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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The attributive clause,定语从句,要了解定语从句，我们先得明白定语是啥，如果我给介绍一个人或者描述一样东西，以介绍一个人为例，如果我说是个女孩，那么你头脑中的对我介绍的人印象清晰么，应该就一女孩轮廓，但如果我说一个漂亮的，穿着红色衣服的，站在站台上的，那么你对这个人印象是不是逐渐清晰了，这里漂亮的，红色的，站在站台上的便是定语。,我们看看例子先,a pretty,girl/a girl,in red,/a girl,standing in the plat form,a girl,who is standing in the platform,is lucky,上例中打彩色部分便都是定语，定语通常是修饰名词，如果定语是一个词并且能完整表达一个意思，定语便放在被修饰词前面，否则就放后面，请观察,pretty,是一个词，便是放前面的，这是你也许会说，,a pretty little girl,，,pretty,和,little,不是两个词，怎么就放被修饰词前面了呢，一定要注意，,pretty,和,little,都是一个并且是各自能表达完整意思。,上例中彩色部分都是定语，定语可以是一个形容词（,pretty,），可以是介词短语（,in red,），也可以是分词短语（,standing in the platform,），也可以是一个句子（,who is standing in the platform,），而当定语从句是一个句子时，这个句子呢，就是定语从句。,由于定语从句是一个句子，毫无疑问，必定不可能是一个词，所以都是放在被修饰词的后面，我们还给这个被修饰的词起了个名字，先行词，因为修饰她的句子还在后面，她先出现的。,然后我们在说说这定语从句，在英语中呢有个规定就是一个句子中有且只能有一个谓语，就好比我们人呢只能有一个心脏。（事物是普遍联系的），那我们人啥时候可能会有两个心脏呢？。对了，有宝宝的时候，男同胞貌似目前不可能哈，那么句子有个子句的时候便可以有两个谓语了，这时候我们便需要一个东西来标志其子句特征，人类呢是以大肚子，从句便以她的关系代词。我们例子中的,who,便是关系代词，这个关系我们也可以理解成人类的脐带，将子句和母句联系到一起。所以这关系代词也是紧挨着先行词的。,所以偶们先要搞清楚啥是定语从句，啥是先行词，啥是关系代词。咱再琢磨这定语从句如何用。,Explanation to Attributive clause,定语从句,:,是指在复合句中,修饰名词,或,代词,的从句。,被定语从句所修饰的名词或代,词叫做“,先行词,”。引导定语从句的词叫,“,关系词,”。,引导定语从句的关系词,指代人,指代事物,所属关系,指地点,指时间,指原因,who,whom,that,which,that,whose,of which,where,when,why,关系代词,关系副词,关系代词引导的定语从句,1.The woman,who,is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.,2.The boy,whom,we met in the street yesterday is my classmate.,Miss Wang is taking care of the child,whose,parents have gone to Beijing.,The knife,which,we used to cut the bread is very sharp.,This is one of the most interesting films,that,I have ever seen.,I have got into the same trouble,as,he has.,关系副词引导的定语从句,I still remember the day,when,she first wore that pink dress.,The building,where,we lived 20 years ago has been pulled down.,Do you know the reason,why,she got so angry yesterday?,关系代词，关系副词的选用,1,，取决于从句中的谓语动词。,不及物动词后不用宾语，用关系副词,。而,及物动词要跟宾语，则用关系代词。,Ill never forget the days when we,worked,together.,Ill never forget the days which/that I,spent,with you.,This is the mountain village which/that I,visited,last year.,2.,判断关系词在定语从句中的成分,关系词必须在定语从句中作成分，因此“缺什么成分就填什么成分”。,关系词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语或定语，选择关系代词。,关系词在句中作状语，选关系副词。,This museum is the one,that,you visited a few days ago.,This is the museum,where,the exhibition was held.,“介词,+,关系代词”引导的定语从句,The farm,on which,my cousin once worked has taken a new look.,The reason,for which,he refused the invitation is not clear.,The man,to whom,I spoke just now is my English teacher.,Because of the traffic jam,in which,I was caught,I was late for the meeting.,The two things,of which,they felt proud were Jims watch and Dellas hair.,The classroom the door,of which,is broken will son be repaired.,Water is a thing,without which,fish can not swim.,where,why,Whose door/of which the door,关系副词与,“,介词,+,关系代词”的转换,通常情况下，,when=in/on/during which,where=in/at/on which,why=for which,Eg,:,1.whats the year,when/in which,China first launched her man-made satellite?,2.It is the very place,where/at which,I met you last time.,3.he would never tell me the reason,why/for which,they broke up.,1.A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.,A plane is a machine _can fly.,that/which,Join the following sentences:,2.The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.,_ we saw yesterday is Mary.,The girl,3.The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.,_we saw yesterday is Mary.,The girl that/who/whom,1.Nothing _ can be done hasnt been done.,2.Do you have anything _ you dont understand?,that,that,1.that,与,which,先行词是,everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none,等不定代词,引导定语从句用,that,。,3.This is the best TV _ is made in China.,4.The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum.,that,that,先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,引导定语从句用,that,。,5.Ive read all the books _ you lent me.,that,先行词被,any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last,修饰时,引导定语,从句用,that,。