英美文学Part-Six-English-Poetry-I.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Part Six,English Poetry I,I.The Features of poetry,What makes a poem“poetical”?,1.,Poetical Images,Images mean“word pictures”,that is,pictures painted in words.,This is the difference between scientific treatise and literary works.A scientific treatise means to convince us of some theory through abstract logic and reasoning.But a poem,as a literary genre,appeals directly to our feeling.,Part Six,English Poetry,A poet is dissatisfied with an abstract account of something.He tries to make it concrete,to write of things we can see or feel or hear.Through the power of imagery,poetry can paint pictures of beauty and truth.,Part Six,English Poetry,When we are in high spirit,we say,“I feel very happy.”That is god enough for ordinary people.But when a poet feels happy,he says:“My heart is like a singing bird.”,When we see only dry grass or hay by the roadside,a poem see more.Before him,the grass or hay can open its mouth,“We are the flowers of yesterday.”,Part Six,English Poetry,When it is very late at night,we often say,“It is midnight.”Nothing is wrong with the sentence.Neither is there anything poetic about it.But when a poet puts it this way,“The iron tongue of midnight hath tolled twelve,”we feel as if we were hearing the sound of the clock in the deep night.,Part Six,English Poetry,Words seem to be singing and dancing in this poem.Words glitter in the poets hand as if he had a golden touch.Such is the force of imagery.,So,through the force of imagery,poetry can paint pictures of great beauty and truth in words of imperishable power.,Part Six,English Poetry,2.,Musical Sound of Words,When sound and meaning are joined together,or when“the sound is an echo to the sense”,a poem can produce skillful effects which compels our admiration.,Following are some striking examples:,Part Six,English Poetry,“The murmuring of innumerable bees.”,The successive use of the sound/m/gives a hint of the humming of bees.,“Break,break,break,On thy cold,gray stones,O Sea!”,The word“break”sounds like the beating of waves on the rock.,Part Six,English Poetry,3.Rhythm,Rhythm is the“musical flow of language”.,If we want to know how the rhythm is formed in English poetry,we have to know the three very important terms:Syllable,Stress(or Accent)and Rhythm.,Part Six,English Poetry,In English,words of two syllables always contain one that is stressed and one that is unstressed;longer words contain one stressed syllable and two or more unstressed syllables.Unstressed syllables are marked with a curve“”;and stressed,with a dash“”.,Part Six,English Poetry,In a line of poetry,when the stressed and unstressed syllables of all the words are arranged in a definite order,say,in the order of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed,the line will rise and fall in a musical way like the rippling of water.,My heart is like a singing bird.,Part Six,English Poetry,Trochee()consists of one accented and one unaccented syllable:,holy,up-per,grand-eur,failure,Anapaest()consists of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented one:,re-app-ear,in-dis-tinct,in-com-plete,on the hill,Part Six,English Poetry,Dactyl()consists of one accented syllable,followed by two unaccented ones:,mes-sen-ger,mer-ri-ly,pro-per-ty,ac-ci-dent,Part Six,English Poetry,-,For the journey is done and the summit is(a)ttained:,(Anapaest),-,Touch her not scornfully,-,Think of her mournfully,-,Gently and humanely.(Dactyl),Part Six,English Poetry,5.,Meter,The meter of a line of poetry is determined by the kind of foot used and by the number of feet in the line.This number may vary from 1 to 8:,foot monometer feet pentameter,feet dimeter feet hexameter,feet trimeter feet heptameter,feet tetrameter feet octameter,Part Six,English Poetry,The names of Meters,a line composed of four trochaic feet is,a trochaic tetrameter line;,a line of five iambic feet is an iambic,pentameter line;,a line of six dactylic feet is a dactylic,hexameter,etc.,Part Six,English Poetry,The iambic meter is the commonest of all meters.Following are some examples.,1).The mixed use of iambic tetrameter and trimeter in English ballads:,-,As Robin Hood next morn-ing stood,Amongst the leaves so gay,Part Six,English Poetry,There did he spy the same young man,Come droop-ing(a)long the way.,2).Iambic pentameter,This is by far the most important of all iambic meters,because three very important kinds of poetry are composed in this meter.They are Heroic Couplet,Blank Verse and Sonnet.,Part Six,English Poetry,On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore,Which Jews might kiss,and Infidels adore.”,b.Blank Verse(无韵诗）：Blank verse is unrhymed iambic pentameter.It holds very important place in English poetry,because it is much used in epics and dramas,such as Miltons Paradise Lost and Shakespeares plays.,Part Six,English Poetry,“For here lies Juliet,and her beauty makes,This vault a feasting presence full of light.”,C.Sonnet(十四行诗或商籁体诗）：This will be introduced later.,Part Six,English Poetry,6.Stanza,A stanza is a group of two or more consecutive lines bound together by end rime.In indicating stanza structure,letters are used to represent the rime scheme.Thus“a b a b”means a four-line stanza with the first and the third lines riming,and the second and the fourth lines riming.,The rime scheme:,Couplet:aa bb cc,Terza rima:aba,bcb,cdc,ded,Quatrain:there are four rime schems:,abcbaaba abab abba,Part Six,English Poetry,8.Poetic Diction,Poetry is distinguished from prose not only by the possession of meter,but also by certain peculiarities of diction.,1)Poetry often uses some archaic words instead of the common words:,swine(pig woe(sorrow)thy(your),maid,damsel(girl)spouse(wife)thine yours),vale(valley)eve (evening)mime(my),steed(horse)morn(morning)bliss(happiness),foe(enemy)yon(yonder)mute(silent),hapless(unlucky)fond(foolish)wrathful(angry),Part Six,English Poetry,2)Omission of words required by prose:,(He)who steals my purse steals trash,I do entreat you,(let)not a man depart.,This day be bread and peace my lot!,(May bread and peace be my lot this day!),Tell me not in mournful numbers,(Dont tell me in mournful numbers.),On either side(of)the river lie,long fields of barley and rye.,Part Six,English Poetry,Below the chestnuts,when their buds,Were glistening to the breezy blue(=sky).,(the substitution of an adjectives for a noun),