资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Part two Accounting,1/97,Accounting,、,bookkeeping,、,auditing,（,4,课时）,Company law,（,2,课时）,Assumptions and principles,（,3,课时）,Depreciation and amortization,（,1,课时）,Financial statements,（,8,课时）,Financial ratios,（,2,课时）,2/97,2.1 Accounting,、,bookkeeping,、,auditing,Accounting,involves,recording,and summarizing an organizations transactions or business deals,such as purchases and sales,and reporting them in the form of financial statement.,(P12),会计,包括到,记账,以及对一个组织业务交易进行总结，比如购置与销售，以财务报表形式进行汇报。,3/97,Financial accounting,includes,bookkeeping,and preparing financial statements for shareholders and,creditors;,财务会计,包含,记账,和为股东和,债权人,编制会计报表,Management accounting,involves the use of accounting data,by managers,for making plans and decisions.,管理会计,包括由管理者使用,会计数据,制订计划和决议。,4/97,Bookkeeping,is the day-to-day recording of transactions.,（,P12,）,“Double-entry accounting is based on a simple concept:each party in a business transaction will,receive,something and,give,something in return.,Double-entry bookkeeping is a system that records two aspects of every transaction.,In bookkeeping terms,what is received is a,debit,and what is given is a,credit.,（,P14,）,5/97,Debit n.,借,借方,借记,Debit card,借记卡,v.,计入借方,借计,Debit an account,计入借方账,Credit n.,贷,贷方,贷记,Credit card,贷记卡,v.,计入贷方,贷计,Credit an account,计入贷方账,6/97,The double-entry system uses a series of,ledger accounts,.(,分类帐帐户,),A ledger account,is created for every category of income,expenditure,asset and liability,plus the capital account.,Ledger accounts are represented by,T-accounts.,7/97,The T account is a representation of a scale or balance.”,Receive,DEBIT,Give,CREDIT,Scale or Balance,T account,Left Side,Receive,DEBIT,Right Side,Give,CREDIT,8/97,T-account,T-account,:a simplest form of an account,used to illustrate the effect of transaction.,Account name,Debit entries,(left side),Credit entries,(right side),9/97,Exercises,Double-entry accounting,means to record the dual effects of each business transaction,.,Each transaction affects at least two accounts.,Total debits must equal total credits.,10/97,Cost accounting,（,P40,）,is a management information system which establishes stock valuation,profits and balance sheet items as well as a system for planning,control and decision making.,Cost accounting,involves calculating the costs,so that the company managers can know what prices to charge for particular products and services and which are the most profitable.,11/97,Structure of manufacturing organization,12/97,Wal-Mart,Comparing Merchandising and Manufacturing Activities,Merchandisers.,Buy finished goods.,Sell finished goods,.,Manufacturers.,Buy raw materials.,Produce and sell finished goods.,Sony,13/97,Cost centers,are collecting places for costs before they are further analyzed,in general a department,a machine,a project,a product are termed cost centers.,Cost unit,is a unit of product or service to which costs can be related.The cost unit is the basic control unit for costing purposes.,14/97,Cost Classifications,Direct costs,Costs that can be easily,and conveniently traced,to a unit of product,or other cost object.,Direct material,Direct Labor,Other Direct expenses,Indirect cost,Costs that can not be easily,and conveniently traced to,a unit of product or,other cost object.,Indirect material,Indirect Labor,Other indirect expenses,15/97,Companies also differentiate between fixed costs and variable costs.,Fixed costs,are costs which are not affected by the level of activity within a relevant range.,Variable costs,are costs which increase with the level of activity within a relevant range.,16/97,Absorption Costing,吸收成本法,A system of accounting for costs in which both,fixed,and,variable production,costs are considered product costs.,Fixed,Costs,Variable,Costs,Product,17/97,Activity-based Costing System,Activity based costing,(ABC)is an alternative to more,traditional absorption costing.ABC involves the,identification of factors(cost drives)which cause the,costs of an organizations major activities.Support,overheads are charged to products on the basis,of their usage of an activity.,18/97,Pricing,（,P42,）,How companies price a product or service?,It is depends on the demand and supply,When deciding whether it would be profitable to produce a product,or offer a service,companies do a,breakeven analysis.,（,P40,）,Breakeven point,is the sales volume-the number of units sold-at which the company covers its cost-pays all its expenses.,To make a profit,its necessary to sell more than this.,.,19/97,Several influences on pricing decisions,（,P40,）,The prices of rivals products,The companys financial situation,The companys objectives-the goals or aims it wants to accomplish,The companys marketing policies-whether it is interested in maximizing sales or maximizing profit.,20/97,pricing strategies,（,P42,）,Mark-up pricing/,Cost-Plus Pricing,（加成订价法）,:marketers add a percentage to the products cost in order to arrive a selling price.,Costs:$9,Pricing:$15,Markup:$6,21/97,Rate-of-return