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如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全.pptx

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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,医学论文英文摘要写作,刘帅,人文社科学院,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第1页,提要:,文题,作者姓名和工作单位,摘要正文:,目标、,方法、结果、结论,一些语法问题,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第2页,一、文题,定义:,用短语或句子形式集中反应一篇论文主要内容一段文字,作用:,供审稿、引发读者阅读兴趣、供编制索引等,组成:,用一定逻辑关系连接起来名词短语或句子,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第3页,对文题要求:,简,(,字数,18,,,2,行,),明,(,清楚,不含糊,),准,(,不夸大、详细,),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第4页,Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity,(N Engl J Med,346:802-810),显著肥胖儿童和青少年中,葡萄糖耐量异常患病率,十分符合简、明、准要求。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第5页,Effect of nonoxynol-9 gel on urogenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infection,:,A randomized controlled trial,(JAMA.;287:1117-1122),壬苯醇醚,9,凝胶对泌尿生殖系淋病和,衣原体感染作用,一项随机对照试验,比上一个文题长一些,但也只有,10,个主要词,原文题目分两行,仍不失简捷。明确告诉读者是一项随机对照试验。有药名、疾病、研究包括人体部位。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第6页,Adeno-associated virus-mediated Bcl-xL prevents aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in mice,Chin Med J,120(14):1236-1240,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第7页,文题一些尤其注意事项:,数字:,若以数字开始,要用英文数词,不可用阿拉伯数字。,标点符号:,引号用单引号,药名:,用通用名,种属名称,:,微生物、植物,(,草药,),等正式名用,用斜体字,如,Streptococcus pneumoneae,缩略语:,尽可能防止,字体:因刊而异,普通用,Times New Roman,加黑,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第8页,关于大小写:,国内期刊多要求仅第一个字首字母大写;国外期刊普通要求每个主要词首字母大写(冠词、前置词,由三个或三个以下字母组成者不大写)。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第9页,更多例子:,Improving quality of care for acute myocardial infarction,(JAMA.;287:1269-1276),十分简捷,主要词只有,6,个;明确,,“,改进急性心肌梗死医疗护理质量,”,。当然怎样改进或用什么方法或办法改进,文题中未反应出,对本文而言,也不那么轻易反应出实际方法。准确,没有什么引发误解等词语。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第10页,Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension(DASH)diet,(N Engl J Med;344:3-10.),减低饮食钠及“饮食办法降血压,(DASH)”,饮食,对血压影响,稍长一些,但字数并不太多。为突出“血压”,词序与普通写法不一样,而且假如按普通词序排列,,of,后面词太多,,on,短语显得不突出。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第11页,Induction of anaphylatoxin C5a receptors in rat hepatocytes by lipopolysaccharide,in vivo,:Mediation by interleukin-6 from Kupffer cells,(Gastroenterology 122:689-696),在大鼠肝细胞内以脂多糖在体内诱导,过敏毒素,C5a,:来自库普弗,(,枯否,),细胞白介素,6,调整,由,13,个主要词组成。尤其表达准确。这是基础研究论文特点之一。说明研究详细内容,同时说明研究对象:是动物试验,是大鼠,是体内试验,说明包括细胞种类等。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第12页,以上几个文题均由名词性短语组成。但也有用完整句子作为文题者。比如:,Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1,protects,against acute,Clostridium difficile,toxin A enteritis in mice,(Gastroenterology 122:725-733),趋化因子受体,CCR1,遗传缺点保护小鼠不患,急性难辨梭状芽胞杆菌毒素,A,肠炎,由,13,个主要词组成,主语是,Deficiency,,而谓语是,protects,注意,这种情况下,谓语动词用,普通现在时,。后面有补语和状语。还请注意细菌种属名称用,斜体字。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第13页,Cost-effectiveness of coronary stenting and abciximab for patients with acute myocardial infarction:results from the CADILLAC(,Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications,)trial,Circulation 108:2857-2863,急性心肌梗死病人冠状动脉支架置入和阿昔单抗治疗费用效益:降低血管成形术晚期并发症阿昔单抗和器械对照,(CADILLAC),研究,这一题目比较长,主要因为其中包含一项研究很长名称。即使长,但内容清楚,轻易了解。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第14页,Increased expression of human calcium-activated chloride channel 1,is,correlated with,mucus overproduction in the airways of Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,Chin Med J,;120(12):1051-1057,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第15页,以下是几个能够深入修改、完善例子,Transfusion-transmitted virus infection,优点是十分简捷。但不够明确,看不出是文件综述还是研究论文,是在什么样人群中感染等等。实际上这是一篇临床研究论文,而且是在各型病毒性肝炎和健康人中进行研究。,如改为:,Transfusion-transmitted virus infection in patients with viral hepatitides and healthy controls,则比较明确。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第16页,The determining HO-1 activity and its signification in patients with asthma,字数并不多,但有若干个问题。,1),定冠词,在文题中,尤其在开头,普通省略,;,2)determining,不如用,determination of;,3)signification,这个词在学术论文中极少用,用,significance,就能够了。,可改为:,Determination of HO-1 activity and its significance in patients with asthma,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第17页,Pulmonary function examination of normal infants between 112 months in Guangzhou District,稍欠简捷。