1、四川精神卫生 2023 年第 36 卷第 5期http:/辅助生殖技术对儿童体格和孤独症行为的影响:一项3年纵向随访研究陈新宇1,2,3,4,陈传传1,2,3,罗蓓1,2,3,曲帅1,王国强4,张凯1,2*(1.安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院,安徽 合肥 238000;2.安徽省精神医学中心,安徽 合肥 238000;3.安徽医科大学精神卫生与心理科学学院,安徽 合肥 230032;4.无锡市精神卫生中心,江苏 无锡 214151*通信作者:张 凯,E-mail:)【摘要】背景辅助生殖技术日益成熟,并广泛应用于临床。辅助生殖技术诞生的新生儿越来越多,这类儿童的健康问题也需要更多关注。目的探讨辅助生殖
2、技术对儿童体格和孤独症行为的影响,提高对辅助生殖儿童孤独症行为的关注度。方法从病历信息系统中,按时间顺序选取2018年8月-2019年8月在安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院产科出生的辅助生殖新生儿(辅助生殖组)588例为研究对象。从病历信息系统中选取同一时间段该院产科自然受孕出生的600名新生儿为对照组。收集所有新生儿的性别、出生时母亲的年龄和受教育年限、出生孕周、出生体质量、出生身长以及3岁时体质量和身高数据,并在3岁随访时进行克氏孤独症行为量表(CABS)评定。结果辅助生殖组母亲受教育年限长于对照组母亲受教育年限 (12.041.96)年 vs.(11.342.90)年,t=-4.887,P0.0
3、1,出生孕周和出生体质量均低于对照组 (38.682.56)周 vs.(39.532.91)周,t=5.315,P0.01,(3 273.27720.39)g vs.(3 158.29701.74)g,t=2.792,P0.05。3 岁时,辅助生殖组体质量和身高均低于对照组(16.162.53)kg vs.(16.961.67)kg,t=6.393,P0.01,(95.814.50)cm vs.(97.477.49)cm,t=4.626,P0.01。对照组和辅助生殖组分别筛查出6例(1.00%)和15例(2.55%)存在孤独症行为,差异有统计学意义(2=4.113,P0.05)。结论辅助生殖技
4、术可能对儿童体格和神经发育存在影响。【关键词】辅助生殖技术;儿童;体格发育;神经发育开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):中图分类号:R749 文献标识码:A doi:10.11886/scjsws20221026001 Effects of assisted reproductive technology on physique and autistic behavior of children:a 3-year longitudinal follow-up studyChen Xinyu1,2,3,4,Chen Chuanchuan1,2,3,Luo Bei1,2,3,Qu Shuai1
5、,Wang Guoqiang4,Zhang Kai1,2*(1.Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University,Hefei 238000,China;2.Anhui Psychiatric Center,Hefei 238000,China;3.Anhui Medical University,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences,Hefei 230032,China;4.Wuxi Mental Health Center,Wuxi 214151,China*Corresponding au
6、thor:Zhang Kai,E-mail:)【Abstract】BackgroundAssisted reproductive technology is increasingly mature and widely used in clinic.As more and more newborns are born with assisted reproductive technology,the health problems of these newborns also need more attention.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of
7、assisted reproductive technology on newborn physique and autistic behavior,and to raise the attention of autistic behavior of assisted reproductive children.MethodsFrom the medical record information system,588 assisted reproduction newborns(assisted reproduction group)born in the obstetrics departm
8、ent of Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University from August 2018 to August 2019 were selected as the study objects.From the medical records information system,600 newborns born naturally in the obstetrics department in the same period of time were selected as the control group.The basic informati
9、on of all newborns was collected,including the mothers age and years of education,sex,gestational age,birth weight and 微信扫描二维码听独家语音释文与作者在线交流基金项目:安徽省教育厅高校优秀青年人才支持计划重点项目(项目编号:gxyqZD2022022)4282023 年第 36 卷第 5期四川精神卫生http:/birth length,and they were assessed by the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale(CABS)at 3
