钻头选型中的因素分析Fahd.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,钻头(zun tu)选型中的因素分析Fahd,第一页，共44页。,PDC Design CompromisePDC设计折中(zhzhng)方案,The design of a PDC drill bit is largely a matter of compromise,as various factors,which may be in conflict,are considered against a tight frame-work of fundamental constraints.Features that prove extremely beneficial under one set of circumstances may be less than optimal under another.,PDC钻头的设计主要(zhyo)涉及折中问题，因为在考虑避免基本约束条件的紧密结构时涉及的各种因素可能会相互冲突。在一系列情况下证明极其有利的特征在其它情况下则可能并非是最理想的。,Consider that a PDC bit is a mechanical device designed,to,transmit energy for the purpose of drilling rock.Despite its small size,it must be designed,to,transfer more energy than is generated in a high performance race car engine.,请注意PDC钻头是一种机械装置，专用于传递能量，完成岩石钻孔。虽然钻头的尺寸很小，但它传递的能量却比高性能赛车引擎产生的能量高。,第二页，共44页。,Rotary Consideration旋转(xunzhun)因素,Rotary Bit旋转钻头,The profile for the rotary designs is relatively flat and the nose is at a relatively large radius,allowing secondary blades,to,originate further from the bit central region.This geometric arrangement keeps the face of the bit more open for improved hydraulics.,旋转外形设计为是扁平状，但前端的半径较大，能使二级刀片从钻头的中心部位(bwi)伸出来。这种几何设计使钻头的表面更加开阔，以提高液压。,第三页，共44页。,Turbine Consideration涡轮机因素(yn s),Turbine Bit涡轮机钻头,Some bit designs have been optimized for use with a high speed turbine.Normally they have a parabolic profile,with a long taper.The nose of the bit is very close,to,the bits central axes because the RPM will be higher on a turbine than on normal rotary,the cutters will have higher velocity resulting in accelerated heat generation as well as a shallower depth of cut,to,achieve the same ROP.,有些钻头设计已经完善，以便同高速涡轮机一起使用。它们的外形通常呈抛物线形状，还带一个长锥拔。钻头前端与钻头的中心轴非常接近，因为涡轮机钻头比普通旋转钻头的转速（RPM）更高，刀具的速度更快，不断加速发热(f r)过程，从而切削深度更浅，这样才能获得相同的机械钻速（ROP）。,To,compensate,a turbine PDC bit is built with an extended profile,to,permit more cutters,to,be set in the bit with large redundancy included.Therefore,each cutter does less work individually,as it is backed up by other cutters,resulting in increased cutter life.If one or two cutters should fail,the bit will still be able,to,continue drilling.,为弥补这一缺点，涡轮机PDC钻头表面延长，以便在钻头上安装更多的刀具，这样钻头上就留有很大的冗余部分。因此，刀具之间就能互相协助，从而减少每个刀具单独的工作量，延长刀具的寿命。若一个或两个刀具发生故障，钻头仍能继续工作。,第四页，共44页。,Steerable Systems Theory导向(do xin)系统理论,Motors Theory电动机理论,Motors were designed,to,meet the rugged requirements of directional drillers and clients.The Surface-Adjustable Bent(SAB)housing gives the driller a variety of motor bend angles that are essential,to,steering and controlling well deviation.How this bend influences the well profile depends upon the drilling mode.,电动机应满足定位钻井工和客户对于矿井表面不平的要求。表面可调弯（SAB）壳体允许钻井工从各种角度弯曲电动机，这对操纵和控制(kngzh)井斜非常重要。而这种弯曲对矿井结构的影响取决于钻井方式。,第五页，共44页。,Motors Theory cont.电动机理论(lln)（续）,Frictional Forces摩擦力,The drawback of the PDMs is that in order,to,steer,the drill string cannot be rotated,and this decreases the amount of Weight on Bit(WOB)that can be transmitted,to,the bit,in turn decreasing ROP.For this reason,PDMs have limited usage in Extended Reach Drilling(ERD)applications,especially as the inclination of wells increases.,容积式电动机（PDM）的缺点在于，为了实现操控钻头之目的，不能旋转钻柱，这将减少能传递到钻头的钻压（WOB）数量，从而降低机械钻速。