pricing,（收益率定价法）,Involves determining total costs and then adding a desired rate of return on investment to them to determine the selling price,Return on investment(ROI)is the profit as a percentage of the capital invested in the operation,Price =Total cost+ROI/number of units,22/97,skimming pricing,（取脂定价策略）,setting relatively high prices just as skimming the cream off the milk-,Pricing new product,.,Usually for a unique or scare product with few or no substitutes,A short-term strategy,23/97,苹果,ipod US$399US$499,Purpose:,-to quickly recover the costs or investment when there is no competitors.,-to lower price and occupy market when there are competitors,.,24/97,Penetration pricing,（渗透定价）,When marketers charge a relatively low price to encourage members of a target market to try a product,it is called penetration pricing.-temporary,Advantages:,-quickly build up the sales volume,-attract a large share of the market,25/97,A.“Price point perspective”pricing(,尾数定价,),also called odd-even pricing(,奇偶定价）,For those low-value products,28.99 yuan,26/97,Prestige pricing(,声望定价策略,),For those companies who have established the image of their products,The product stays expensive throughout its life,Set high price to satisfy customers,27/97,Going rate pricing,通行价格定价法,Charge the same price with the rivals,Loss-leader pricing,牺牲品定价法,Offer some items at a very low price that isnt profitable to attract customers.,28/97,Auditing,means examining a companys systems of control and the accuracy or exactness of its records,looking for errors or possible fraud.,审计,是经过审查企业控制系统以及会计统计准确性，寻找错误和可能欺诈,。（,P12,）,29/97,An,internal audit,is carried out by a companys own accountants or internal auditors.(P26),内部审计,是由企业会计师或内部审计员完成。,An,external audit,is done by independent auditors,who will give a,true and fair view,of the,companys financial situation and results.(P26),外部审计,是由独立审计员完成，他将对企业财务情况和结果作出,真实而公允判断,。,30/97,2.2 Company law,（,P16,）,There are many description for a business.We may hear terms such as firm,company,organization or corporation.,These term do not always mean the same thing and there exist different types of business.,31/97,Sole trader,Partnership,General partnerships,Limited partnerships,Company,32/97,Sole trader,（,P16,）,An enterprise owned and operated by a single person-unlimited,liability,for debts,liability means obligation to pay ones debt,33/97,Partnership:,（,P16,）,Simply speaking,it is a form of business in which two or more people operate business together for making profit.,General partnerships,Limited partnerships,34/97,A general partnership is“an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners a business for profit.”,Just like sole proprietors,all partners in a general partnership have unlimited liability,i.e.the partners are personally liable for obligations of the firm.,Under a general partnership,assets of any of the partners can be used to cover the businesss liabilities regardless of which partner incurred the liability.And all the partners in a general partnership share control and participate equally in management of the business.,35/97,A Limited Partnership is an association of one or more general partners together with one or more limited partners to conduct business for profit as co-owners.,In a limited partnership,there is at least one general partner.In a limited partnership,limited partners,whose liability is limited to the cash or property they contributed to the business.,The general partners arrange and run the business,while the limited partners are investors only,and they take no part in the management of the firm or act on behalf of the company.,36/97,Company,：,A company itself has a separate legal existence by law.,It is quite different from the persons who compose it.,It is treated like a private person under the law.,It can receive,own and transfer property,enter into contracts,sue and be sued,etc.,Most companies have limited liability-the owners are not fully liable for the businesss debts-limited companies.,Their liability is limited to the value of their share capital-the amount of cash that the shareholders have contributed to the company.,37/97,Separated ownership and management,Shareholders elect a board of directors,responsible for,-establishing the general policies of the firm,-electing the president and other key officers,who,are then given the responsibility of running the,business on a day-to-day basis.,-declaring or not declaring dividends.,The directors and the officers comprise the management,38/97,Private companies,（,P18,）,Not allowed to sell stocks or shares on an open market,Public limited companies,Shares are publicly traded in stock exchange-a market where anyone can buy shares.,Listed companies:information disclosure,39/97,Quarterly reports,（季度汇报）,Sales revenue:the money received by the company in that period from selling goods or services,Gross profit:sales revenue less cost of assets,Net profit:gross profit less administrative expenses and tax.,40/97,Quoted companies,Interim