,6.The famous writer and his works _ the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.,7.A victim is a person,animal or thing _ suffers pain,death,harm,etc.,that,that,先行词中既有人又有事物时,引导定语从句用,that,。,8.Who _ you have ever seen can do it better?,that,Who,做先行词时,引导定语从句用,that,。,9.Her bag,in _ she put all her money,has been stolen.,10.This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars.,11.Xiao Wang,with _ I went to the concert,enjoyed it very much,.,which,which,whom,在介词后面,指事物用,which,指人用,whom,。,whose,引导的定语从句,表示所属关系,1.The river _ banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.,whose,2.whose,的用法,2.There are 20 students,_ are different in this class.,A.whose backgrounds,B.The backgrounds of whom,C.of whom the backgrounds,D.the backgrounds of whose,1.The earth is round,_ we all know.,_ is known to all,the earth is round.,_ is known to all,that,the earth is round.,as,As,It,3.as,的用法,定语从句在句首时只能用,as,as,具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的。,2.This is the same book,as,I lost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,This is the same book,that,I lost.,这本书就是我丢的那本。,3.This is such an interesting book _ we all like.,This is so interesting a book _ we all like.,以上两句为定语从句。意为：这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。,as,as,4.This is such an interesting book _ we all like it.,This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,that,that,这两句话是结果状语从句。意为这本书,如此有趣,大家都喜欢。,5.It is very useful to master a foreign language,_ has been said before.,which,6._ everyone hoped,Mary has won the first prize.,As,as,引导定语从句可放在句首、句中、句末,而,which,引导定语从句不能放在句首。,as,译为正如,好像。,which,则没有此义。,Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park.,Ill never forget the time _ I spent with you.,(3),Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you.,(4)This is the museum _ I visited last year.,when,(whichthat),whichthat,(whichthat),4.when,where,why,与,that,which,的区别,指时间,地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语,用,which,或,that,引导定语从句。,This is the reason _(=for which)I didnt come here.,The reason _ she gave was not true.,why,which/that,He is the only one in his class who _(have)got the teachers praise.,He is one of the students in his class who _(have)got the teachers praise.,has,have,5.,定语从句中的谓语动词,关系词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于先行词。,1.This is the car _which I bought last year.,2.This is the car _which I paid 100$.,3.This is the car _which I spent 100$.,4.This is the car _which I go to work every day.,5.This is the car _ which I cant go to,work.,for,on,by,without,Complete the following sentences,/,by,at,about,of,6.This is the car _which the old man was,knocked down,7.This is the car _which a boy threw a stone.,8.This is the car _which we talked.,9.This is the car _which the window was,broken.,10.This is the book _ which you asked.,The old man whom I am,looking after,is better.,for,注意,:,动词短语不能拆开即介词不提前,4.(10,福建卷,24).Stephen Hawking believes that,the earth is unlikely to be the only planets _,life has developed gradually.,that B.where C.which D.whose,5.(10,湖南卷,28)Ive become good friend with,several of the students in my school _ I,meet in the English speech contest last year.,who B.where C.when D.which,6.(10,江苏卷,32).The newly built caf,the walls,of _ are painted light green,is really a,peaceful place for us,specially after hard work.,A.that B.it C.what D.which,B,A,D,12.(10,重庆卷,28).In China,the number of,cities _ increasing development is,recognized across the world.,A.where B.which C.whose D.that,13.(10,浙江卷,3).The settlement is home to,nearly 1,000 people,many of _ left their village,homes for a better life in the city.,A.whom B.which C.them D.those,C,A,14.(10,上海卷,38).Wind power is an ancient,source of energy _ we may return in the near future.,on which B.by which,C.to which D.from which,15.(09,全国,1)She brought with her three friends,none of _ I had ever met before.,A.themB.who C.whom D.these,C,C,16.(09,全国,2)My friend showed me round the,town,_ was vey kind of him.,A.which B.that C.whereD.it,17.