2023年世界贸易统计报告.pdf

World Trade Statistical Review 2023World TradeStatisticalReview2023About the WTOThe World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of trade between nations.Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly,predictably and freely as possible.About this publicationWorld Trade Statistical Review provides a detailed analysis of the latest developments in world trade.It is the WTOs flagship statistical publication and is produced on an annual basis.For more informationAll data used in this report,as well as additional charts and tables not included,can be downloaded from the WTO web site at www.wto.org/statisticsI.Introduction 4Acknowledgements 6A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 7II.Highlights of world trade in 2022 8World trade overview 10Merchandise trade 12Commercial services 20Leading traders 26Least-developed countries 27III.World trade and economic growth,2022-23 28Trade and GDP growth in 2022 and the first half of 2023 30Merchandise trade volume 31Commodity prices 33Exchange rates 34 Merchandise and commercial services trade values 35Other trade-related indicators 40IV.Composition,definitions&methodology 42Composition of geographical and economic groupings 44Definitions and methodology 44Specific notes for selected economies 51Statistical sources 52Abbreviations and symbols 53V.Statistical tables 543World Trade Statistical Review 2023Acknowledgements6A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala7Introduction 4Chapter I5AcknowledgementsThis publication has been prepared under the supervision of Ralph Ossa,WTO Chief Economist and Director of the Economic Research andStatistics Division.The coordination of the report was undertaken by Christophe Degain and Florian Eberth.Statistical research,data compilation and the preparation of estimates were conducted by Barbara DAndrea Adrian,Shradha Bhatia,Lori Chang,Christophe Degain,Florian Eberth,Coleman Nee and Ying Yan.Contributions to this publication were also provided bythe Research Group of the Economic Research andStatistics Division.The International Trade Statistics Section also wishes to thank colleagues from the Information and External Relations Division(IERD)and the Language and Documentation Services Division(LDSD)whose collaboration is vital in the production of this report.In particular,recognition is due to Anthony Martin,Serge Marin-Pache and Steve Cooper in IERD and to the French and Spanish translators in LDSD.Finally,we wish to thank the users of WTO statistics fortheir constructive suggestions on how to improve ourstatistical output.This regular feedback allows us toconstantly refine the data we provide.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 6A message from Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-IwealaNgozi Okonjo-IwealaDirector-GeneralAs a succession of crises buffet the global economy,with the COVID-19 pandemic giving way to the war in Ukraine,inflation,monetary tightening,and widespread debt distress,world trade has lost momentum,with trade growth slowing in 2022 and remaining weak into early 2023.That said,global trade growth has remained positive,underscoring how trade has been a force for economic recovery and resilience.Nevertheless,numerous downside risks,from geopolitical tensions to potential financial instability,are clouding the medium-term outlook for both trade and overall output.This report reviews world trade patterns in 2022,with insights into the outlook for trade in 2023,in light of the wider international context.In volume terms,world merchandise trade rose by 2.7%in 2022.The volume figure was well below the 12.4%growth in value terms,reflecting the effect of high global commodity prices.In the manufacturing sector,one notable development was that China increased the value of its exports of automotive products in Q1 2022 by 30%year on year,using its strong position in the production of lithium-ion batteries to become the worlds second-biggest exporter of electric motor vehicles after the European Union.Services trade fared better than merchandise trade,growing 15%in 2022.International travel continued to rebound strongly,rising 70%year-on-year after many regions lifted pandemic-related mobility restrictions.Looking back through the entire pandemic period,computer services were the most dynamic sector in services trade,with global exports in 2022 worth 44%more than their value in 2019.Digitally delivered services that is,services provided via computer networks,from streaming games to remote consulting services are an emerging source of growth,accounting for 54%of global services exports in 2022,and 12%of total global trade in goods and services.Within Europe and Asia,intra-regional flows accounted for a large share of trade in digitally delivered services,respectively accounting for 62%and 43%in 2021.In contrast,the intra-regional shares in South&Central America and the Caribbean as well as in Africa were only 8%and 3%respectively,suggesting potential for growth.Exports of goods and services from least-developed