可把,examination,删除,将,normal,改为,healthy,将,district,改为,area,。另外,此文题中,infants between 112 months,也有问题。如一定要用,between,则其后应是,and,而不能用,112;,如用,112 months,就不能用,between,,但后面应接,of age,。也可将年纪放在前面:,112 months old healthy infants,。最终,这里符号“,”,是英文中没有或最少不惯用符号,就用“,-”,即可。修改后题目能够是:,Pulmonary function of healthy infants 1-12 months of age in Guangzhou area,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第18页,Test results and clinical significance of,the,four serum markers in health persons and others suffering with chronic hepatitis,不够简练、也不够清楚。,four serum markers,未说明是哪首先,markers,。,health,应该是,healthy.suffering,后面应该用,from,而不是,with.,另外这里,others,没有必要,因为重点显然是,chronic hepatitis,。所以,可改为:,Clinical significance of four serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis(and healthy controls),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第19页,Psychiatric disorders:,A rural-urban comparison,十分简捷,但不够清楚,,comparison,是比较,比较哪方面?比较结果怎样?最少能够回答有差异还是无差异这一问题,甚至能够点出哪首先有差异。所以如改为:,Rural-urban differences in the,prevalence,of psychiatric disorders,好一些,因为正文主要比较患病率。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第20页,Clinical study of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion,简捷,但欠明确,临床研究主要是在哪个方面?诊疗?治疗?都有?文章内容主要是临床特点。所以不如改为:,Clinical,characteristics,of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第21页,Study of Clinical Prospective on Maternal-fetal Human Bocavirus Transmission,Prospective clinical study on maternal-fetal transmission of human bocavirus,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第22页,The research on absorption of pressure-induced near-infrared though tissue in vivo,Absorption of pressure-induced near-infrared light through tissue,in vivo,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第23页,总之,文题要简、明、准,字数不宜多;逻辑关系要清楚,开头不用定冠词,The,、不用阿拉伯数字。不用,A study on,A survey of,An investigation of,等。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第24页,二、作者姓名、工作单位,作者姓名:,要列出全部作者姓名;,姓每个字母都要大写;,名第一个字母大写,其余字母,一律小写,中间要带连字符;,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第25页,举例:,BAO Xin-hua,PEI Zhu-ying,QIN Jiong,WU Xi-ru.,YANG Ming,YANG Yong-hong,Alexander Dmitriev,SHEN A-dong,TONG Yue-juan,SHEN Xu-zhuang,FAN Xun-mei.,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第26页,如有两个或两个以上作者,作者姓名之间要用逗号分开,最终一位作者姓名后加句号。,港、澳、台作者姓名拼写法与汉语拼音拼写法不一样,要按当地拼写法列出。,外国作者姓名写法,尚无统一要求,应是名在前,姓在后,但姓全部字母要大写。有中间首字母仍放在中间,但其后一定要有黑点,(,句号,),,如:,Melvin H.Freedmann,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第27页,工作单位:,请不要按自己想像或印象去写单位名称。要按照单位正式对外名称写。可参考单位正式出版物准期刊,如学报等上写法。单位名称中全部主要词第一个字母都要大写。,详细写法:按科室、医院、大学次序写,中间以逗号隔开。后面写城市名和邮政编码,最终写,China,。比如:,Department of Pediatrics,First Hospital,Beijing University,,,Beijing,100034,China,请不要写成“,P.R.China”,。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第28页,又如:,Department of Surgery,Ruijin Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 25,China,Department of Stomatology,Beijing Childrens Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100045,China,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第29页,个别地名英文拼写法与普通想象不一样,暂以中国地图出版社出版,中国地图册,和学苑出版社出版,最新世界地名目,(都有中、英文地名,而且二者中基本相同)为准。如:,西安:,Xian;,陕西:,Shaanxi;,乌鲁木奇:,rmqi;,呼和浩特:,Hohhot,,等。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第30页,三、摘要,(abstract,summary),作用,:,简明但稍微详细地反应一篇论文主要内容,供阅读、编入数据库等。,组成:,目标、方法、结果和结论。不一样期刊要求不一样。,如,N Engl J Med,和,Chin Med J,要求:,Background,Method,Result,Conclusion,。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第31页,1.descriptive abstract,描述性摘要,2.informative abstract,资料性摘要,3.descriptive-informative abstract,描述,-,资料性摘要,1.Non-structured abstract,(,非结构式摘要),2.Structured abstract,(,结构式摘要),full-structured semi-structured,摘要类型,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第32页,.,普通只用两三句话概括论文或报道主题,而不包括详细数据和结论,通惯用于,综述、会议汇报等。,Samples of descriptive abstracts:,例一:心得宁引发胸膜纤维化 我们报道两例患者服专心得宁后继发胸膜纤维化,Pleural Fibrosis After Practolol TherapyWe describe two patients who developed pleural fibrosis after treatment with practolol.,例二:论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤本文综述了治疗原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤主要经验,并就该病临床、病理及治疗等问题进行了讨论。,Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal TractAn institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma(PGL)is reviewed.The clinical,pathologic,and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.,1.,描述性摘要,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第33页,概括论文主要信息,普通说明研究问题和关键研究结果,其特点是全方面、简明地概括论文目标、方法、主要数据和结论。通常,阅读这种摘要能够部分取代阅读全文。,Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking The smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compared with that of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension.Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed,the difference were considered separately.Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.Informative-Indicative Abstracts,以报道性文摘形式表述一次文件中信息价值较高部分,而以指示性文摘形式表述其余部分文摘。字数,200,词左右为宜,2.,资料性(报道性)摘要,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第34页,IMRADIntroduction 引言 Materials and Methods材料与方法 Results结果Discussion讨论,传统式摘要,Traditional Abstract,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第35页,1974,年,4,月,加拿大,McMaster,大学医学中心,Dr R Brian Haynes,首先提出建立临床研究论文结构式摘要。在,Dr Edward J Huth,创导下,美国,内科学记事,(,Annuals of Internal Medicine,),在国际上率先采取了全结构式(,full-structured,),摘要。,1,目标(,Objective,):,说明论文要处理问题,2,设计(,Design,):,说明研究基本设计,包含研究性质,3,地点(,Setting,):,说明进行研究地点和研究机构等级,4,对象(,Patients,participants or subjects,):,说明参加并完成研究病人或受试者性质、数量及挑选方法,5,处理(,Interventions,):,说明确切治疗或处理方法,6,主要测定项目(,Main outcome measures,):,说明为评定研究结果而进行主要测定项目,7,结果(,Results,):,说明主要客观结果,8,结论(,Conclusion,):,说明主要结论,包含直接临床应用意义与非结构式摘要相比,。全结构式摘要观点更明确(,more explicitness,),,信息量更大(,more information,),,差错更少(,fewer errors,),.,但其缺点也是显而易见,即繁琐、重复、篇幅过长,而且不是全部研究都能按以上,8,个要素分类。于是,更多杂志扬长避短,采取半结构式摘要(,semi-structured,),全结构式摘要(,Full-structured)Abstract,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第36页,半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要,包含:目标(,objective/purpose/aim,)、,方法(,methods,)、,结果(,results,),结论(,conclusion,),当前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过分。,Does smoking predispose to peptic ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori?Chan F.k.l.Department of Medicine,Prince of Wales Hospital,.Objective:To investigate whether smoking would increase ulcer recurrence afterMethods:A total of 287 patients with gastric ulcers Results:Of the 83 smokers,3 had ulcer recurrence,Conclusions:Cigarette smoking did not increase the recurrence of peptic ulcers after eradication of H.Pylori,半结构式摘要,(Semi-structured Abstract),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第37页,1,)目标部分:背景介绍:普通现在时或现在完成时目标说明:普通现在时,/,现在完成时,或普通过去时,2,)材料、方法和结果部分:除指示性说明外,一律用普通过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生情况,.,3,)结论部分:凡陈说研究材料、方法和结果时,一律用过去时;分析结果或发觉原因时,或者提出结论性意见时,假如作者认为含有普遍意义,可用现在时;假如作者认为自己分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一个可能性,则用普通过去时为好。,About the tense,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第38页,Keep abstracts of most papers and portions of monographs to fewer than 250 words,abstracts of shorter papers to fewer than 100 words,and those of reports and longer theses to fewer than 500 words.Rarely does an abstract exceed one page.Write most abstracts in a single paragraph,except those for long documents.,Length of Abstracts,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第39页,JAMA,则要求写出以下小标题:,Context(,上下文,即,Background),Objective,Design and Setting,Patients,Intervention,Main Outcome Measures,Results,Conclusions.,要求更详细而详细,实际上也能够,合并成,4,个部分。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第40页,Context(,上下文,即,Background),包含,Objective,实际内容,Design and Setting,Patients,Intervention,Main Outcome Measures,Results,Conclusions,.,Method,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第41页,Lancet,要求与,N Engl J Med,基本相同:,Background,Methods,Findings,Interpretation,(,解释,相当于结论,但更委婉一些,),。