(09,北京,)-What do you think of teaching,Bob?,-I find it fun and challenging.It is a job _,you are doing something serious but interesting,.,A.where B.whichC.whenD.that,A,A,The non-defining attributive clause,-,非限定性定语从句,A.The old man that you met at the school gate,is a professor.,B.The old man is a professor,who is over 80 years,old.,A.The temple which we visited last week dates,from the Song Dynasty.,B.,The temple,which is a place of interest in our,hometown,dates from Song dynasty.,1.,定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。,限制性定语从句是,先行词不可缺少的部分,，,去掉它主句意思往往不明确,；,非限制性定语从句是先行词的,附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,。,例如：,This is the house which,we bought last month.,这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。,（限制性）,The house,which,we bought last month,is very,nice.,这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。,（非限制性）,I have a sister who is a doctor.,I have a sister,who,is a doctor.,2.,非限制性定语从句可以将整个主句作为先,行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句,谓语动词要用第三,人称单数，例如：,He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which,greatly,upsets,me.,他似乎没明白我的意思，这使我心烦。,Liquid water changes to vapor,which,is,called,evaporation.,vp,ren,液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。,3.,引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有,as,，,which,，,who,，,whom,，,whose,等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有,when,，,where,等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。,As we all know,bad people will be punished sooner or later.,My house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden.,As we all know,which I bought last year,I would like to elect him,who I think is the best to be our monitor.,Mr.Carter,whom I spoke to on the telephone last night,is very interested in our plan.,Mary,whose house we are going to rent,is a middle-aged woman.,He moved to Germany in the late 1990s,when he was in his sixties.,Yesterday I went to the department store,where I met my teacher.,who I think is the best to be our monitor.,whom I spoke to on the telephone last night,whose house we are going to rent,when he was in his sixties.,where I met my teacher.,4.as,引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代主句的全部或部分内容。有“正如、像”等意思。,定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。,as,后常接,expect,，,know,，,report,，,say,，,see,等动词的主、被动语态句。,as has been said above,如上所述,as anybody can see,正如人人看到的那样,Things are not always(things)as they appear.,事情并不总像外表看到的那样。,As is known to everybody,the moon travels,round the earth once every month,众所周知，月球每个月绕地球一圈。,It is known to everybody that the moon travels.,What is known to everybody is that the moon travels,Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting,像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。,He wasn,t unconscious,as could be judged,from his eyes,他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。,4.,which,引导非限制性定语从句的情况,:,指代主句的全部或部分内容时，有,“,这就使得、,这一点,”,等意思，常置主句末。主句与定语从句,用逗号分开。,A.,She was always speaking highly of her role in,the play,which,of course,made the others unhappy,B.,I forgot his telephone number,which failed me,to get in touch with him.,C,.,He has been to Paris several times,which I dont believe.,5.as,，,which,有时可以通用。,He is quite pleased,as/which can be seen from,his face,他非常高兴，从他的表情可以看出来。,但是，上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时，,就只能用,as,。,As anybody can see,the earth is round.,像任何人都能看见那样，地球是圆的。,定语从句的省略。,English attributive clauses can be reduced to,various phrases such as participle phrases,adjective phrases,noun phrases,prepositional,phrases and infinitive phrases.,有些定语从句可,以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短,语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短,语等，且句意不受影响。我们称这一语现象为,定语从句的省略。,1.,省略为分词短语：,有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词,（,who,which,that,）和部分谓语（,am,is,are,Were,）,等，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过,去分词短语作后置定语。