further business,I declared the meeting closed.,We explored the caves,Peter acting as a guide.,独立结构修饰整个句子，也可称作句子状语。,过去分词 表示被动或完成,构成谓语,：,和,have,一起构成完成时态及完成形式。,Have you ever been abroad.,He is said to have written another TV play.,和,be,一起构成被动语态或被动形式。,Smoking is mot permitted.,What being done?,作表语：,Be prepared!(,表示状态，区别于被动表动作,),作定语：,The excited children are opening their gifts.,（多是表情绪）,作状语：,D,epressed,he went to see his elder brother.,作,宾,补：,We preferred the house painted white.,独立成分,:,分词前有一个逻辑上的主语,Everyone helped,John not excepted.,Everyone laughed,me included.,Everything considered,his plan seems better.,