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第42页,Background,Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is usually complicated with mucus overproduction in airway.Recently the increased expression of the human calcium-activated chloride channel 1(CaCC,1,)was found to play an important role in mucus overproduction in the asthmatic airways.To investigate the relationship of CaCC,1,and mucus overproduction in the airway of Chinese patients with COPD,the expressions of CaCC,1,MUC5AC and mucus in bronchial tissues were examined.,(Chin Med J;120(12):1051-1057),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第43页,国内多数汉字医学期刊英文摘要要求第一段小标题为,Objective,:,Abstract,Objective,To explore the flow cytometric 3-color analysis of circulating activated platelets(CAP)and its clinical significance in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第44页,JAMA,表示目标文字也多用,To,短语,比如:,Objective,To compare the effect of CABG surgery with(on-pump)and without(off-pump)cardiopulmonary bypass on cognitive outcome.,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第45页,但中华医学系列杂志,在目标这一部分允许加一些背景资料,同时指出研究目标。比如:,Abstract,Objective,Recently,there are more and more reports on rotavirus infection in extraintestinal organs in infants with diarrhea that may cause severe consequences.,Here we report 2 cases with rotavirus infection which involved multiple organ systems for clinical reference.,(Here we report 2 cases died of multiple organ rotavirus infection for clinical reference.),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第46页,假如第一段小标题是,Objective,普通用动词不定式表示目标。,惯用于表示目标动词不定式短语有:,To evaluate,To explore (,国外期刊少用,),To understand,To clarify,To determine,To compare,To test the hypothesis,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第47页,但假如是,Background,则要用完整句子说明目,,惯用句型有以下几个:,The present study aimed at,(,后面多用,动名词,),This study was designed to,(,动词,不定式短语,),The present study was conducted to,(,同上,),The purpose of this study was to,(,同上,),The aim of this study was to (,同上,),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第48页,ABSTRACT,Background,Childhood obesity,epidemic in the United States,has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents.We determined the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in a multiethnic cohort of 167 obese children and adolescents.,(N Engl J Med,346:802-810),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第49页,又如,Lancet,也大致如此:,Background,Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitors prevent decline in physical function in patients with congestive heart failure(CHF).,We aimed to see,whether ACE inhibitors also prevent reduction in physical performance and in muscle strength in older women who do not have CHF.,但这里要尤其提一下,国内期刊论著稿所附英文摘要中人称,,普通不主张用第一人称,,,即不用,We,,,our,等。可用被动语态,或用,The authors,。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第50页,方法,Method,从内容上说,这一部分应该包含以下几个方面:,(叙述时,不一定按以下次序),1,、研究对象,是病人?健康人?还是动物?哪一个动物?研究对象普通情况,如年纪、性别、诊疗或尤其群体、尤其种属,以及研究地点等。对研究组和对照组均应说明以上情况。,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第51页,2,、,研究所用方法,研究设计,哪一类,如随机分组、双盲、对照、多中心等;,所用主要治疗、干预或处理方法或技术名称;,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第52页,主要疗法名称或所用药品名称、剂量、给药路径以及疗程;检测主要项目标方法,如,PCR,、,RT-PCR,、,HPLC,、流式细胞仪等等,但不主张用缩略语),主要终点指标,(,primary endpoint or main outcome measure,如死亡率、病死率、生存率、生存时间等等,),如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第53页,Methods,In four treatment centers for visceral leishmaniasis,667 patients between 5 and 55 years of age who were negative,for the human immunodeficiency virus and had parasitologically,confirmed visceral leishman-iasis were randomly assigned in a,3:1 ratio to receive paromomycin(502 patients)at a dose of,11 mg per kilo-gram of body weight intramuscularly daily for,21 days or amphotericin B(165 patients)at a dose of 1 mg per,kilogram intravenously every other day for 30 days.Final cure,was assessed 6 months after the end of treatment;safety assessments,included daily clinical evaluations and weekly laboratory and,audiometric evaluations.Noninferiority testing was used to,compare 6-month cure rates,with a chosen margin of noninferiority,of 10 percentage points.,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第54页,(,方法,),Use,the proper dilution(10,-3,-10,-5,),to be,inoculated,into,well grown monolayer of MDCK cells.(,用疫苗株适当稀释液,(10,-3,-10,-5,),接种到生长良好,MDCK,细胞单层上。,),The proper,dilutions,of the vaccine strain,were,inoculated onto,well grown monolayer of MDCK cells.,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全专家讲座,第55页,(,方法,)Using viral RNA extracted from different vaccine lots and seed lots as temp
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