例如：,（,1,）,I know the men(who are)sitting in that car.,（,2,）,The boys helped the people(that were)hurt,in the accident.,2.,定语从句可简化为“介词,+which+,不定式”,Della has only 1.87 dollars,with which she can,buy a present for her husband.,=Della has only 1.87 dollars,with which to buy,a present for her husband.,Without facts,we cant form a good opinion,for we need knowledge,upon/on which we base,our thinking.,=Without facts,we cant form a good opinion,for we need knowledge,upon which,to base our thinking.,3.,可简化为形容词短语或介词短语,.,The boy,who is in red,is my son.,=The boy,in red,is my son.,The heavy box,which is full of old books,is mine.,=The heavy box,full of old books,is mine.,The second book _I want to read is the,Water Margin by Shi Naian.,A.which B.that C.what D.as,2.,Carol said the work would be done by,October,_ personally I doubt very,much.,A.it B.that C.when D.which,Exercises,B,D,3.,Dont talk about such things _ you are not sure of.,A.those B.that C.what D.as,4.I will never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers,_ has a great effort on my life.,A.that;which B.when;whichC.which;that D.when;who,D,B,5.Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure.,A.which B.what C.as D.those,6.Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?,that B.where C.in which D.the one,7.The wolves hid themselves in the places _,couldnt be found.,A.that B.where C.in which D.in that,8.The freezing point is the temperature _water,changes into ice.,A.at which B.on that C.in which D.of what,9.Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited,last Friday?,A.that B.where C.which D.the one,C,A,A,A,D,10.Is this the factory _ he worked ten,years ago?,A.that B.where C.which D.the one,11.The reason is _ he is unable to operate,the machine.,A.because B.why C.that D.whether,12.Ill tell you _ he told me last week.,all which B.that C.all that D.which,13.That tree,_ branches are almost bare,is very old.,A.whose B.of which C.in which D.on which,14.I have bought the same dress _ she is,wearing.,A.as B.that C.which D.what,B,C,C,A,A,15.Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.,A.which B.whom C.who D.that,16.The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister.,A.who is singing B.is singing,C.sang D.was singing,17.Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.,A.learn B.who C.that learns D.who learn 18.Anyone _ this opinion may speak out.A.that against B.that against,C.who is against D.who are against,D,A,D,C,19.Didnt you see the man _?,A.I nodded just now,B.whom I nodded just now,C.I nodded to him just now,D.I nodded to just now,20.Can you lend me the novel _ the other day?,A.that you talked,B.you talked about it,C.which you talked with,D.you talked about,21.Is there anything _ to you?,A.that is belonged,B.that belongs,C.that belong,D.which belongs,D,D,B,22.-“How do you like the book?”,-“Its quite different from _ I read last,month.”,A.that B.which C.the one D.the one what,23.Mr.Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them.,A.the ones B.ones C.some D.the others,24.The train _ she was traveling was late.,which B.where C.on which D.in that,25.He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept.,A.where B.in which,C.under which D.which,C,A,C,B,26.Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.,A.which B.where C.that D.about which,27.Its the third time _ late this month.,A.that you arrived,B.when you arrived,C.that youve arrived,D.when youve arrived,28.It was in 1969 _ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.,A.that B.which C.when D.in which,D,C,A,29.May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget.,A.which,B.when,C.on which,D.about which,30.We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou,_ live my grandparents and some relatives.,A.which,B.that,C.who,D.where,A,D,31.The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside.,A.we stayed at,B.where we stayed at,C.we stayed,D.in that we stayed,32.Is it in that factory _“Red Flag”cars are produced?,A.in which,B.where,C.which,D.that,A,D,33.(10,四川卷,10).After graduating from,college,I took some tim
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