因此，在大位移延伸井钻井（ERD）应用中，尤其是在矿井倾斜增多的情况下，PDM的使用有限。,The bit steer-ability in sliding mode is one of the major concerns,to,directional companies as well as,to,the client.,滑动模态中钻头的导向能力(nngl)是定向公司和客户的主要忧虑之一。,第六页，共44页。,Rotary Steerable Methods旋转导向(do xin)方法,Point the bit指向式,This method dictates the direction of build by pointing the bit off the axis of the rest of the tool.This way,the trajectory is set by three touch points;the upper stabilizer,the near-bit stabilizer,and the bit.,本方法(fngf)通过指示钻头远离其它工具的轴线来规定建立方向，这样就能通过三个触点（即上部稳定器、近钻头稳定器和钻头）来设定轨道。,第七页，共44页。,Point-the-Bit System指向(zh xin)式系统,Benefits of the Point-the-Bit System指向式系统的优点(yudin),Point-the-Bit systems put the operating mechanisms inside the collar in oil chambers isolated from the mud and from contact with the wellbore.Additionally,there are no rotating or moving oring seals in its steering unit.Point the bit systems have also less work,to,do once the BHA has entered its natural trajectory.The majority of the work is done when the direction is changed.,指向式系统将操作机构置于储油器中的套圈内，远离泥浆和钻井孔。此外，导向装置中无旋转式或可移动O型环密封件。一旦井底钻具组合（BHA）进入其自然轨道，指向式系统的工作量则减小。而大多数工作已在方向改变时完成。,第八页，共44页。,Rotary Steerable Methods旋转导向(do xin)方法,Push the bit.推靠式,Push the bit systems;use either a non-rotating sleeve or pistons on the OD of the tool,to,push the bit in the desired direction.,推靠式系统：在工具的外直径(zhjng)（OD）上使用非旋转套筒或活塞，将钻头向目标方向推进。,It is a rotary steerable system that controls the direction in which a well is drilled,in 3D,while rotating the drill string.The tool uses mud actuated pads,to,deviate the direction of drilling by pushing against the formation.,旋转导向系统，可在旋转钻柱时从三个方向控制钻井。该工具使用泥浆驱动式衬垫通过推动地层而改变钻井方向。,第九页，共44页。,Push-the-Bit System推靠式系统(xtng),Benefits of the Push-the-Bit System推靠式系统的优点,The push-the-bit system,works,to,push the bit at all times,and even harder when asked,to,build,because it has,to,lift the weight of the tool.No dissipated time for sliding and tool-face adjustments,it uses a desired Inclination and Azimuth,to,follow the plan trajectory more accurately.,推靠式系统的工作是一直推动钻头，在需要承重时要有足够的硬度，因为该系统必须举起工具的重量。无需浪费时间进行滑动和工具表面的调整，它也能通过理想的倾角和方位更加精确地跟随规划(guhu)的轨道移动。,第十页，共44页。,Bit Design for RSSRSS钻头(zun tu)设计,Steer-ability导向能力,Bit profile,gauge length钻头外形，保径长度,Aggressive side cutting ability锋利面切削能力,Stability稳定性,Lateral侧面(cmin),Torsional扭矩,Durability耐久性,Shoe,to,TD 管靴至TD,Extend bit life延长钻头寿命,第十一页，共44页。,Design Features for RSS ApplicationRSS应用的设计(shj)特点,Secondary Cutters二级刀具,Improved Secondary Cutters count enables use of short,steerable profile whilst maintaining cutter density,增加二级刀具的数量(shling)，能使用外形短小、易操纵的刀具，且能保持刀具的密度。,Field runs display 50%less wear,现场运行显示磨损小于50%,Extended bit life,延长钻头寿命,第十二页，共44页。,Rotary Steerable Bit Gauge Design旋转(xunzhun)导向钻头保径设计,Active Gauge Bit有效保径钻头(zun tu),Since drill bits used with the rotary steerable system(RSS)are laterally responsive for generation of the required doglegs,many times it is requested they have active gauges,which are critical for effective side-cutting.,由于旋转导向系统（RSS）中使用的钻头(zun tu)是侧面反应转向要求的轨道，很多时候都需要有效保径，才能有效地完成侧向切削。