10、years of follow-up.ResultsThe educational years of mothers in assisted reproduction group were longer than those in control group (12.041.96)years vs.(11.342.90)years,t=-4.887,P0.01,gestational age and birth weight of assisted reproduction group were lower than those of control group (38.682.56)week
11、s vs.(39.532.91)weeks,t=5.315,P0.01;(3 273.27720.39)g vs.(3 158.29701.74)g,t=2.792,P0.05.At the age of three,the weight and height of the assisted reproduction group were both lower than those of the control group (16.162.53)kg vs.(16.961.67)kg,t=6.393,P0.01,(95.814.50)cm vs.(97.477.49)cm,t=4.626,P0
12、.01.Respectively,6(1.00%)and 15(2.55%)children with autism were detected in the control group and assisted reproduction group,and the difference was statistically significant(2=4.113,P0.05).ConclusionAssisted reproductive technology may affect the physical and neurological development of children.Fu
13、nded by Outstanding Young Talents Support Program of Anhui Education Department(number,gxyqZD2022022)【Keywords】Assisted reproductive technology;Children;Physical development;Neurological development近40年以来,辅助生殖技术逐渐完善成熟,被广泛应用于临床,为全世界众多不孕人群解决了生育问题1-2。截至2019年,全球有900多万例辅助生殖新生儿出生。由于辅助生殖新生儿越来越多,这类人群的健康状况受到
14、越来越多的关注3-4。我国辅助生殖技术起步较晚,研究重点主要集中于妊娠结局和子代出生体格发育,对辅助生殖子代的孤独症行为关注较少5-6。既往研究认为,辅助生殖技术会影响子代的心理健康状况,尤其可能增加抑郁症、强迫症的发病风险7。但也有研究认为,辅助生殖技术对子代心理健康状况影响不大8。既往探讨辅助生殖技术增加孤独症谱系障碍(Autism spectrum disorders,ASD)、注意缺陷与多动障碍(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)、抽动障碍患病风险的研究多为回顾性研究。如Shimada等9对日本门诊 ASD、ADHD 和抽动障碍
15、患者的回顾性分析显示,在ASD患者中,辅助生殖子代比例高于普通人群。另一项回顾性研究纳入了 507 例ASD患者,结果显示,在ASD患者中,通过辅助生殖技术出生的比例同样高于普通人群10。可见,关于辅助生殖技术对ASD患儿影响的前瞻性研究不足且针对中国人群的研究较少。故本研究采用前瞻性研究设计,分析辅助生殖技术对新生儿体格和孤独症行为的影响,以期提高对辅助生殖新生儿孤独症行为的关注度,达到早发现、早治疗的目的。1 对象与方法 1.1对象从病历信息系统中选取2018年8月-2019年8月在安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院产科出生的辅助生殖新生儿(辅助生殖组)作为研究对象。纳入标准:行体外受精/卵胞质内单
16、精子注射/冻融胚胎移植周期治疗分娩的子代;母亲年龄 2035岁;母亲分娩方式为顺产;出生孕周37周。排除标准:孕期有严重并发症;父亲或母亲存在家族遗传病史;有宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息;双胞胎或三胞胎;低体质量儿(4.0 kg);有出生缺陷或出生后发生重大疾病;随访期间死亡。符合纳入标准且不符合排除标准共588例。从病历信息系统中选取同一时间段该院产科通过自然受孕分娩出生的 600 例新生儿为对照组。本研究经安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:2018-KYXM-12)。本研究中,所有新生儿的家长均签署知情同意书。1.2评定工具采用基本资料调查表收集所有儿童的基本情况,包括出生时母亲
17、的年龄和受教育年限、性别、出生孕周、出生体质量和出生身长。采用克氏孤独症行为量表(Clancy Autism Behavior Scale,CABS)评定入组儿童的孤独症行为。该量表共14个条目,根据行为出现的频率,“从不”“偶尔”和“经常”分别计0、1、2分。总评分越高表明儿童患有孤独症的可能性越大。CABS中文版内部一致性信度为0.80,划界分为6分时,灵敏度为94%,特异性为85%,该量表灵敏度和特异性均较好11-12。1.3评定方法由两名精神科主治医师对入组儿童的父母进行电话随访,获取儿童3岁时的身高和体质量数据,并采用CABS对儿童进行评定。根据CABS评分,以6分为划界分,6分表明