countries(LDCs)increased by 31%between 2019 and 2022,with goods exports up 41%in value terms over that period,once again reflecting higher commodity prices.LDCs exports of commercial services remained depressed,at 14%below their pre-pandemic levels.A major factor in the decline is the weak recovery of tourism,particularly tourism within Asia to Asian LDCs,due in part to continuing pandemic-related measures within the region.Asian LDC travel exports in 2022 remained 74%below their value in 2019.In contrast,travel exports of African LDCs performed relatively well,coming in at only 9%below pre-COVID-19 levels in 2022.In turbulent times marked by geopolitical frictions,rapid technological change,and ever-more-frequent climate and other shocks,multilateral trade cooperation and the WTO are more necessary than ever.By working together,governments can update the regulatory and policy frameworks needed to harness the full potential-and minimize the risks-of new digital technologies.Open and predictable global trade,anchored in the multilateral trading system,offers businesses and households the outside options needed to cope with unexpected supply shortages.The need to deepen,deconcentrate,and diversify international supply networks so as to increase this“flexicurity”offers significant commercial opportunities for developing economies.Policymakers need reliable statistics to monitor how trade is evolving,assess the impact of macro-economic and geopolitical shocks,and formulate responses to benefit the people they serve.I would like to thank everyone who contributed to this report.We hope it provides useful insights for WTO members and all those involved in trade analysis.7Chapter I:IntroductionWorld trade overview10Merchandise trade12Commercial services20Leading traders26Least-developed countries27Highlights of world trade in 2022 Chapter II 891001020203020122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Annual percentage change(%)World trade overviewServices trade recovered in 2022 rising by 15%year-on-year,slightly more than goods trade.Chart 2.1World trade in goods and commercial services,2012-22(Annual percentage change)Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Note:Trade as average of exports and imports.Commercial servicesGoodsServices trade rebounded from-18%in 2020,during the COVID-19 pandemic,to+15%in 2022.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 1081012146162018201920202021202212.713.114.715.014.48.58.68.17.98.38.07.87.87.36.6ChinaUnited StatesGermanyShare in world(%)051015202530352018201920202021202219.018.517.021.624.25.96.15.05.96.8GoodsCommercial servicesUS$trillionPercentage(%)0204060801002018201920202021202268697169633231293137Manufactured goodsOther goods05001,0001,5002,000201820192020202120221,0261,0318651,1981,4811,2491,2401,0381,3931,713ExportsImportsUS$billionPercentage share,%2030405060107020182019202020212022EuropeAsia(including Oceania)North AmericaLatin America(including Mexico,Caribbean)Africa Transport servicesTrade in transport services continued to grow in 2022,although at a slower pace than in 2021 as shipping rates returned to pre-pandemic levels.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Trade in goods and servicesTrade in goods and services amounted to US$31.0 trillion in 2022,a 13%rise year-on-year.While trade in goods exceeded pre-pandemic levels already in 2021,trade in services caught upin 2022.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Note:Average of exports and imports.Manufactured goodsThe share of manufactured goods in world merchandise exports fell to 63%in 2022(versus 68%in 2018)mainly due to high energy prices limiting demand.Source:WTO estimates.Intra-regional merchandise tradeIntra-regional merchandise trade represented 65%of Europes world trade in 2022,the highest amongst the major world regions.The lowest was for Africa(14%in 2022,down from 16%in 2018).Source:UNCTADStat.Leading merchandise tradersChina remained the top merchandise exporter in 2022 but its share in world exports declined to14%(from 15%in 2021).The United States (8%of world trade)and Germany(7%)were ranked in second and third positions.Source:WTO-UNCTAD estimates.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 11Merchandise tradeThe value of merchandise trade expanded at a faster pace across the globe than volume in 2022,inflated in part by high global commodity prices.Chart 2.2World merchandise trade by region,2022(Annual percentage change)Source:WTO SecretariatAnnual percentage change(%)01020301040WorldMiddle EastNorth AmericaEuropeAfricaSouth and CentralAmerica andthe CaribbeanAsiaCommonwealthof IndependentStates(CIS),including certainassociateand formermember states12.431.016.611.817.020.08.41.22.79.65.13.83.12.90.19.2Merchandise trade in valueMerchandise trade in volumeThe highest growth was achieved by the Middle East,an oil-rich region.