,An active gauge bit consists of cutters on the leading edge of the gauge pads and a passive pad trailing the cutters.The side-cutting potential of the bit can be adjusted by changing the length,width,and level,relative,to,the cutting edge of the passive pad.,有效保径钻头(zun tu)包括保径衬垫前缘的刀具和刀具后面的无源衬垫。可通过改变相对于无源衬垫切削刃的长度、宽度和水平面来调节钻头(zun tu)的侧向切削能力。,第十三页，共44页。,Design Features-Active Gauge for RSS Application 设计特点RSS应用(yngyng)中的有效保径,Conventional gauge cutter placement-non-aggressive.,常见的边刀配置非侵蚀性,Cutters in an Active Gauge:,有效保径中的刀具：,Heavy set沉重的,Low back rake 后倾角低,High exposure暴露量高,Improved side cutting ability提高(t go)侧向切削能力,Advantages:优点：,Increased gauge durability,提高(t go)保径耐久性,Aggressive gauge,increased side cutting ability,侵蚀性保径，提高(t go)侧向切削能力,Low friction resistance from point contact with TC impregs will improve potential ROP.,与TC浸渍木接触点产生的低摩擦阻力能提高潜在(qinzi)的机械钻速。,Fluid flow,to,aid cooling and cleaning around the gauge cutters and impregs.,液体流动能促进冷却且能清洁边刀和浸渍木。,.,第十四页，共44页。,Design Features Profile for RSS Application设计特点(tdin)RSS应用简介,Steerable:Short rounded taper,shallow cone and short bit length.,导向：短圆形锥拔，浅圆锥体，钻头长度(chngd)短,Side cutting:Maximization of cutters in shoulder&gauge,侧向切削：刀具的肩部和保径部位增加到最大程度,Stable:Stability enhanced by increased contact with borehole via spiraled gauge pads,and flatter profile.,稳定：通过螺旋形保径衬垫与井眼的接触增多，稳定性增强，且表面更加平滑。,第十五页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations钻头(zun tu)设计因素,Bit Body钻头体,Profile外形,Cutters刀具(doj),Rake Angles倾角,Bit Length钻头长度,Gauge保径,Blade Height刀片高度,Vibrations振动,第十六页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations-Bit Body钻头设计(shj)因素钻头体,The main factors influencing the choice of material are:,影响材料选择的主要因素包括：,A.Life in certain applications body life is dictated by erosion resistance,not strength.Steel is less erosion resistant than matrix,but with careful design of the body geometry and use of hard facing,this shortcoming can be reduced.,A.寿命在某些应用中，钻头体的寿命取决于抗腐蚀性，而非强度。虽然钢材的抗腐蚀性不如脉石(mish)强，但只要仔细设计钻头体的几何排列和表面硬化处理，就可以弥补该缺点。,B.Strength matrix is not as strong in tension as steel and consequently this is reflected in the body design.Steel bits can be designed,to,incorporate high,relatively thin blades which can be useful especially in water based mud,soft formation applications.Such designs are generally not feasible if the bit is manufactured from matrix because of the risk of blade breakage if a harder stringer is encountered.,B.强度脉石(mish)的张力不如钢材强，这点在钻头体的设计中不难看出。钢钻头上可安装较薄的高刀片，尤其适用于水基泥浆和软地层。若钻头由脉石(mish)制成，此种设计则不可行，因为钻头遇到较硬的细脉时刀片可能会断裂。,第十七页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Bit Body Cont.钻头设计(shj)因素钻头体（续）,C.Bit Length matrix products must have a separate piece for the API pin which is then welded onto the steel blank cast into the matrix crown and,therefore,a matrix bit is inherently longer than the equivalent onepiece steel bit.,C.