18、存在孤独症行为。整个电话随访过程耗时约20 min。两名参与随访评估的精神科主治医师经过一致性培训。429四川精神卫生 2023 年第 36 卷第 5期http:/1.4统计方法采用SPSS 17.0进行统计分析,符合正态分布的计量资料以(-xs)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。计数资料以 n(%)表示,组间比较采用 2检验。检验水准=0.05,双侧检验。2 结 果 2.1两组儿童出生时基本资料比较本研究共纳入 1 188例儿童,包括辅助生殖组588例和对照组600例。辅助生殖组中,男生283例(48.13%),女生 305 例(51.87%);对照组中,男生317 例(52.83%),女生
19、 283 例(47.17%)。辅助生殖组母亲受教育年限长于对照组母亲(t=-4.887,P0.01),出生孕周和出生体质量均低于对照组(t=5.315、2.792,P0.05或0.01)。见表1。2.2两组儿童3岁时体格和CABS评分情况比较3 岁时,辅助生殖组体质量和身高均低于对照 组,差异有统计学意义(16.162.53)kg vs.(16.961.67)kg,t=6.393,P0.01,(95.814.50)cm vs.(97.477.49)cm,t=4.626,P0.01。对照组有6例(1.00%)存在孤独症行为,辅助生殖组有15例(2.55%)存在孤独症行为,差异有统计学意义(2=4
20、.113,P=0.042)。见表2。3 讨 论 本研究结果显示,辅助生殖儿童3岁时孤独症行为检出率高于同年龄自然受孕出生的儿童。Conti等13的一项系统综述回顾了2000年以来发表的7项观察性研究(包含2项队列研究和5项病例对照研究),其中4项高质量研究未得出辅助生殖技术与 ASD 之间存在联系的结果14-17。有 2 项研究认为,辅助生殖技术增加ASD的发病风险18-19,有1项研究认为辅助生殖技术会降低ASD的发病风险20。以上研究均采用回顾性队列研究方法,缺乏相关的纵向随访研究。本研究对辅助生殖受孕出生的新生儿和自然受孕出生的新生儿进行纵向随访,弥补了既往研究的不足。Knoester等
21、21采取了同样的纵向随访研究,结果显示,辅助生殖受孕出生的儿童ASD 患病率高于自然受孕出生的儿童(3.40%vs.0.30%),与本研究结果一致。本研究使用的是筛查量表,筛查出的儿童是否可以诊断为 ASD,有待于门诊就诊后复核。本研究显示,对照组孤独症行为检出率为1.00%。Sun 等22的荟萃分析结果表明,中国大陆儿童ASD患病率为0.118%。Wan等23的系统综述结果显示,中国大陆儿童 ASD 患病率为 0.128%。刘贤等24研究表明,我国10省市儿童ASD平均患病率为 0.14%,且存在明显的性别差异和地区差异。以上研究结果之间的差异可能与使用的筛查评估工具不同有关,常使用的孤独症
22、评估工具有儿童孤独 症 评 定 量 表(Childhood Autism Rating Scale,CARS)、CABS、孤独症行为量表(Autism Behavior Checklist,ABC)、Gilliam孤独症评估量表、孤独症诊表1两组儿童出生时基本资料比较Table 1Comparison of general demographic data between the two groups at birth组别辅助生殖组(n=588)对照组(n=600)t/2P母亲年龄(岁)30.784.1530.703.41-0.3510.726母亲受教育年限(年)12.041.9611.342
23、.90-4.8870.010子女性别 n(%)男生283(48.13)317(52.83)2.6290.105女生305(51.87)283(47.17)出生孕周(周)38.682.5639.532.915.3150.010出生体质量(g)3 158.29701.743 273.27720.392.7920.010出生身长(cm)50.076.0849.975.94-0.2870.781表2两组儿童3岁时体格和CABS评分情况比较Table 2Comparison of physical and CABS score between the two groups at three years
24、old组别辅助生殖组(n=588)对照组(n=600)t/2P体质量(kg)16.162.5316.961.676.3930.010身高(cm)95.814.5097.477.494.6266分15(2.55)6(1.00)4.1130.042CABS评分6分573(97.45)594(99.00)注:CABS,克氏孤独症行为量表4302023 年第 36 卷第 5期四川精神卫生http:/断访谈量表修订版(Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised,ADI-R)和孤独症诊断观察量表(Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule,AD
25、OS)等25-27,具有较高信度和效度且其评分能反映症状严重程度及患儿发育水平的中文版孤独症治疗评估量表(Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist,ATEC)28也常被使用。李建华等29对三种儿童孤独症行为评定量表临床应用比较的研究结果显示,当CABS筛查划界分为6 分时,其对 ASD 筛查的特异性为 0.91、灵敏度为0.82、一致率为0.87、阳性预测值为0.88、阴性预测值为0.86,兼具特异性和敏感性。本研究比较了辅助生殖技术出生的儿童与自然受孕出生的儿童出生时和 3岁时的体格发育情况,结果表明,在出生时和3岁时,辅助生殖组体质量和身长均低于对照组。既
26、往也有研究关注辅助生殖技术出生的儿童体格发育情况,但研究结果不一致。陈小琴等30和刘昕等31的结果表明,辅助生殖技术出生儿童与自然受孕出生儿童的体格和精神运动发育状况差异无统计学意义。而洪琴等32认为,辅助生殖子代出生身长和出生体质量均低于对照组,与本研究结果一致。不同研究随访的时间点不一致可能是以上研究结果存在差异的原因。综上所述,辅助生殖技术可能对儿童体格和神经发育存在影响。本研究局限性:样本量较少,且为单中心研究,只采用了一种评估工具,以上因素可能会对研究结果产生一定的影响。未来可结合临床客观指标,开展多中心、大样本研究,进一步探索辅助生殖技术对儿童体格和神经发育的影响。参考文献1Far
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