report,（中期汇报）,Inform shareholders about the companies progress.,All companies with shareholders have to send them an Annual Report each financial year,containing:,a review of the years activity,an examination and explanation of the companies financial position and results.,41/97,Public companies have to hold an Annual General Meeting,（股东年会）,.,If there is a crisis,the directors or the shareholders can request to hold an Extraordinary General Meeting to discuss the situation.,42/97,2.3 Assumptions and principles,43/97,Accounting assumptions,（,P22,）,Four,accounting,assumptions,Separate entity or business entity assumption,Time-period assumption,Continuity or going concern assumption,Unit-of-measure assumption,44/97,The,separate entity or business entity,assumption-,会计主体假设,It is that a business is an accounting unit separate from its owners,creditors and managers and their assets.The business can continue forever,even if the staff and owners change.,45/97,Time-period assumption-,会计分期假设,The time-period assumption states that the economic life of the business can be divided into artificial time periods such as the financial year,or a quarter or a month of it.,会计分期是指将一个会计主体连续不停经营活动分割为若干个较短时期，据以计算账目和编制会计报表，提供相关财务情况和经营结果会计信息。,46/97,Continuity or going concern assumption,连续经营假设,The continuity or going concern assumption says that a business will continue into the future.,连续经营假设是指会计主体在可预见未来，将会按照当前规模和状态继续经营下去，不会停业，也不会大规模削减业务，更不会进行破产清算（,liquidation,）,47/97,Unit-of-measure assumption-,货币计量假设,The unit-of-measure assumption is that all financial transactions are in a single monetary unit or currency.,Take a Chinese company for example,if its subsidiary is in the USA,the financial data should be calculated in$in the US.When it reports its financial statements to its parent company,it has to convert its results into RMB,Exercises on page 23,48/97,Accounting Principles,（,P22,）,Companies can choose their accounting policies-their,way of doing their accounts.There are a range of,methods of,valuation,（估价）,-deciding how much,something is worth-and,measurement,（计量,determining how big something is-that are accepted by,law or by official accounting standards.,In the USA,Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP,普通公认会计标准,),In most other countries,International Financial Reporting,Standards(IFRS,国际财务汇报准则,),，,set by the,International Accounting Standards Board(,国际会计准则委员会,),Besides,conventions,are another important principle to follow.,49/97,The full-disclosure principle:,全部揭露标准,It states that financial reporting must include all significant information:anything that makes a difference to the users of financial statements.,The materiality principle:,主要性标准,It says that very small and unimportant amounts do not need to be shown.,The conservatism principle:,慎重性标准,It states that where different accounting methods are possible,you choose the one that is least likely to overstate or over-estimate assets or income.,50/97,The objectivity principle:,客观性标准,It states that accounts should be based on facts and not on personal opinions or feelings.However,depreciation and some bad debts are necessarily subjective.,The revenue recognition principle:,收入确认标准,It says that the revenue is recorded when a service is provided or goods delivered,not when they are paid for.,The matching principle:,匹配标准（收支对应标准）,It states that each cost or expense related to revenue earned must be recorded in the same accounting period as the revenue it helped to earn.,51/97,The consistency principle:,一致性标准,Although businesses can choose among different,policies,they have to be consistent,which means,using the same methods every year,unless there,is a good reason to change a policy.,The historical cost principle:,历史成本标准,It says that companies record the original,purchase price of assets,and not their estimated current,selling price or replacement cost.,The inflation accounting principle:,通货膨胀会计标准,It states that some countries with regular high inflation use,inflation accounting systems that take account of changing,prices,52/97,Inflation:a general and progressive increase in prices;in inflation everything gets more valuable except money,(synonym)rising prices,(antonym)deflation,通货膨胀（,Inflation,）,指在,纸币,流通条件下，因货币,供给,大于货币实际需求，也即,现实购置力,大于产出供给，造成,货币贬值,，而引发一段时间内物价连续而普遍地上涨现象。其实质是,社会总需求,大于社会总供给（供远小于,求）。,当货币数量增加速度大于实物数量增加速度时，就会出现通货膨胀。比如货币总量,100,元，实物总量,10,个苹果那么一个苹果就价格,10,元，假如第二年苹果产出增加了,10,，也就是市场上有,20,个苹果，而货币增加了,200,也就是,300,元总量货币，那么第二年每个苹果就价格,15,元，推广到整个经济体，物价水平就上升了，于是就出现通货膨胀。,53/97,2.4 Depreciation and amortization,54/97,assets,Current assets will be used or converted into cash in less than a year,Fixed assets will continue to be used by the business for many years,55/97,Nature of fixed assets:,1.they exist physically and thus are tangible assets,2.they are owned and used by the company in its normal operations,3.they are not offered for sale as part of normal operations.,But fixed assets wear out-become unusable or obsolete,and eventually have little or no
展开阅读全文
浙ICP备2021020529号-1 | 浙B2-20240490 