钻头长度脉石产品必须包括一个单独的部件，以便随后将API销焊接在铸成脉石冠部的钢铁坯料上，因此，脉石钻头会比相同的钢钻头更长。,D.Repair Worn cutters can be replaced with considerably more reliability in a steel bodied bit because of the original attachment technique utilized.In most cases,cutters are interference fitted into a steel bit whereas brazing secures the PDC in a matrix product.Replacing cutters in a matrix bit involves the application of localized heat,which can have detrimental effects on the surrounding PDC which is not being replaced.,D.修理由于使用了原始连接技术，磨损的刀具可被更换为钢制钻头体钻头中可靠性更高的刀具。在大多数情况下，刀具通过过盈配合(pih)被安装在钢钻头上，而铜焊却能将PDC紧固于脉石产品中。更换脉石钻头中的刀具时需局部加热，这对周围未被更换的PDC有不利影响。,第十八页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Bit Profile钻头(zun tu)设计因素钻头(zun tu)外形,Cone圆锥体,The cone of the bit provides a degree of stability when the bit is drilling,due,to,the resultant cutting forces from the PDC set within the cone generally urging the bit,to,rotate about its central axes.,钻头(zun tu)的圆锥体使钻头(zun tu)工作时保持稳定，原理在于圆锥体中的PDC组产生的切削合力驱动钻头(zun tu)围绕中心轴旋转。,Nose前端,It is desirable,to,have a relatively large number of cutters set on the nose,to,prevent overloading during the transition,to,a harder formation.,钻头(zun tu)前端最好能携带较多刀具，以防止转换到较硬地层时刀具超负荷工作。,第十九页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Bit Profile Cont.钻头(zun tu)设计因素钻头(zun tu)外形（续）,Taper锥拔,The taper(or flank)of the bit is the section between the nose and the gauge.It may provide a degree of stability and its length is usually governed by the cutter density requirement.,钻头的锥拔（或侧翼）指位于前端和保径之间的部位，能使钻头保持稳定，其长度通常取决于刀具密度的要求(yoqi)。,However,an alternative way,to,achieve a higher cutter density without extending the taper is,to,increase the number of blades.,然而，另一种方法无需延长锥拔即可实现较高刀具密度，那就是增加刀片的数量。,第二十页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Bit Profile Cont.钻头设计(shj)因素钻头外形（续）,Outer Diameter Radius(ODR)外直径区域（ODR）,The ODR refers,to,that region of the bit profile where the radius at the end of the flank leads into the gauge of the bit.,ODR指钻头剖面区域，即侧翼末端到钻头保径的区域。,This region of a bit is extremely important,especially in motor or turbine applications where rotating speeds are high,as the cutters must withstand the effects of high velocity due,to,their radial position on the face of the bit.Although the angular velocity of cutters at the bit gauge is identical,to,that of cutters within the cone,the tangential velocity is greater since it is a function of radial location.,该区域在钻头上极其重要，尤其是在电动机和涡轮机的应用中转速很高时，由于刀具处于钻头表面上的径向位置，它们(t men)必须承受高速度的影响。虽然钻头保径处刀具的角速度与圆锥体中的刀具相同，但由于径向位置的作用，保径处刀具的角速度更高。,第二十一页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Cutters钻头(zun tu)设计因素刀具,Cutter Count刀具数量,The number of cutters on a PDC bit is a primary determinant of how the bit performs.,PDC钻头上的刀具数量是钻头性能(xngnng)的主要决定因素。,In an ideal world the bit designer wants,to,design a product which:,在理想环境中，钻头设计师想要设计出拥有下述特点的产品：,Can drill a broad range of formations including hard and abrasive stringers,能在各种地层中工作，包括较硬的和研磨性细脉，,Can provide a consistently high rate of penetration,能持续提供较高的机械钻速，,Has a long bit life and can be built at a low cost.,钻头寿命长，且制造成本低。