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 122022*Fuels and mining products increased by 4 percentage pointsMerchandise exportsWorld exports of fuels and mining products increased on average by 19percent per year between 2019 and 2022,reaching a value of US$5,158 billion in 2022.Their share in world exports increased by 4 percentage points during this period,rising to 21percent in 2022.*WTO estimates.Source:WTO Secretariat.Note:Data including intra-trade of the European Union,excluding re-exports of Hong Kong,China.Chart 2.3Merchandise exports by major product group,2019 and 2022(US$billion and percentage share)10%21%63%6%201910%17%69%5%Fuels and miningproducts5,158Fuels and mining products3,097Manufactured goods12,744Manufactured goods15,288Other goods/n.e.s870Other goods/n.e.s1,541Agricultural products1,783Agricultural products2,326Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 13Textiles33920%16%10%4%4%2%44%Chemicals3,010Office and telecom equipment2,512Automotive products1,518Iron and steel628Clothing576Other manufactured goods*6,705World exports of manufactured goodsExcluding“other manufactured goods”,chemicals(US$3,010 billion)and office/telecom equipment(US$2,512 billion)had the highest shares 20percent and 16percent respectively in world exports of manufactured goods in 2022.Automotive products(US$1,518 billion)represented 10percent of the global total.Chart 2.4World exports of manufactured goods,2022(US$billion)*Other transport equipment,other machinery,other manufactured goods n.e.s.Source:WTO estimates.Note:Data including intra-trade of the European Union,excluding re-exports of Hong Kong,China.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 World Trade Statistical Review 2023 14US$billion0100200300400500600700800European UnionUnited StatesJapanMexicoChinaKorea,Republic ofCanadaUnited KingdomThailandTrkiye6991381351291217750413025Leading exporters of automotive productsThe United States overtook Japan as the second-largest exporter of automotive products in 2022.Among the top 10 exporters,China increased its exports the most,recording a 30percent increase.Chart 2.5Top 10 exporters of automotive products,2022(US$billion and annual percentage change)Source:WTO estimates.China recorded a 30%year-on-year increase.Chapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 15Chart 2.6World exports of intermediate goods,total and by main category,2022Q1-Q4(Year-on-year percentage change)World exports of intermediate goodsWorld exports of intermediate goods(IGs)inputs used to produce a final product fell from a 9percent year-on-year increase in quarter 1 of 2022 to a 10percent decline in Q4.In value terms,they remained stable compared to 2021,amounting to US$9.7 trillion.Weakness in the exchange of industrial inputs in supply chains was largely due to a 0.3percent decrease in exports of manufacturing supplies,parts and accessories,which represent more than 85percent of IGs.Food supply chains remained the most resilient sector,with a 15percent increase in 2022.Source:Trade Data Monitor.Year-on-year percentage change(%)10010202030123494110221813751613116021153159214Total intermediate goods(IG)IG food&beveragesIG parts&accessories(excl.transport equipment)IG parts and accessories(transport equipment)IG ores;precious stones;rare earthsIG other industrial suppliesQuarterYear2022An overall increase at 15%in world exports of food IGs in 2022.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 16World exports of intermediate goods by regionExports of intermediate goods declined in Europe and Asia in 2022,by 1.8percent and 1.2percent respectively.North and South America,however,saw an increase of 5.7percent.An increase in South and Central Americas exports of industrial inputs in 2022(8.5percent)was mostly due to Brazils supplies of raw and processed soybean products,which grew by 27percent(representing 28percent of its IG exports).Chart 2.7World exports of intermediate goods,by region,2019Q1-2022Q4(US$billion)Source:Trade Data Monitor(100 reporting economies,including estimates for Africa).20192020202220211111222233334444QuarterYearUS$billion2004006008001000012008.5%annual increase of exports in IG goods for South and Central America in 2022.AsiaEuropeNorth AmericaSouth and Central AmericaAfricaChapter II:Highlights of world trade in 2022 17Source:WTO estimates.Africas trade in intermediate goodsAfricas trade deficit in intermediate goods shrank to US$4.4 billion in 2022.This is partly due to growth in its exports of intermediate goods,which totalled US$292 billion in 2022,an increase of 47percent compared with its pre-COVID-19 level in 2019.A rise in value terms is largely due to high commodity prices.Chart 2.8African trade in intermediate goods,2010-22(US$billion)US$billion05010015020025030010050020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120226557534780827758616037194ImportsExportsTrade balanceAfricas IG trade deficit shrank to US$4 billion in 2022.World Trade Statistical Review 2023 18Top African IG Exporters2021-22 growth(%)2022 value(US$billion)Share in Africa IG exports(%)South Africa-4%108.738%Congo,Democratic Republic of46%22.48%Morocco13%21.27%Egypt16%17.96%Main destinationsExported productsUnited StatesRhodium,palladium,diamonds,iridiumChin