,第二十二页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Cutters Cont.钻头(zun tu)设计因素刀具（续）,Unfortunately,there are performance and cost tradeoffs in varying cutter count.Using more cutters allows a bit,to,drill harder,more abrasive formations and generally results in a longer bit life.,但不幸的是，产品的性价比随刀具数量的变化而变化。若使用较多刀具，钻头则能在较硬的、研磨(ynm)性更强的地层中工作，钻头寿命也更长。,However,a higher cutter count also makes a bit more costly(particularly since PDC components constitute a high percentage of the total bit cost)and,in general,cause the bit,to,drill at a slower rate of penetration.As the number of cutters is reduced,the direction of the tradeoff reverses.,然而，刀具越多也会使成本增加（特别是当PDC部件在钻头总成本中占有很高比例时），而且，通常使钻头的机械钻速更低。若刀具数量减少，情况则相反。,第二十三页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Cutters Cont.钻头设计(shj)因素刀具（续）,Cutter Size刀具尺寸,A variety of PDC cutter sizes are available.The majority of PDC products incorporate PDC of diameters 9 mm,13 mm,16 mm and 19 mm.,PDC刀具有各种不同的尺寸。大多数PDC产品的PDC直径为9毫米、13毫米、16毫米和19毫米。,Small小型,Cutters of 9 mm diameter have been used on products designed for harder formations.,刀具直径为9毫米的产品设计用于较硬的地层(dcng)。,Medium中型,13 mm and 16mm cutters are most suitable for cutting medium,to,medium-hard formations as well as abrasive rock.,直径为13毫米和16毫米的刀具最适用于切削中等到中等硬度的地层(dcng)以及研磨性岩石。,第二十四页，共44页。,A standard gauge geometry is acceptable for Lateral,or low DLS,applications of 3/100.,Variations in the depth of cut translate into variations in torque.,在高DLS应用中，保径衬垫与保径刀具可呈完全锥形或完全底切形。,Cutter back rake is said to be more aggressive when the cutter is positioned such that a given weight on a bit gives a greater depth of cut.,A standard gauge geometry is acceptable for Lateral,or low DLS,applications of 5 maybe utilized.,在特殊应用中，比如侧向钻，钻头保径可能小于1，而在钻头稳定性极其重要的环境中，也可使用(shyng)大于5的延长保径。,It is generally considered that longer gauge lengths provide more stability in rotation due,to,increased surface contact between bit and borehole.,一般而言，保径越长，钻头与井眼的接触面越大，则旋转稳定性越高。,第三十四页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Blade Height钻头设计(shj)因素刀片高度,The blades of a bit serve three main functions:,钻头的刀片有三个主要功能：,1.Give support,to,the cutting structures,1.支撑切削(qixio)结构，,2.Define the hydraulic flow paths,2.规定液流路径，,A soft formation bit will benefit from tall blades,giving the,bit maximum open face volume.,软地层钻头最好使用高刀片，这会使钻头的露面体积达到最大。,3.Provide increased frontal exposure for the PDC.,3.增加PDC的正面暴露量。,第三十五页，共44页。,Bit Design Considerations Blade Height Cont.钻头设计因素刀片(dopin)高度（续）,Exposure暴露量,Exposure is defined as the distance between the top of the PDC and the bottom of the waterway in front of the blade as illustrated in the figure below.,暴露量指PDC顶部(dn b)和刀片前面水道底部之间的距离，如下图所示。,In soft formation drilling,where depth of cut and penetration rate are high,increased exposure becomes an advantage,as the high volume of cuttings produced can be removed from the PDC face more easily due,to,the large cross sectional area of water way.This high exposure greatly reduces the risk